Propuesta de abordaje y organización de las consultas de Pediatría de Atención Primaria en la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 (otoño-invierno 2020-2021) / Proposal for the approach and organization of the pediatric consultations of Primary Care in the pandemic due to SARS-CoV-2 (autumn-winter 2020-2021)

La Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (AEPap) ha elaborado un documento con propuestas para la organización de las consultas de Atención Primaria en la próxima temporada invernal, y así poder garantizar la atención a los pacientes pediátricos, con y sin sospecha de infección por SARS-CoV-2. En dicho documento se insiste en la importancia de que la primera valoración del paciente sea telefónica para orientar a las familias sobre la idoneidad de una visita telemática o de una visita presencial y, en caso de ser así, recibir indicaciones sobre la zona del centro de salud y horario de atención en función de los síntomas, para mantener las medidas de protección y seguridad, tanto del paciente como del personal sanitario. AEPap y SEPEAP proponen que en los centros de salud se organicen dos circuitos, uno para atender pacientes con sospecha de infección por SARS-CoV-2 y otro circuito para valorar el resto de las patologías y llevar a cabo el Programa de Salud Infantil (PSI). Para ello, también insta a las Administraciones públicas a mejorar las herramientas de la telemedicina para garantizar el intercambio seguro de información y así poder realizar consultas no presenciales para evitar contagios en el centro sanitario, dotar a los centros de salud de personal sanitario, administrativo y de limpieza suficiente. También es muy importante que los profesionales sanitarios dispongan de técnicas diagnósticas para descartar las infecciones pediátricas más frecuente en época invernal (rinovirus, virus respiratorio sincitial, gripe, rotavirus) y agilizar el resultado de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) para COVID-19 y así evitar aislamientos innecesarios

The Spanish Association of Primary Care Pediatrics (AEPap), has prepared a document with proposals for the organization of primary care consultations in the next winter season, and thus be able to guarantee care for pediatric patients, with and without suspected infection by SARS-CoV-2. This document insists on the importance that the first assessment of the patient is by telephone to guide families on the suitability of a telematic visit or a face-to-face visit and, if so, receive instructions on the area of the health center and hours of attention based on symptoms, to maintain protection and safety measures for both the patient and the health personnel. The AEPap and the SEPEAP propose to organize two circuits in health centers, one to evaluate patients with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection and another circuit to assess the rest of the pathologies and carry out the Children's Health Program. For this, it also urges public administrations to improve telemedicine tools to guarantee the safe exchange of information and thus be able to carry out non-face-to-face consultations to avoid infections in the health center, provide health centers with health, administrative, cleaning and medical personnel sufficient. It is also very important that healthcare professionals have diagnostic techniques to rule out the most frequent pediatric infections in winter (rhinovirus, RSV, flu, rotavirus) and speed up the PCR result for Covid-19 and thus avoid unnecessary isolations

Sistemas de protección y detección de contagios en los pediatras de Atención Primaria en la epidemia por COVID-19 / Protective equipment and detection of infection in Primary Care pediatricians during the COVID-19 pandemic

INTRODUCCIÓN: durante la pandemia de COVID-19, el uso de equipos y dispositivos de protección por parte de los profesionales es fundamental para evitar la transmisión de la infección en el colectivo de sanitarios. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: el Grupo Laboral-Profesional de la Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (AEPap) ha realizado una encuesta a los vocales autonómicos de la AEPap para conocer la disponibilidad que han tenido los pediatras de Atención Primaria (PAP) de sistemas de protección frente a la enfermedad, y las pruebas diagnósticas realizadas para el diagnóstico de los contagios de los PAP. RESULTADOS: en marzo de 2020, solo en el 32% de las comunidades autónomas (CC. AA.), los pediatras tenían sistemas de protección adecuados. En abril ascendió al 70%. En todas las CC. AA. se han registrado casos de PAP enfermos, aunque es difícil cuantificar el número de afectados. De las que tenemos datos, sumando el número de pediatras enfermos conocido, más test de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) positivo, los que han estado en aislamiento y los ingresados, la cifra asciende al 7,65% de la cifra total de PAP. Los test rápidos serológicos o PCR o ambos se han realizado en seis comunidades los últimos días de abril y en otras seis los primeros días de mayo. Entre las CC. AA. de las que hay información, Aragón es la única comunidad en la que no se ha realizado test. Se ha correlacionado la disponibilidad de los sistemas de protección y el gasto sanitario. CONCLUSIONES: los sistemas de protección han sido insuficientes. Las CC. AA. con mayor gasto sanitario han contado más precozmente con sistemas de protección adecuados. Han resultado infectados PAP en todas las comunidades autónomas, especialmente en Madrid, Castilla y León y Comunidad Valenciana. La detección de profesionales afectos por la infección ha sido tardía

