ABSTRACT
The study analyzes the phenomenon of the "slippery slope" of assisted death in The Netherlands, Belgium, and Colombia after the depenalization or legalization of this practice. Data analysis was performed reviewing the evidence published in scientific journals and in the governments' official reports. We verified a progressive broadening of the limits initially established by the law for the practice of assisted death in these three countries. This confirms the occurrence of the "slippery slope". Also, the exponential increase in the number of assisted deaths in these three countries after the legalization indirectly suggests the presence of the "slippery slope". An analysis of the anthropological and ethical implications of assisted death highlights that its moral assessment should not be exclusively based on consequentialist arguments. Also, a prudential interpretation of the slippery slope argument in the legal debate about assisted death should be incorporated. We conclude that the moral evaluation of assisted death cannot be exclusively grounded on its negative social consequences, but rather on the lack of respect for basic human values such as life and the intrinsic dignity of a person. The verification of the "slippery slope" in these three countries should be regarded as an alarm for an eventual legalization of euthanasia in Chile.
Subject(s)
Euthanasia , Suicide, Assisted , Dissent and Disputes , Humans , Morals , Wedge ArgumentABSTRACT
The study analyzes the phenomenon of the "slippery slope" of assisted death in The Netherlands, Belgium, and Colombia after the depenalization or legalization of this practice. Data analysis was performed reviewing the evidence published in scientific journals and in the governments' official reports. We verified a progressive broadening of the limits initially established by the law for the practice of assisted death in these three countries. This confirms the occurrence of the "slippery slope". Also, the exponential increase in the number of assisted deaths in these three countries after the legalization indirectly suggests the presence of the "slippery slope". An analysis of the anthropological and ethical implications of assisted death highlights that its moral assessment should not be exclusively based on consequentialist arguments. Also, a prudential interpretation of the slippery slope argument in the legal debate about assisted death should be incorporated. We conclude that the moral evaluation of assisted death cannot be exclusively grounded on its negative social consequences, but rather on the lack of respect for basic human values such as life and the intrinsic dignity of a person. The verification of the "slippery slope" in these three countries should be regarded as an alarm for an eventual legalization of euthanasia in Chile.
Subject(s)
Humans , Euthanasia , Suicide, Assisted , Dissent and Disputes , Wedge Argument , MoralsABSTRACT
RESUMEN El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar la calidad higiénico-sanitaria de dos sistemas de ordeño en fincas bovinas del municipio Maturín estado Monagas (Venezuela). El ensayo tuvo una duración de seis semanas, se calculó la eficiencia higiénica (%EH) de las instalaciones, el personal, la rutina de ordeño, la limpieza-desinfección y el almacenamiento-transporte de dos unidades de producción. Adicionalmente, se determinó la población de bacterias aerobias mesófilas (BAM) que se cuantificaron en un experimento en bloques al azar, con arreglo factorial de los tratamientos (2x2) donde el factor A, correspondió al sistema de ordeño manual y mecánico y el factor B, a la aplicación y omisión de secado de los pezones de cada animal previo al ordeño. La variable se examinó por análisis de varianza y sus valores promedios comparados por Tukey al 5% de probabilidad. El %EH de las fincas evaluadas fue de 66,66% para la finca 2 y de 54,84% para la finca 1, considerados no satisfactorios. Los resultados obtenidos para la variable BAM indican que el factor sistema de ordeño mostró diferencia altamente significativa (p ≤ 0,01); el sistema manual presentó el menor conteo con 5,24 Log10 UFC/ mL; mientras que para el factor condición de secado se constató diferencia significativa (p ≤ 0,05), ya que la aplicación de secado presentó la menor población de bacterias aerobias mesófilas con 5,25 Log10 UFC/mL. Las medidas higiénicas y sanitarias implementadas en la rutina de ordeño influyeron directamente en la calidad de la leche cruda.
