Non-O1 and non-O139 Vibrio cholerae Septicemia and Cellulitis: a Case Report.

Non-O1 and non-O139 Vibrio cholerae (NOVC) are serogroups that do not produce cholera toxin and are not responsible for epidemics. Even though rarely encountered in clinical practice, they can cause a spectrum of different conditions ranging from mild gastrointestinal syndrome to extraintestinal diseases, of which bacteremia and wound infections are the most severe. Risk factors for severe disease are cirrhosis, neoplasms, and diabetes mellitus. The mortality rate of NOVC bacteremia in hospitalized patients ranges from 24 to 61.5%. Incidence of NOVC infections is still rare, and consensus recommendations on treatment are not available. We report a case of NOVC bacteremia associated with severe cellulitis in an immunocompetent 75-year-old man who had eaten raw seafood in a location by the northern Adriatic Sea (Italy). Twenty-four hours after intake, he developed a high fever and vomiting. Afterwards, he started noticing the appearance of cellulitis in his right leg, which worsened in a matter of hours. The patient had a history of compensated type 2 diabetes mellitus. NOVC was isolated from both blood cultures and the leg ulcer. The non-O1, non-O139 serogroup was confirmed, and the detection of the cholera toxin gene was negative. Both tests were performed by the Reference National Laboratory of Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS). Multiple antimicrobial regimens were administered, with complete recovery. In conclusion, considering the severity of NOVC-associated manifestations, it is of pivotal importance to reach etiological diagnosis for a target antimicrobial therapy and to consider V. cholerae infection in the differential diagnosis in the presence of risk factors and potential exposure.

Management of M. abscessus subsp. abscessus early-onset prosthetic joint infection: Case report and literature review.

Nontuberculous mycobacteria are a rare but still emerging cause of difficult-to-treat prosthetic joint infection. To our knowledge only 17 cases of M. abscessus complex prosthetic joint infection are reported in literature, of which only 1 is by M. abscessus subps. abscessus. No guidelines are available for this clinical scenario. We describe a 68-years-old female patient with an early-onset M. abscessus subsp. abscessus prosthetic joint infection, successfully treated with a tailored medical-surgical strategy, and present an overview of cases currently available in the literature to assist physicians in the management of these uncommon infections.

Exploring the Association between Delirium and Malnutrition in COVID-19 Survivors: A Geriatric Perspective.

Older individuals face an elevated risk of developing geriatric syndromes when confronted with acute stressors like COVID-19. We assessed the connection between in-hospital delirium, malnutrition, and frailty in a cohort of COVID-19 survivors. Patients aged ≥65, hospitalized in a tertiary hospital in Milan for SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, were enrolled and screened for in-hospital delirium with the 4 'A's Test (4AT) performed twice daily (morning and evening) during hospital stay. Malnutrition was assessed with the malnutrition universal screening tool (MUST) at hospital admission and with the mini-nutritional assessment short-form (MNA-SF) one month after hospital discharge. Frailty was computed with the frailty index one month after hospital discharge. Fifty patients (median age 78.5, 56% male) were enrolled. At hospital admission, 10% were malnourished. The 13 patients (26%) who developed delirium were frailer (7 vs. 4), experienced a higher in-hospital mortality (5 vs. 3), and were more malnourished one month after discharge (3 of the 4 patients with delirium vs. 6 of the 28 patients without delirium who presented at follow up). The 4AT scores correlated with the MNA-SF scores (r = -0.55, p = 0.006) and frailty (r = 0.35, p = 0.001). Frailty also correlated with MUST (r = 0.3, p = 0.04), MNA-SF (r = -0.42, p = 0.02), and hospitalization length (r = 0.44, p = 0.001). Delirium, malnutrition, and frailty are correlated in COVID-19 survivors. Screening for these geriatric syndromes should be incorporated in routine clinical practice.

High-dose anakinra in addition to standard of care including corticosteroids in patients with severe COVID-19 treated with non-invasive ventilation.

