ABSTRACT
ResumenLa laguna costera de La Mancha, en el Golfo de México, tiene una boca que se cierra y abre estacionalmente, lo que ocasiona importantes fluctuaciones en los niveles de inundación y que la zona intermareal se exponga frecuentemente a una alta radiación solar, altas temperaturas y su consecuente desecación. Se llevó a cabo un experimento de campo de Noviembre-2000 a Septiembre-2001 para evaluar el efecto acumulado de la variación en el nivel de inundación sobre la colonización y supervivencia de los invertebrados intermareales sésiles sobre substratos artificiales en el bosque de manglar de borde. Un total de 72 tubos de PVC de 2 m de largo fueron recubiertos con cemento para semejar rizóforos (raíces aéreas) de Rhizophora mangle. Luego fueron encajados en el fango en cuatro estaciones de muestreo (18 por estación: 9 en sitio sombreado y 9 en sitio soleado), y fueron retirados en grupos de 6 de cada estación de muestreo (3 de cada sitio sombreado y 3 de cada sitio soleado), sin reemplazo, al término de cada época climática (nortes, seca y lluvias). Además, se monitoreó la condición abierta-cerrada de la boca estuarina y el nivel de inundación durante el período de 308 días que duró el experimento. Se registró la distribución temporal, espacial y vertical de la Riqueza específica (S) y de la abundancia de individuos vivos y muertos, y los datos fueron analizados mediante ANDEVA. Únicamente siete especies colonizaron los substratos, la mayoría de ellas se registraron todo el año y en todas las estaciones de muestreo. No se observó una sucesión estacional de las especies. Al final del experimento, se obtuvo una supervivencia del 20 % de los epibiontes. El poliqueto Ficopomatus miamiensis fue la especie más abundante pero presentó una supervivencia significativamente menor que las otras especies encontradas (0 - 14 %). Los epibiontes prefirieron establecerse en sitios sombreados que en sitios soleados sin importar la estación de muestreo ni la época climática. En conclusión, la colonización de los substratos artificiales fue exitosa pero la mayoría de los individuos murieron debido a la prolongada exposición y desecación después de que la boca estuarina fue abierta por los pescadores locales.Las maniobras de excavación de la barrera arenosa por los pescadores locales interrumpen los ciclos naturales de inundación de la laguna, lo cual puede tener consecuencias futuras sobre el desarrollo de las comunidades del manglar.
AbstractLa Mancha coastal lagoon, in the Gulf of Mexico, has an inlet that opens and closes seasonally, causing important fluctuations in flood-levels and exposing the intertidal zone to high solar radiation, high temperatures and desiccation. With the aim to examine the accumulated effect of variation in flood-levels on colonization and survival of sessile intertidal invertebrates on artificial substrates in a fringe mangrove forest, a field experiment was conducted from November-2000 to September-2001. A total of 72 PVC-stakes 2 m long were encased with cement to resemble rhizophores (prop roots) of Rhizophora mangle. They were then embedded in mud at four sampling stations (18 per station: 9 in a shaded site and 9 in a sunny site), and groups of 6 were collected from each sampling station (3 from each shaded site and 3 from each sunny site) without replacement at the end of each climatic period (Eastern winds, dry and rainy). The open-closed condition of the inlet and the flood-level were monitored during different days throughout the 308-day experiment period. Temporal, spatial and vertical distribution of Species richness (S) and abundance of living and dead individuals were registered, and the data was analyzed by ANOVA. Only seven species colonized the substrates, the majority of them were recorded throughout the year and in all sampling stations. There was no seasonal succession of species. At the end of the experiment, only 20 % of the epibionts had survived. The polychaete Ficopomatus miamiensis was the most abundant, but had significantly lower survival than the other species (0-14 %). Epibionts preferred to settle in shaded sites rather than sunny ones regardless of the sampling station and the climatic season. In conclusion, artificial substrate colonization was successful but the majority of epibionts died because of long exposure and desiccation after the inlet was opened by local fishermen. Manual digging of the sand-barrier by local fishermen, disrupts the natural flooding cycles of the lagoon, and could severely impact the future development of mangrove communities.