ABSTRACT
This paper aims to explore the potential of a novel radiometry technique that leverages bio-matched antennas (BMAs), broadband measurements, and forward modeling of layered tissues for non-invasive and accurate core temperature monitoring. Our approach relies on the observation that electromagnetic waves penetrate to different depths depending on their frequency and dielectric properties of the medium and adapts radiative transfer models that have been successfully implemented in the past for layered geophysical media. Preliminary modeling and experimental results confirm feasibility.
ABSTRACT
Wireless wearable and implantable devices are continuing to grow in popularity, and as this growth occurs, so too does the need to consider the safety of such devices. Wearable and implantable devices require the transmitting and receiving of electromagnetic waves near and through the body, which at high enough exposure levels may damage proximate tissues. The specific absorption rate (SAR) is the quantity commonly used to enumerate exposure levels, and various national and international organizations have defined regulations limiting exposure to ensure safe operation. In this paper, we comprehensively review dosimetric studies reported in the literature up to the year 2019 for wearables and implants. We discuss antenna designs for wearables and implants as they relate to SAR values and field and thermal distributions in tissue, present designs that have made steps to reduce SAR, and then review SAR considerations as they relate to applied devices. As compared with previous review papers, this paper is the first review to focus on dosimetry aspects relative to wearable and implantable devices. Bioelectromagnetics. 2020;41:3-20 © 2019 The Authors. Bioelectromagnetics published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