Management of COVID-19 patients experiencing persisting respiratory failure despite corticosteroids remains challenging. Data on high-dose intravenous anakinra (HD-ANK) in this context are lacking. We aimed to investigate the impact of HD-ANK on mortality in COVID-19 patients progressing to non-invasive ventilation (NIV) while receiving corticosteroids. We retrospectively analyzed the impact of HD-ANK on 28-day mortality in individuals hospitalized with COVID-19 necessitating NIV after corticosteroid initiation. A total of 256 patients were identified: 146 received standard-of-care only (SOC), and 110 received HD-ANK+SOC. The groups were well-balanced at baseline. In-hospital mortality at 28 days did not differ between the two groups. HD-ANK is not beneficial in patients with severe COVID-19 deteriorating despite corticosteroids.

Association between low levels of HIV-1 DNA and HLA class I molecules in chronic HIV-1 infection.

BACKGROUND: HLA-B27 and -B57 were found in people with low levels of HIV-1 DNA, suggesting that HLA class I molecules may influence the size of HIV-1 reservoir. Aim of the study was to explore the association between HLA class I molecules and HIV-1 DNA in people with chronic HIV-1 infection. METHODS: Post-hoc analysis of the APACHE trial, on adults with chronic HIV-1 infection, prolonged suppressive antiretroviral therapy and good immunological profile. HIV-1 DNA was quantified in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs); HLA-A, -B and -C were tested on genomic DNA. Crude odds ratios (OR) with their respective 95% Wald confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated by univariable logistic regression for HLAs with a p-value <0.10. RESULTS: We found 78 and 18 patients with HIV-1 DNA ≥100 copies/106PBMCs and with HIV-1 DNA <100 copies/106PBMCs, respectively. HLA-A24 was present in 21 (29.6%) participants among subjects with HIV-1 DNA ≥100 copies/106PBMCs and 1 (5.9%) among those with HIV-1 DNA <100 copies/106PBMCs (OR = 5.67, 95%CI = 0.79-46.03; p = 0.105); HLA-B39 was present in 1 (1.4%) with HIV-1 DNA ≥100 copies/106PBMCs and in 3 (17.6%) with HIV-1 DNA <100 copies/106PBMCs (OR = 13.71, 95%CI = 1.33-141.77; p = 0.028) and HLA-B55 in 3 (4.2%) and 3 (17.6%), respectively (OR = 4.43, 95%CI = 0.81-24.29; p = 0.087). All the three patients with HLA-B39 and HIV-1 DNA <100 copies/106PBMCs did not have HLA-A24. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with HIV-1 infection who maintained a good virological and immunological profile, HLA-B39 and -B55 may be associated with lower levels of HIV-1 DNA.

Viro-immunological outcomes after 13-valent pneumococcal vaccination in HIV-1-infected individuals on stable virological suppression.

BACKGROUND: Very limited data are available on the immunovirological outcomes after 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated patients. The aim of this study was to assess the immune-virological outcomes in HIV-1-infected ART-treated patients on stable virological suppression who underwent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination. METHODS: Retrospective, cohort study on ART-treated HIV-1-infected individuals, age at least 18 years, with three consecutive determinations of HIV-RNA less than 50 copies/ml before the administration of PCV13 (baseline) at San Raffaele Hospital and with at least two HIV-RNA values after vaccination. RESULTS: Overall 1197 patients underwent PCV13 vaccination. During 6-month of follow-up (594 person-years of follow-up, PYFU), 12 confirmed virological failure and 35 viral blips were observed; the overall incidence rate of confirmed virological failure was 2.02 (95% confidence interval: 0.88-3.16) per 100-PYFU and the incidence rate of viral blips was 5.89 (95% confidence interval: 3.94-7.84) per 100-PYFU. Median CD4 cell count change from baseline at 6 months was +10 cells/µl (interquartile range -67, +111; P = 0.0002). Median change in CD4/CD8 ratio was +0.02 (interquartile range -0.06, +0.11; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Viral blips and confirmed virological failures were rarely observed in patients on stable virological suppression in the first 6 months following vaccination with PCV13. In addition, no decrease of CD4 cell count and CD4/CD8 ratio was recorded.

