Association of the duration of residence with obesity-related eating habits and dietary patterns among Latin-American immigrants in Spain.

The dietary patterns of immigrants usually change with the duration of residence and progressively resemble those of the host country. However, very few studies have investigated individuals migrating to countries with a high-quality diet, such as the Mediterranean diet (MD), and none has yet focused on Latin-American immigrants. The present study examined the association of the duration of residence with obesity-related eating habits and dietary patterns among Latin-American immigrants residing in Spain. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2008-10 in a representative sample of the adult population residing in Spain. Adherence to the MD was defined as a MD Adherence Screener score ≥ 9. Analyses were conducted by including 419 individuals aged 18-64 years born in Latin-American countries. Compared with immigrants residing in Spain for < 5 years, those residing for ≥ 10 years accounted for a lower percentage of individuals who habitually ate at fast-food restaurants and never trimmed visible fat from meat. Moreover, these immigrants were found to have a lower intake of sugary beverages and a higher intake of Na, saturated fat, fibre, olive oil, vegetables and fish and to more frequently strictly adhere to the MD. A longer duration of residence in Spain was found to be associated with both healthy and unhealthy changes in some eating habits and dietary patterns among Latin-American immigrants. Some of the healthy changes observed contrasted the 'Westernisation' of the diet reported in studies conducted in other Western countries. The results of the present study support the role of the food environment of the host country in the modification of the dietary patterns of immigrants.

Eating behaviours and obesity in the adult population of Spain.

To examine the association between several eating behaviours and obesity, data were taken from a cross-sectional study conducted with 34,974 individuals aged 25-64 years, representative of the non-institutionalised Spanish population. Obesity was defined as BMI >or= 30 kg/m2. Study associations were summarised with OR obtained from logistic regression, with adjustment for socio-demographic and lifestyle factors. The results showed that those skipping breakfast were more likely to be obese, both in men (OR 1.58; 95 % CI 1.29, 1.93) and women (OR 1.53; 95 % CI 1.15, 2.03). Moreover, obesity was more prevalent in those having only two meals per day than in those having three or four meals in men (OR 1.63; 95 % CI 1.37, 1.95) and women (OR 1.30; 95 % CI 1.05, 1.62). Also, snacking was associated with obesity in women (OR 1.51; 95 % CI 1.17, 1.95). However, no association was observed between obesity and having one or more of the main meals away from home, in either sex. In conclusion, skipping breakfast and eating frequency were associated with obesity. The lack of association between eating away from home and obesity is in contrast to most previous research conducted in Anglo-Saxon countries. Differences in the type of establishment frequented when eating out or in the characteristics of restaurant customers in a Mediterranean population might explain these conflicting results.

Opposing effects of quinacrine and chloroquine on the development of TA3 transplanted tumors in mice.

Both quinacrine and chloroquine had been used as antimalarial agents. Furthermore, antineoplastic and antiviral effects have been described for quinacrine, while chloroquine has been described to induce viral replication and promote tumor growth. To search for differences in the growing rate of transplanted tumors, chloroquine or quinacrine were administered orally to AJ mice from 30 days previous to the inoculation of TA3 transplantable tumor cells, treatment being continued up to the end of the experiment. A control group, transplanted with tumor cells received tap drinking water. Marked differences between the three groups were found. Quinacrine had antitumoral effect, while chloroquine promoted a faster tumoral growth than controls. (p < 0.01). Results suggest caution in the use of chloroquine, because it might have a similar promoting effect on human neoplasia.

Opposing effects of quinacrine and chloroquine on the development of TA3 transplanted tumors in mice

Both quinacrine and chloroquine had been used as antimalarial agents. Furthermore, antineoplastic and antiviral effects have been described for quinacrine, while chloroquine has been described to induce viral replication and promote tumor growth. To search for differences in the growing rate of transplanted tumors, chloroquine or quinacrine were administered orally to AJ mice from 30 days previous to the inoculation of TA3 transplantable tumor cells, treatment being continued up to the end of the experiment. A control group, transplanted with tumor cells received tap drinking water. Marked differences between the three groups were found. Quinacrine had antitumoral effect, while chloroquine promoted a faster tumoral growth than controls. (p < 0.01). Results suggest caution in the use of chloroquine, because it might have a similar promoting effect on human neoplasia

Influência da matéria orgânica na atividade micobactericida do hipoclorito de sódio comercial com 2, 5 por cento de cloro ativo / Influence of organic soil on the mycobactericidal activity of the commercial sodium hypochlorite with a 2, 5 per cent of active chlorine

Foi investigada a maior diluiçäo do hipoclorito de sódio comercial com 2,5 por cento de cloro ativo (água de lavadeira) capaz de inativar o Mycobacterium fortuitum em presença de níveis variáveis de fezes de bovino como fonte de matéria orgânica. Os ensaios foram conduzidos de modo que o desinfetante atuasse durante 60 minutos à temperatura de 4 a 8§C. A neutralizaçäo da açäo do desinfetante foi obtida com a soluçäo de tiossulfato de sódio a 0,5 por cento e tween-80 a 0,05 por cento (v/v). Os microrganismos sobreviventes foram recuperados em meio de Lowenstein-Jensen. A quantificaçäo das unidades formadoras de colônias (U.F.C.) foi analisada pelo Teste "U" de Mann-Whitney. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a presença de fezes bovinas prejudicou a atividade micobactericida do desinfetante ensaiado. Foi possível constatar-se que as diluiçöes de trabalho capazes de determinar a reduçäo de 70 por cento do número de U.F.C. foram de 1:64 e 1:16, respectivamente, em ausência e presença de matéria orgânica. Em diluiçöes de trabalho superiores ao valor de 1:64 a atividade micobactericida do hipoclorito de sódio foi muito irregular

The superego concept. Part II: Superego development, superego pathology summary.

From its inception the superego concept has been historically at the center of a process of scientific convergence-yet it has always presented difficulties in conceptualizing. In this paper, a condensed literature review selectively explore: (1) Freud's fundamental contributions to this concept; (2) major trends in the psychoanalytic exploration of the concept, as they derived from Freud's germinal ideas and; (3) some "stumbling blocks" which may have interfered with efforts at intergration of the superego concept. An object-relational frame of reference, incorporating Kernberg's recent contributions and his efforts at integration in this field at large, as well as Jacobson's contributions as they relate to superego concept in particular are briefly considered. Such a frame of reference is then applied in an effort at describing a sequential development of the superego in four progressively differentiated and integrated phases: (1) agressively derived primitive sadistic superego forerunners; (2) integration of aggressively derived, primitive superego forerunners and ideal self-object representations; (3) oedipally-derived superego and (4) post-oedipal superego individualization. Toward the end some succinct considerations regarding superego pathology are given and paths for possible further integration and exploration are suggested.