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate whether use of local or systemic antimicrobials would improve clinical results of non-surgical periodontal therapy for smokers with chronic periodontitis (CP). METHODS: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Excerpta Medica Database, and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched up to and including March 2016. Randomized clinical trials of duration of at least 6 months were included if they reported on treatment of smokers (≥10 cigarettes per day for minimum 12 months) with CP with non-surgical periodontal therapy either alone or associated with local or systemic antimicrobials. Random-effects meta-analyses were undertaken to evaluate mean differences in probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL). RESULTS: Of 108 potentially eligible articles, seven were included. Most individual studies (75%) testing locally delivered antibiotics reported that smokers benefited from this treatment approach. Pooled estimates found additional PD reduction of 0.81 mm (P = 0.01) and CAL gain of 0.91 mm (P = 0.01) at sites with baseline PD ≥5 mm. Conversely, meta-analysis on systemic use of antimicrobials failed to detect significant differences in mean changes from baseline, and only one trial supported their use. CONCLUSIONS: In smokers with CP, adjunctive use of local antimicrobials improved efficacy of non-surgical periodontal therapy in reducing PD and improving CAL at sites presenting PD ≥5 mm before treatment. Current evidence does not demonstrate similar gains when scaling and root planing plus systemic antimicrobial/antibiotics were associated with therapy.
Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use , Chronic Periodontitis/drug therapy , Dental Scaling , Smokers , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Periodontal Attachment Loss , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Root PlaningABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amebiasis, a disease that is a major source of morbidity and mortality in the developing world. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a large group of non-coding RNAs that play important roles in regulating gene expression and protein translation in animals. Genome-wide identification of miRNAs is a critical step to facilitating our understanding of genome organization, genome biology, evolution, and post-transcriptional regulation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We sequenced a small RNA library prepared from a culture of trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica Strain HM1-IMSS using a deep DNA sequencing approach. Deep sequencing yielded 16 million high-quality short sequence reads containing a total of 5 million non-redundant sequence reads. Based on a bioinformatics pipeline, we found that only 0.5% of these non-redundant small RNA reads were a perfect match with the drafted E. histolytica genome. We did not find miRNA homologs in plant or animal miRNAs. We discovered 199 new potential Entamoeba histolytica miRNAs. The expression and sequence of these Ehi-miRNAs were further validated through microarray by µParaflo Microfluidic Biochip Technology. Ten potential miRNAs were additionally confirmed by real time RT-PCR analysis. Prediction of target genes matched 32 known genes and 34 hypothetical genes. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These results show that there is a number of regulatory miRNAs in Entamoeba histolytica. The collection of miRNAs in this parasite could be used as a new platform to study genomic structure, gene regulation and networks, development, and host-parasite interactions.
Subject(s)
Entamoeba histolytica/genetics , MicroRNAs/genetics , Cluster Analysis , Databases, Genetic , Genes, Protozoan/genetics , MicroRNAs/metabolism , Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Reproducibility of Results , Sequence Analysis, RNA , Trophozoites/metabolismABSTRACT
To have a better understanding on the role of the press in the communication of gender and health issues, the content of the five most spread newspapers in Spain was studied (El País, ABC, El Mundo, La Vanguardia and El Periódico de Catalunya) for five years (1997-2001) and the electronic version of The New York Times of the period 1990-1999. An unequal distribution was observed in the responsibility as for the information related to three aspects: positions of responsibility in the newspapers (out of 71 main posts, 67 were men and 4 women); the authors of the articles on health issues (61.2% men and 38,8% women, among the articles that include the author) and the mentioned information sources (81.43% men and 17.77% women). Among the 120 health issues that were covered during the period of the study, only 20 explicitly mentioned a woman (16.67%). Those subjects that included more frequently explicit references were: ablation, iatrogenics, sterilization, sexual and reproductive health, incontinence, beauty and domestic violence. The analysis of the approach to these subjects helped to identify the stereotypes of gender inequality, in the language as well as in the approach.