Incidence and Predictors of Serological Treatment Response in Early and Late Syphilis Among People Living With HIV.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have investigated predictors of serological response to syphilis treatment in people living with HIV (PLWH). METHODS: This was a retrospective, longitudinal study on PLWH who were diagnosed with and treated for syphilis who had an assessable serological response between January 2004 and June 2016. Serological treatment response (TR) was defined as a ≥4-fold decline in rapid plasma reagin (RPR) titers or a reversion to nonreactive (if RPR ≤1:4 at diagnosis) 12 months after treatment for early syphilis and 24 months after treatment for late syphilis. Factors associated with a TR were assessed with multivariate Cox proportional hazard models for recurrent events. RESULTS: A total of 829 episodes of syphilis (686 early, 143 late) in 564 patients were recorded. TR was observed in 732 (88%) syphilis episodes. The proportion of TR differed between early and late syphilis (89% vs 83%, respectively; P = .045). For early syphilis, TR was associated with a higher nadir CD4+ cell count (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 1.06; P = .029), an RPR titer >1:32 at diagnosis (AHR, 1.26; P = .009), secondary syphilis (AHR, 1.29; P = .008), and cases of syphilis diagnosed in more recent calendar years (AHR, 1.36; P < .0001). In late syphilis, TR was more likely to occur for first infections (AHR, 1.80; P = .027), for episodes that occurred in more recent years (AHR, 1.62; P = .007), and for RPR titers >1:32 at diagnosis (AHR, 2.04; P = .002). TR was not associated with the type of treatment regimen in early and late syphilis. CONCLUSIONS: Higher RPR titers at diagnosis and a diagnosis of syphilis that was made in more recent years were associated with TR in early and late syphilis.

Brief Report: Hyperbilirubinemia Is Associated With a Decreased Risk of Carotid Atherosclerosis in HIV-Infected Patients on Virological Suppression.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between total, direct, and indirect bilirubin and the presence of carotid lesions in a large sample of HIV-1-infected patients on virological suppression. DESIGN: Retrospective study on adult HIV-1-infected patients, with a carotid ultrasound (CUS) examination performed between January 2008 and August 2016, with HIV-RNA <50 copies per milliliter at CUS and without previous cardiovascular events. METHODS: Intima media thickness was measured in 4 segments: carotid common artery and bifurcation on the left and right sides. Carotid lesion was defined as an intima media thickness ≥1.5 mm in ≥1 region at CUS. Patients were classified as: normal if all bilirubin values before CUS were below the upper normal limit and with hyperbilirubinemia if ≥1 bilirubin value above upper normal limit before CUS was recorded. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine whether hyperbilirubinemia showed association with the presence of ≥1 carotid lesion, after adjusting for confounding factors. RESULTS: Overall, 903 patients were evaluated, 511 with ≥1 and 392 without carotid lesions. At multivariate analysis, total [adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) 0.57 (0.36 to 0.90), P = 0.016] and indirect hyperbilirubinemia before CUS [adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) 0.62 (0.40 to 0.97), P = 0.036] were associated with a lower risk of carotid lesions in addition to younger age, negative hepatitis C virus antibodies, higher nadir CD4, lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lower triglycerides, and no use of statin; no effect of atazanavir treatment on carotid lesions was detected. CONCLUSIONS: In HIV-1-treated patients, total or indirect hyperbilirubinemia was likely associated with the absence of carotid lesions.

Unboosted atazanavir with lamivudine/emtricitabine for patients with long-lasting virological suppression.