INTRODUCTION: during the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of protective equipment and devices by professionals is essential to prevent transmission of the infection in the healthcare community. METHODS: the Professional Labor Working group of the Spanish Association of Primary Care Pediatrics (AEPap) has carried out a survey of the autonomous members of the AEPap to find out the availability for primary care pediatricians (PCP) of protection elements against the disease, the diagnostic measures carried out on the professionals for the diagnosis of infections in the PCP. RESULTS: during the month of March, in 32% of the autonomous communities (CC. AA.), pediatricians had adequate means of protection, which in April amounted to 70%. Sick cases of PCP have been registered in all the CC. AA., although it is difficult to quantify the number of patients affected. According to our data, adding the positive test patients, those who have been in isolation and those admitted, the figure rises up to 7.65%. Rapid serological tests or PCR or both have been carried out in 6 communities in the last days of April and in 6 others in the first days of May. The only community in which it has not been carried out is that of Aragon. The availability of protection systems and health expenditure have been correlated. CONCLUSIONS: protection systems have been insufficient. The CC. AA. with the highest health expenditure have had adequate protection systems earlier. PCP have been infected in all the autonomous communities, especially in Madrid, Castilla y León and Valencia. The detection of affected professionals by the infection has been late

¿Cómo han vivido los niños el confinamiento por el coronavirus? / How have children experienced the confinement due to coronavirus?

INTRODUCCIÓN: los niños muestran sentimientos y vivencias que no saben o no se atreven a expresar y que se pueden conocer a través de sus dibujos e imaginación. La Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (AEPap) se ha propuesto conocer cómo han vivido los niños el confinamiento. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: se ha organizado un concurso en la página web Familia y Salud. Sujetos: niños o niñas de todo el territorio nacional con edades comprendidas entre los 3 y 16 años. Trabajos: dibujos, cuentos y vídeos breves. RESULTADOS: hemos recibido 53 trabajos procedentes de diferentes comunidades autónomas y entregado cinco premios. Los elementos que más se repiten son: el coronavirus, figuras de niños dentro de las casas, el arco iris entre las nubes y los sanitarios. El aburrimiento, la tristeza de no poder ver a abuelos y amigos, la confianza en los sanitarios, la valoración positiva del cambio de vida en la familia, la mejora en la contaminación ambiental y el mensaje positivo de que todo va a salir bien son algunos de los temas expresados. CONCLUSIONES: los resultados obtenidos en el presente estudio denotan optimismo en general, y permiten concluir que los dibujos, los relatos y los vídeos son herramientas útiles para analizar la percepción de esta población ante situaciones de riesgo. Además, destaca el interés de los pediatras de Atención Primaria por conocer cómo han vivido los niños el confinamiento a causa de la infección por coronavirus y crear la inquietud de que el dibujo infantil debe ser estudiado de manera rigurosa

INTRODUCTION: children have feelings and experiences that they cannot or will not express and that may manifest through their drawings and imagination. The Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (Spanish Association of Primary Care Pediatrics, AEPap) wanted to explore how children have experienced the confinement. MATERIAL AND METHODS: we organized a contest through the Family and Health website. The study population consisted of children residing anywhere in Spain aged 3 to 16 years. The works submitted were drawings, micro stories or micro videos. RESULTS: we received 53 works from children in different autonomous communities and gave 5 awards. The elements featured most frequently were the coronavirus, figures of children indoors, a rainbow in the clouds and health care professionals. Some of the subjects expressed in the works were boredom, missing grandparents and friends, trust in health care professionals, a positive perception of the change in life in the family, the improvement in environmental pollution and a positive view that everything will turn out well. CONCLUSIONS: the results obtained in this study suggest a generalized optimism and allow us to conclude that drawings, stories and videos are a useful tool to analyze the perception of this population in risk situations. We also ought to highlight the interest of primary care paediatricians in how children have experienced the confinement imposed due to the coronavirus pandemic and raise awareness that children's drawings should be carefully studied