ABSTRACT The objective of the present investigation, was to evaluate the 'Hygienic-Sanitary Quality of two Milking Systems in Bovine Farms' in Vuelta Larga Sector, Maturín City, Monagas State (Venezuela). The trial lasted six weeks, in which the Hygienic Efficiency (% EH) of the facilities, the workers, the milking routine, the cleaning and disinfection measures and the storage and transport of both milking systems, were calculated. Furthermore, the population of Mesophilic Aerobic Bacteria (BAM) was determined ; The data were processed following a distribution in random blocks with factorial arrangement (2x2) whose factor A represented the milking system: manual and mechanical, and the factor B was the application and omission of manual drying of teats for each animal prior to milking. The percentage of Hygienic Efficiency (% EH) of the farms evaluated was not satisfactory, corresponding to 66.66% in the farm 2 and 54.84% in the farm 1. The variable was examined by analysis of variance and its mean values compared by Tukey test at 5% of probability. Factor A achieved a highly significant difference (p ≤0.01), with the manual system obtaining the lowest count with 5.24 Log10 CFU / mL. In factor B significant difference was found (p≤0.05), the drying application decreased the BAM population with 5.25 Log10 CFU / mL. The Hygienic and Sanitary measures implemented in the milking routine directly influence the quality of raw milk.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Bacteria, Aerobic , Sterilization , Sanitary Profiles , Milk , Good Manipulation Practices , Nipple Aspirate Fluid , Microbiology , Bacteria , Cattle , Diagnosis , Efficiency , NipplesABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of green monochromatic light emitting diodes (LED) or white fluorescent lamps on the growth performance of broilers reared in open houses. Two hundred broilers (Ross 308) were sexed and divided into four treatments, according to sex and supplemental light source: T1, males under green LED; T2, males under fluorescent lamps; T3, females under green LED; and T4, females under fluorescent lamps, totaling 50 birds per treatment with five replicates each (n=10). Broilers of both sexes received natural light during the day and supplemental lighting (fluorescent or LED) during the night, according to age. Individual body weight, mortality, and feed intake were recorded weekly per replicate. Feed conversion ratio and the European Efficiency Index (EEI) were calculated. Data were analyzed by a two-way ANOVA. The results indicated differences (p 0.05) in female body weight in week 6, (2202.31 ± 32.93g green LED vs 2191.08 ± 62.13g fluorescent lamp), but no differences in daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, or mortality were detected. However, the use of green LED promoted higher EEI in males in weeks 5, 6, and 7, and in females in week 5 (p 0.05). Green monochromatic LED may be used for supplemental lighting of male broilers reared in open houses with natural light. Its use for female broilers is recommended if the birds are marketed up to 5 weeks of age.
Subject(s)
Animals , Growth , Photoperiod , Chickens/growth & development , Light/adverse effectsABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of green monochromatic light emitting diodes (LED) or white fluorescent lamps on the growth performance of broilers reared in open houses. Two hundred broilers (Ross 308) were sexed and divided into four treatments, according to sex and supplemental light source: T1, males under green LED; T2, males under fluorescent lamps; T3, females under green LED; and T4, females under fluorescent lamps, totaling 50 birds per treatment with five replicates each (n=10). Broilers of both sexes received natural light during the day and supplemental lighting (fluorescent or LED) during the night, according to age. Individual body weight, mortality, and feed intake were recorded weekly per replicate. Feed conversion ratio and the European Efficiency Index (EEI) were calculated. Data were analyzed by a two-way ANOVA. The results indicated differences (p 0.05) in female body weight in week 6, (2202.31 ± 32.93g green LED vs 2191.08 ± 62.13g fluorescent lamp), but no differences in daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, or mortality were detected. However, the use of green LED promoted higher EEI in males in weeks 5, 6, and 7, and in females in week 5 (p 0.05). Green monochromatic LED may be used for supplemental lighting of male broilers reared in open houses with natural light. Its use for female broilers is recommended if the birds are marketed up to 5 weeks of age.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Chickens/growth & development , Light/adverse effects , Growth , PhotoperiodABSTRACT
The dopamine (DA)-acetylcholine (ACh) interactions were investigated in dorsal (nucleus caudate, NC) and ventral (olfactory tubercle, OT) striatal regions, of rats and rabbits. Both regions receive a dense dopaminergic innervation and have high ACh concentrations. Brain slices of NC and OT from both animal species were prelabeled with [3H]choline and superfused. In rat and rabbit OT and NC, higher ACh release per pulse was elicited by lower than higher stimulation frequencies; in addition, rabbit tissues released a greater fraction of tissue [3H]transmitter than rat tissues. Blockade of D2 DA-receptors with sulpiride (1 microM), did not modify ACh release in OT and NC of rats and rabbits; suggesting that the lower ACh release observed in rat tissues is not due to an inhibitory dopaminergic tone on cholinergic neurons. Apomorphine (APO), a D2 DA-receptor agonist, inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner the evoked release of ACh from rat and rabbit NC (maximal inhibition = 90%). In rabbit OT, maximal inhibition induced by APO was 49 +/- 2% and in the rat OT, it was 23 +/- 1%. Sulpiride antagonized APO-induced inhibition of ACh release from rat and rabbit NC; however, it failed to prevent APO-induced inhibition in rat OT, and in the rabbit OT reduced it from 47% to 20 +/- 5%. These results indicate differences in the wiring of DA and cholinergic neurons and terminals in dorsal and ventral striatal structures, as well as between rat and rabbit tissues. Cholinergic ventral striatal structures may not receive a direct DA input, and afferent cholinergic nerve terminals (rather than interneurons) predominate in the ventral striatum.