INTRODUCTION: Unboosted atazanavir (ATV) including regimens have been investigated as a ritonavir-sparing simplification strategy. No data are available on removal of one NRTI in subjects effectively treated with unboosted atazanavir+2NRTIs. We present the 48-week virological efficacy and safety of unboosted atazanavir plus lamivudine (3TC) or emtricitabine (FTC) (lamivudine/emtricitabine/Reyataz(©), LAREY Study). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Single arm, prospective, pilot study on HIV-treated patients, HBsAg negative, with HIV-RNA<50 cps/mL since at least 2 years, who switched from ATV+2NRTIs to ATV 400 mg QD +3TC or FTC. Virological failure was defined as 2 consecutive values of HIV-RNA>50 cps/ml; viral blip was defined as a single HIV-RNA value>50 cps/ml not subsequently confirmed. RESULTS as median (IQR). Changes between baseline (BL) and week 48 assessed by the Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS: Forty patients enrolled: 75% males, 51 (47-54) years, 14% HCV co-infected, infected with HIV since 16 (9-21) years, on antiretroviral therapy since 13 (5-16) years, with a nadir CD4+ of 254 (157-307) cells/mm(3), virologically suppressed since 4.2 (2.2-5.4) years; 53 patients switched from a tenofovir (TDF)-based regimens; ATV was associated with 3TC in 83% patients. No virological failures or discontinuations were observed; three patients had a single viral blip in the range 50-250 copies/mL; CD4+ increased from 610 (518-829) cells/mm(3) at BL to 697 (579-858) cells/mm(3) at week 48 [48-week change: 39 (-63/+160) cells/mm(3) p=0.081]. Three clinical events were observed (one herpes zoster, one pneumonia, one syphilis) in absence of renal lithiasis, AIDS-defining or drug-related events or death. Overall, significant 48-week amelioration of ALP [BL: 83 (71-107) mg/dL; 48-week change: -15 (-27/-8) mg/dL p<0.0001] and CKD-EPI [BL: 100 (86-108) ml/min/1.73 m(2); 48-week change: 1.5 (-3/+8) ml/min/1.73 m(2), p=0.042] were observed. Patients switching from TDF (Table 1) significantly improved CD4+, lymphocytes, hepatic profile, renal profile and ALP; these patients had also a modest but significant decrease in haemoglobin. CONCLUSIONS: Switch from an unboosted atazanavir-based regimen to ATV+3TC or FTC regimen was effective and safe in this small sample, supporting the hypothesis of a potential two-steps de-intensification (removal of ritonavir and removal of one NRTI) in patients on long-lasting virological suppression.

Susac's syndrome as HIV-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.

Susac's Syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune endotheliopathy of cerebral, retinal and cochlear arterioles. We report of an HIV-infected woman who developed a first SS episode following a spontaneous reduction of plasma viral load and several relapses six years later, following initiation of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulins alone did not control the disease, which improved after combined treatment with acyclovir and ganciclovir. SS onset in HIV infection and relapses during cART-induced immune reconstitution are consistent with the dysimmune nature of the disease. The response to anti-herpes drugs suggests a viral contribute in this case of SS.

Clinical, virologic, and immunologic outcomes in lymphoma survivors and in cancer-free, HIV-1-infected patients: a matched cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to compare immunologic, virologic, and clinical outcomes between living human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals who had a diagnosis of lymphoma versus outcomes in a control group of cancer-free, HIV-infected patients. METHODS: In this matched cohort study, patients in the case group were survivors of incident lymphomas that occurred between 1997 and June 2010. Controls were living, cancer-free, HIV-infected patients who were matched to cases at a 4:1 ratio by age, sex, nadir CD4 cell count, and year of HIV diagnosis. The date of lymphoma diagnosis served as the baseline in cases and in the corresponding controls. RESULTS: In total, 62 patients (cases) who had lymphoma (20 with Hodgkin disease [HD] and 42 with non-Hodgkin lymphoma [NHL]) were compared with 211 controls. The overall median follow-up was 4.8 years (interquartile range, 2.0-7.9 years). The CD4 cell count at baseline was 278 cells/mm³ (interquartile range, 122-419 cells/mm³) in cases versus 421 cells/mm³ (interquartile range, 222-574 cells/mm³) in controls (P = .003). At the last available visit, the CD4 cell count was 412 cells/mm³ (range, 269-694 cells/mm³) in cases versus 518 cells/mm³ (interquartile range, 350-661 cells/mm³) in controls (P = .087). The proportion of patients who achieved virologic success increased from 30% at baseline to 74% at the last available visit in cases (P = .008) and from 51% to 81% in controls (P = .0286). Patients with HD reached higher CD4 cell counts at their last visit than patients with NHL (589 cells/mm³ [range, 400-841 cells/mm³] vs 332 cells/mm³ [interquartile range, 220-530 cells/mm³], respectively; P = .003). Virologic success was similar between patients with HD and patients with NHL at the last visit. Forty cases (65%) and 76 controls (36%) experienced at least 1 clinical event after baseline (P < .0001); cases were associated with a shorter time to occurrence of the first clinical event compared with controls (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: HIV-infected lymphoma survivors experienced more clinical events than controls, especially during the first year of follow-up, but they reached similar long-term immunologic and virologic outcomes.