No puedo jugar con agua / I can't play with water

La queratodermia acuagénica es una patología cutánea adquirida y transitoria, en la cual aparecen lesiones blanquecinas y aspecto macerado de las palmas de las manos al contacto con el agua, que se resuelven con el secado. Presentamos los casos de dos niñas de cuatro y cinco años que presentan estas lesiones

Aquagenic keratoderma is an acquired and transient cutaneous pathology, in which lesions appear and there is a macerated appearance of the palms after contact with water. These lesions are solved once they are dried. We present two girls, aged 4 and 5 years, who had these lesions

Contaminación acústica en un servicio de urgencias hospitalarias / Noise pollution in a Hospital Emergency Unit

Objetivo: conocer los niveles de ruido existentes en el Servicio de Urgencias (SU) de un hospital universitario e identificar las principales fuentes que lo generan. Método: estudio observacional descriptivo. Se realizaron mediciones del ruido en las distintas áreas del SU del Hospital Universitario Sant Joan de Reus (Tarragona), entre abril y septiembre de 2016. Se utilizó un sonómetro que registraba la actividad acústica en decibelios (dB9 en un software, para su posterior análisis e interpretación). Se llevó a cabo análisis descriptivo con el programa estadístico SPSS versión 23.0. Resultados: se realizaron 42 mediciones. La media (desviación estándar o DE) de ruido en todas las áreas del SU fue de 61,38 (4,90) dB. La media (DE) de ruido en las Urgencias de Pediatría fue 58,16 (4,09) dB, en las Urgencias Generales 63,91 (3,23) dB, en la sala de espera de adultos de 62,76 (6,92) dB, en el Área de Atención Rápida de 57,43 (2,74) dB, en el Área de Observación de 59,18 (5,67) dB. Conclusiones: los niveles de ruido medidos en el SU son altos y superan los límites recomendados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Se identificaron como principales fuentes generadoras de ruido la megafonía, las alarmas acústicas y en especial la comunicación interpersonal, sobre todo durante los cambios de turno

Objective: to understand the noise levels existing at the Emergency Unit (ER) of a University Hospital, and to identify the main sources that generate it. Method: a descriptive observational study. Noise measurements were conducted in the different areas of the Emergency Unit of the Hospital Universitario Sant Joan de Reus (Tarragona), between April and September, 2016, using a sound level meter that recorded the acoustic activity in decibels (dB9 in software, for its subsequent analysis and interpretation). Descriptive analysis was conducted with the statistical program SPSS version 23.0. Results: forty-two (42) measurements were conducted. The mean (standard deviation or SD) noise in all areas of the Emergency Unit was 61.38 (4.90) dB. The mean (SD) noise in the Pediatric Emergency Unit was 58.16 (4.09) dB; and it was of 63.91 (3.23) dB in General Emergencies, 62.76 (6.92) dB in the Adult Waiting Room, 57.43 (2.74) dB in the Urgent Care Area, and 59.18 (5.67) dB in the Observation Area. Conclusions: the noise levels measured at the Emergency Unit are high and exceed the limits recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The main sources generating noise were identified as the loudspeaker system, the acoustic alarms, and particularly interpersonal communication, particularly during shift changes

Factores predictores de fracaso renal agudo en ancianos con enfermedad renal crónica / Acute renal failure predictors in elderly patients with chronic kidney disease

Introducción y objetivos: El fracaso renal agudo (FRA) es un problema muy común en los ancianos y conlleva una elevada morbimortalidad. En este estudio se analizan los factores predictores de FRA en una cohorte de ancianos y su impacto en la evolución de la función renal. Pacientes y métodos: Sobre un grupo de 80 ancianos reclutados entre enero-abril de 2006, se estudian de forma retrospectiva, en 56 pacientes que continúan con vida a los 36 meses, los episodios de FRA, sus causas y la necesidad de diálisis. Resultados: 12 pacientes (21,4 %) presentaron FRA: 4 (33,3 %) con relación a insuficiencia cardiaca, 4 (33,3 %) por infección/sepsis, 2 (16,7 %) por depleción de volumen y otros 2 multifactorial (16,7 %). Ningún paciente precisó terapia con diálisis. Los pacientes con FRA eran más añosos (p = 0,017), tenían basalmente peor función renal (p = 0,031), mayores niveles de ácido úrico (p = 0,002) y menores de hematocrito (p = 0,003). Los pacientes con FRA tenían una creatinina sérica basal de 1,57 ± 0,59 mg/dl y el pico máximo de creatinina durante el FRA fue de 4,25 ± 4,26 mg/dl (p = 0,035). La función renal a los 36 meses en pacientes con FRA había disminuido (p = 0,024). En el análisis de regresión logística (variables independientes: edad, género, índice de (..) (AU)