Subject(s)
Acetylcholine/metabolism , Caudate Nucleus/metabolism , Dopamine/metabolism , Olfactory Pathways/metabolism , Analysis of Variance , Animals , Apomorphine/pharmacology , Caudate Nucleus/chemistry , Caudate Nucleus/drug effects , Dopamine Agonists/pharmacology , Male , Olfactory Pathways/chemistry , Olfactory Pathways/drug effects , Rabbits , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Receptors, Dopamine D2/agonists , Sulpiride/pharmacology , TritiumABSTRACT
Describimos el uso de dibujos colectivos como la posibilidad de utilizar un recurso plástico, una técnica de acción y un medio proyectivo para esclarecer, fortalecer y dilucidar hipótesis formuladas con respecto al proceso grupal, en cuanto a su desarrollo, avances, desviaciones, generación de síntomas y conciencia de sí mismo. Es la posibilidad de "ver" con más claridad tanto para los coordinadores del grupo como para los participantes del mismo. En estos últimos, el dibujo llega a representar la evidencia de fenómenos grupales que no habían sido hecho explicitos aún, o bien, que no se había expuesto con palabras por alguna razón; sirven como la representación-cosa que por medio de asociaciones generarán sentidos
Subject(s)
Psychology, Social , Visual Perception/physiology , Projective Techniques/standards , Psychological Techniques , Neuropsychological Tests/standardsABSTRACT
Se estudian los cambios morfológicos e histológicos de 47 placentas de niños con retardo de crecimiento intrauterino, encontrándose una relación directa entre el peso placentario y el peso del recién nacido, así como también un predominio de la inserción marginal y paracentral extrema del cordón umbilical. Histológicamente la presencia de congestión y corioangiosis fue notable al igual que el depósito de fibrina intervellosa, predominando este último hallazgo entre las madres fumadoras
Subject(s)
Pregnancy , Adolescent , Adult , Humans , Female , Fetal Growth Retardation , Infant, Low Birth Weight , Placenta/pathologyABSTRACT
Se estudian los cambios morfológicos e histológicos de 47 placentas de niños con retardo de crecimiento intrauterino, encontrándose una relación directa entre el peso placentario y el peso del recién nacido, así como también un predominio de la inserción marginal y paracentral extrema del cordón umbilical. Histológicamente la presencia de congestión y corioangiosis fue notable al igual que el depósito de fibrina intervellosa, predominando este último hallazgo entre las madres fumadoras (AU)
Subject(s)
Pregnancy , Adolescent , Adult , Humans , Female , Fetal Growth Retardation , Placenta/pathology , Infant, Low Birth WeightABSTRACT
Se mencionan los nuevos procedimientos diagnosticos auxiliares de la clinica en el esclarecimiento de los casos dificiles de ictericia. Se destaca el valor de la ultrasonografia hepatica (colangiografia ultrasonica) en el diagnostico de la ictericia obstructiva mecanica extrahepatica, presentando 3 casos demostrativos, dos de los cuales fueron confirmados por la cirugia y el tercero por la autopsia