ABSTRACT
This study aims to describe the athletes' sleep regularity using the Sleep Regularity Index (SRI) and determine whether factors, such as sex, competitive level and sport type, could affect the sleep/wake rhythm. It is a descriptive, cross-sectional study consisting of 172 athletes (25 ± 7 y old; 45 women). Seventy-three competed in team sports and 99 in individual sports. Furthermore, 56 competed in the international level, 95 in the national and 21 in the regional. We recorded the SRI values for at least 5 d via continuous actigraphy. We recorded a mean SRI value of 73 ± 12. We found no significant differences between athletes' sleep parameters in relation to sleep regularity. Furthermore, SRI data showed no correlations (Spearman's ρ) with sleep parameters, bed time and wake time. Female athletes (p = 0.001) and individual sport athletes (p = 0.001) reported better sleep regularity than their counterparts. International-level athletes reported better sleep regularity than those in other competitive levels (national: p = 0.001; regional: p = 0.024). Our study showed that international level athletes, female athletes and individual sport athletes reported better sleep regularity. Additionally, SRI data showed no correlation with athletes' sleep parameters, bed and wake time.
Subject(s)
Circadian Rhythm , Sports , Athletes , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , SleepABSTRACT
Sleep is a physiological state and it is fundamental for physical and cognitive recovery of athletes. Due to strenuous training and competitions, athletes may present sleep complaints compromising good quality and quantity of sleep. Studies have related sleep debt to the occurrence of musculoskeletal injuries in athletes, but the mechanisms that can lead to this are not entirely clear. Studies involving animals and humans have shown that poor sleep quality can cause significant changes in hormones and cytokines. Demonstrating that this hormones changes lead to a decrease of testosterone and growth hormone levels and increased cortisol levels, important hormones in the process of protein synthesis and degradation. In athletes, the sport itself is a risk factor of injuries, and sleep debt may result in overtraining syndrome associated with inflammatory markers and ultimately to immune system dysfunction. Thus, we hypothesize that athletes who have sleep debt are more susceptible to musculoskeletal injuries due to increased catabolic pathway signaling, i.e. protein degradation and decreased anabolic pathway signaling, compromising muscle integrity. In this sense, we indicate the relationship between musculoskeletal injuries and sleep debt involving new targets for immunological signaling pathways that start the reduction of the muscle recovery process.
Subject(s)
Sleep Deprivation , Sports , Athletes , Humans , Muscle, Skeletal , Sleep , TestosteroneABSTRACT
A alçada de egg (AE), movimento típico do nado sincronizado, é uma técnica de propulsão vertical que é empregada com o intuito de projetar a maior parte do corpo da atleta acima da superficie da água, no qual o deslocamento vertical é fator de grande relevânica no julgamento do desempenho. Nas provas de nado sincronizado a quantificação do desempenho é realizada visualmente. No entanto, a utilização da avaliação visual para julgar o desempenho da AE não contempla as sutis diferenças de desempenho físico, traduzido na altura que a atleta consegue projetar parte de seu corpo acima da superficie da água. Devido a sua aplicabilidade prática e precisão, o método da fotogrametria foi escolhido para determinação do deslocamento vertical da AE. O objetivo foi calcular a confiabilidade do método de fotogrametria (intra e inter avaliadores) e da medida (estabilidade e consistência interna) de deslocamento vertical durante a AE. Participaram do estudo 10 atletas da Seleção Brasileira de Nado Sincronizado (20,9 ± 2,3 anos; 163,1 ±4,5 cm; 56,0 ± 4,4 kg e 19,0 ± 3,1% de gordura corporal). Para a determinação da confiabilidade foram utilizados o coeficiente de correlação intra-classe (CCI) e o erro típico da medida (ETM) absoluto e relativo. O método apresentou CCI de 0,995 e 0,993 para análise intra e inter avaliadores, respectivamente, e ETM de 0,5% para ambas as condições. Na consistência interna da AE, constatou-se uma média CCI de 0,94 ± 0,03 e ETM 0,34% ± 0,07%, e para estabilidade encontrou-se CCI médio de 0,87 ± 0,04 e ETM 0,49% ± 0,06%. Concluiu-se que o método apresentou valores altos intra e inter avaliador, e a medida apresentou valores moderado para a estabilidade e alto para consistência interna.
Boost is a typical technique of the Synchronized swimming, characterized by the projection of the athlete up, where the vertical displacement is an important factor in performance judgment. For their practical applicability and accuracy, the photogrammetry method was chosen for determine the vertical displacement. The objective was to calculate the reliability within and between judges of the method and measure of vertical displacement during the boost. Participated ten athletes of the Synchronized Swimming Brazilian team (20.9 ± 2.3 years; 163.1 ± 4.5 cm; 56.0 ± 4.4 kg and 19.0 ± 3.1% body fat). To determine the reliability were used the intra-class correlation and the typical error of measurement (TEM) absolute and relative. The method presented ICC of 0.995 and 0.993, within and between judges, respectively, with TEM of 0.5% for both. In internal consistency was found an average ICC 0.94 ± 0.03 and TEM 0.34% ± 0.07%, and stability met mean ICC 0.87 ± 0.04, ETM 0.49% ± 0.06%. We conclude that the method presented high values within and between judges and the measured presented values moderate to stability and high for internal consistency.
