ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Truncating mutations in the maternally imprinted, paternally expressed gene MAGEL2, which is located in the Prader-Willi critical region 15q11-13, have recently been reported to cause Schaaf-Yang syndrome, a Prader-Willi-like disease that manifests as developmental delay/intellectual disability, hypotonia, feeding difficulties, and autism spectrum disorder. The causality of the reported variants in the context of the patients' phenotypes was questioned, as MAGEL2 whole-gene deletions seem to cause little or no clinical phenotype. METHODS: Here we report a total of 18 newly identified individuals with Schaaf-Yang syndrome from 14 families, including 1 family with 3 individuals found to be affected with a truncating variant of MAGEL2, 11 individuals who are clinically affected but were not tested molecularly, and a presymptomatic fetal sibling carrying the pathogenic MAGEL2 variant. RESULTS: All cases harbor truncating mutations of MAGEL2, and nucleotides c.1990-1996 arise as a mutational hotspot, with 10 individuals and 1 fetus harboring a c.1996dupC (p.Q666fs) mutation and 2 fetuses harboring a c.1996delC (p.Q666fs) mutation. The phenotypic spectrum of Schaaf-Yang syndrome ranges from fetal akinesia to neurobehavioral disease and contractures of the small finger joints. CONCLUSION: This study provides strong evidence for the pathogenicity of truncating mutations of the paternal allele of MAGEL2, refines the associated clinical phenotypes, and highlights implications for genetic counseling for affected families.Genet Med 19 1, 45-52.
Subject(s)
Autism Spectrum Disorder/genetics , Developmental Disabilities/genetics , Intellectual Disability/genetics , Prader-Willi Syndrome/genetics , Proteins/genetics , Adolescent , Adult , Autism Spectrum Disorder/physiopathology , Child , Child, Preschool , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15 , Developmental Disabilities/physiopathology , Female , Gene Expression , Genomic Imprinting , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Intellectual Disability/physiopathology , Male , Mutation , Phenotype , Prader-Willi Syndrome/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by cerebral deposition of ß-amyloid (Aß) peptides, which are generated from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by ß- and γ-secretases. APP and the secretases are membrane associated, but whether membrane trafficking controls Aß levels is unclear. Here, we performed an RNAi screen of all human Rab-GTPases, which regulate membrane trafficking, complemented with a Rab-GTPase-activating protein screen, and present a road map of the membrane-trafficking events regulating Aß production. We identify Rab11 and Rab3 as key players. Although retromers and retromer-associated proteins control APP recycling, we show that Rab11 controlled ß-secretase endosomal recycling to the plasma membrane and thus affected Aß production. Exome sequencing revealed a significant genetic association of Rab11A with late-onset AD, and network analysis identified Rab11A and Rab11B as components of the late-onset AD risk network, suggesting a causal link between Rab11 and AD. Our results reveal trafficking pathways that regulate Aß levels and show how systems biology approaches can unravel the molecular complexity underlying AD.