Introduction: Acute renal failure (ARF) is a very common problem in the elderly and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. This study analysed ARF predictors in a cohort of elderly subjects and their impact on the evolution of renal function. Patients and method: A group of 80 elderly individuals were recruited between January and April 2006, and 56 of these who were still alive after 36 months were retrospectively studied, examining episodes of ARF, their causes, and the need for dialysis. Results: Twelve patients (21.4%) developed ARF: 4 (33.3%) related to heart failure, 4 (33.3%) due to infection/sepsis, 2 (16.7%) due to volume depletion, and another 2 were multifactorial (16.7%). No patients required dialysis therapy. Patients with ARF were older (P=.017), had worse renal function at baseline (P=.031), higher levels of uric acid (P=.002), and lower haematocrit (P=.003). Patients with ARF had a mean baseline serum creatinine of 1.57±0.59mg/dl and peak creatinine levels during episodes of ARF averaged 4.25±4.26mg/dl (P=.035). Mean renal function at 36 months in patients with ARF had decreased (P=.024). In a logistic regression analysis (independent variables: baseline MDRD, age, gender, Charlson index, serum creatinine, urea, and uric (..) (AU)

Acute renal failure predictors in elderly patients with chronic kidney disease.

INTRODUCTION: Acute renal failure (ARF) is a very common problem in the elderly and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. This study analysed ARF predictors in a cohort of elderly subjects and their impact on the evolution of renal function. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A group of 80 elderly individuals were recruited between January and April 2006, and 56 of these who were still alive after 36 months were retrospectively studied, examining episodes of ARF, their causes, and the need for dialysis. RESULTS: Twelve patients (21.4%) developed ARF: 4 (33.3%) related to heart failure, 4 (33.3%) due to infection/sepsis, 2 (16.7%) due to volume depletion, and another 2 were multifactorial (16.7%). No patients required dialysis therapy. Patients with ARF were older (P=.017), had worse renal function at baseline (P=.031), higher levels of uric acid (P=.002), and lower haematocrit (P=.003). Patients with ARF had a mean baseline serum creatinine of 1.57 ± 0.59 mg/dl and peak creatinine levels during episodes of ARF averaged 4.25 ± 4.26 mg/dl (P=.035). Mean renal function at 36 months in patients with ARF had decreased (P=.024). In a logistic regression analysis (independent variables: baseline MDRD, age, gender, Charlson index, serum creatinine, urea, and uric acid), age (RR: 1.20, 1.01-1.43, P=.039), uric acid (RR: 2.65, 1.11-6.30, P=.027), and haematocrit (RR: 0.64, 0.43-0.96, P=.031) were independently associated with the development of ARF. CONCLUSIONS: Baseline levels of uric acid and haematocrit are independent risk factors for the development of ARF in the elderly. Although these episodes may be functional in nature and not require dialysis, this can still cause a deterioration of renal function over time.

Ancianos con enfermedad renal crónica: ¿qué ocurre a los cinco años de seguimiento? / Elderly patients with chronic kidney disease: outcomes after 5 years of follow-up

Introducción: En los últimos años, la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) se ha llegado a considerar una epidemia, por lo que se ha prestado un gran interés a su diagnóstico precoz, con la finalidad de frenar su progresión a nefropatía terminal (NT) y preparar con tiempo a los pacientes para programas de diálisis y trasplante. Muchos ancianos son etiquetados de enfermos renales crónicos basándose únicamente en un filtrado glomerular estimado < 60 ml/min. Objetivo: realizar un seguimiento clínico de la función renal (FR) y de los pronósticos asociados a la ERC (morbilidad, mortalidad, desarrollo de NT) en ancianos. Pacientes y métodos: 80 pacientes clínicamente estables con mediana de edad de 83 años (rango 69-97); 69% mujeres, 35% diabéticos, 83% hipertensos; fueron reclutados aleatoriamente en las consultas externas de Geriatría y Nefrología entre enero y abril de 2006, y seguidos durante 5 años. En el reclutamiento establecimos dos grupos según la concentración de creatinina plasmática (Crp) basal (mg/dl): grupo 1: 38 pacientes con Crp ≤ 1,1 (rango 0,7-1,1) y grupo 2: 42 pacientes, con Crp > 1,1 (rango 1,2-3). Medimos en sangre Crp, urea, y estimamos filtrado glomerular con MDRD abreviado, basalmente y a los 5 años. Registramos la comorbilidad basal (..) (AU)