Risk of type 2 diabetes among HIV-infected and healthy subjects in Italy.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a growing problem in HIV population and a comparison with the general population may help screening and prevention. In this cross-sectional study the authors determined the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in 4,249 HIV-infected subjects attending the San Raffaele Infectious Diseases Department compared with 9,148 healthy controls recruited in 15 Italian regions, and identified risk factors associated with of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type 2 diabetes mellitus was defined as reported diabetes, a fasting plasma glucose concentration ≥7.0 mmol/l, or current use of anti-diabetic medication. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was higher in HIV-infected than healthy subjects (4.1 vs. 2.5 %; P < 0.0001). At multivariable analysis, HIV-infected subjects (odds ratio 1.70, 95 % CI, 1.12-2.51; P = 0.009), older age (P < 0.0001), higher BMI (P < 0.0001) and hypertension (P = 0.039) were associated with a higher risk of diabetes. Among HIV-infected patients, the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus increased with older age (P < 0.0001), higher BMI (P = 0.003), higher triglycerides (P = 0.015) lower total cholesterol (P = 0.008), longer duration of HIV infection (P = 0.036) lower nadir CD4 (P = 0.027). Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in HIV-infected subjects was almost two-fold increased than healthy subjects and it was associated with the typical risk factors of the general population and also to longer duration of HIV infection and lower nadir CD4.

Ten-year survival among HIV-1-infected subjects with AIDS or non-AIDS-defining malignancies.

Few data are available regarding the 10-year survival among subjects with HIV and cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the 10-year survival of HIV-infected subjects with AIDS-defining malignancies (ADM) or non-AIDS-defining malignancies (NADM). This was a single center, retrospective, observational study of subjects with HIV infection and a subsequent cancer diagnosis; the data were collected from January 1991 to April 2010. Malignancies were divided into ADM or NADM on the basis of the Centre of Diseases Control-1993 classification. Survival curves were estimated using Kaplan-Meyer method and compared by the log-rank test. Six hundred and fifteen (9.5%) of the 6,495 subjects recorded in the San Raffaele Infectious Diseases Database developed a malignancy: 431 (70%) an ADM and 184 (30%) a NADM. In the case of ADM, survival was more favorable when cancer was diagnosed during post-highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era (10-year survival: 43.2% ± 4.4%) than when diagnosed during the pre-HAART era (10-year survival: 16.4% ± 2.7%; log-rank test: p < 0.001). The same was true in the case of NADM (10-year survival: 44.7% ± 5.5% vs. 33.3 ± 9.6%; log-rank test: p = 0.03). An evaluation of survival probability by cancer type showed higher survival rates during the post-HAART era in the case of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (10-year survival: 42.1% ± 5.3% vs. 11.4% ± 3.3%; log-rank test: p = <0.001), Kaposi's sarcoma (10-year survival: 44.0% ± 8.4% vs. 23.5% ± 3.9%; log-rank test: p < 0.001) and Hodgkin's disease (10-year survival: 49.5% ± 14.5% vs. 40.0% ± 12.7%; log-rank test: p = 0.005). Despite the better cancer prognosis during the post-HAART era, the 10-year survival of HIV-infected subjects with an ADM or NADM is poor.

Disseminated Rhodococcus equi infection in HIV infection despite highly active antiretroviral therapy.

BACKGROUND: Rhodococcus equi (R.equi) is an acid fast, GRAM + coccobacillus, which is widespread in the soil and causes pulmonary and extrapulmonary infections in immunocompromised people. In the context of HIV infection, R.equi infection (rhodococcosis) is regarded as an opportunistic disease, and its outcome is influenced by highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). CASE PRESENTATION: We report two cases of HIV-related rhodococcosis that disseminated despite suppressive HAART and anti-rhodococcal treatment; in both cases there was no immunological recovery, with CD4+ cells count below 200/µL. In the first case, pulmonary rhodococcosis presented 6 months after initiation of HAART, and was followed by an extracerebral intracranial and a cerebral rhodococcal abscess 1 and 8 months, respectively, after onset of pulmonary infection. The second case was characterized by a protracted course with spread of infection to various organs, including subcutaneous tissue, skin, colon and other intra-abdominal tissues, and central nervous system; the spread started 4 years after clinical resolution of a first pulmonary manifestation and progressed over a period of 2 years. CONCLUSIONS: Our report highlights the importance of an effective immune recovery, despite fully suppressive HAART, along with anti-rhodococcal therapy, in order to clear rhodococcal infection.