Introduction: In recent years, chronic kidney disease (CKD) has come to be considered an epidemic problem, and there is considerable interest in early diagnosis in order to slow its progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and prepare patients for dialysis and transplantation programmes. Many elderly patients are labelled as having CKD based solely on having a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of <60 ml/min. Objective: Monitor renal function (RF) and outcomes associated with CKD (morbidity, mortality and progress to ESRD) in an elderly cohort. Patients and method: A total of 80 clinically stable patients, with a median age of 83 years (range 69-97; 69% female, 35% diabetic, 83% hypertensive) were recruited at random in our Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology Departments between January and April 2006, and monitored for 5 years. During the recruitment stage we established two groups based on baseline serum creatinine (SCr) concentration: Group 1, 38 patients with SCr <1.1mg/dl (range 0.7-1.1) and Group 2, 42 patients with SCr >1.1mg/dl (range 1.2-3). We determined baseline blood levels of creatinine and urea, calculated eGFR using an abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (..) (AU)

Elderly patients with chronic kidney disease: outcomes after 5 years of follow-up.

INTRODUCTION: In recent years, chronic kidney disease (CKD) has come to be considered an epidemic problem, and there is considerable interest in early diagnosis in order to slow its progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and prepare patients for dialysis and transplantation programmes. Many elderly patients are labelled as having CKD based solely on having a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of <60 ml/min. OBJECTIVE: Monitor renal function (RF) and outcomes associated with CKD (morbidity, mortality and progress to ESRD) in an elderly cohort. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A total of 80 clinically stable patients, with a median age of 83 years (range 69-97; 69% female, 35% diabetic, 83% hypertensive) were recruited at random in our Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology Departments between January and April 2006, and monitored for 5 years. During the recruitment stage we established two groups based on baseline serum creatinine (SCr) concentration: Group 1, 38 patients with SCr <1.1mg/dl (range 0.7-1.1) and Group 2, 42 patients with SCr >1.1mg/dl (range 1.2-3). We determined baseline blood levels of creatinine and urea, calculated eGFR using an abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula, and repeated these measurements after 5 years. We recorded baseline comorbidity according to the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI); hospital admissions; new cardiovascular events; treatments; progression to ESRD requiring dialysis; and mortality. RESULTS: In the 39 patients surviving after 5 years there were no significant differences between Groups 1 and 2 in total number of hospital admissions, episodes of heart failure and new ischaemic heart disease. Overall, the most commonly used drugs were diuretics (76.9%), while beta-blockers were used the least (10.3%). There were 41 deaths (51.3%): of these patients, 15 died due to overall decline, 8 due to infections, 4 due to stroke, 4 due to neoplasia, 3 due to cardiovascular problems, 2 due to complications from fractures and 5 due to unknown causes. Mortality was higher in Group 2 (66.7% vs 34.2%, P=.004) and patient age was also higher in that group (84.73 ± 5.69 vs 80.12 ± 6.5, P=.001). No significant differences in mortality were attributable to sex, diabetes, hypertension or CCI. Only 2 patients in Group 2 progressed to ESRD, they received conservative treatment due to comorbidity (no patients in the study have started dialysis). The evolution of RF (baseline/5 years) in all patients surviving at 5 years was as follows: SCr (mg/dl): 1.15 ± 0.41/1.21 ± 0.49 (not significant [NS]), urea (mg/dl) 52.21 ± 13.0/61.21 ± 27.0 (P=.047), MDRD (ml/min/1.73m2) 57.47 ± 15/54.86 ± 17 (NS). There were no differences in progression between the 2 groups. In the logistic regression analysis for overall mortality (independent variables: age, sex, CCI, cardiovascular history, SCr and group), only age (relative risk [RR]: 1.12; 1.03-1.23, P=.009) and group (RR: 3.06; 1.10-8.40, P=.031) were independently associated with mortality. CONCLUSION: Screening for CKD using GFR only may lack clinical relevance in this population since RF slowly deteriorates in elderly patients without proteinuria. Mortality due to all causes was higher in elderly patients with a poorer baseline RF, and mortality rates were higher than rates of CKD progression to ESRD.

Enfermedad renal crónica en el anciano: influencia del género / Chronic kidney disease in the elderly: the impact of patients' sex

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