Urban mobility trends and climate change: sustainability policies in the parking industry.

The concern to create cleaner and more ecosystem-friendly production processes has extended to the parking sector in Spain. Since the creation of the multi-level institutional framework for sustainable mobility management (mainly composed of the Infrastructure, Transport and Housing Plan 2012-2024, the Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans, Law 9/2006, and Law 9/2017), environmental considerations, including sustainable management certificates, have occupied a privileged place in public procedures for the management of parking structures and regulated surface parking facilities. Although there have been previous academic studies on the design and implementation of SUMPs and the growth of the parking sector, this article is novel in that it analyzes the market concentration of the parking sector in a scenario where climate change policies are crucial and the importance of sustainability certificates takes on a new meaning. Therefore, the objective of this article is to analyze whether the growing importance of environmental aspects has led to an increase in the concentration level of the parking sector in Spain. For this purpose, several concentration and stability indices are calculated. The results show that, although there are additional factors, the certification of a cleaner activity is relevant in the process of public tenders in the sector, which has served to strengthen the dominance of the most prominent companies in the sector that are in possession of environmental certificates. This shows that environmental policies can also have negative effects on the market, so the results of this analysis are of great value to policymakers.

Predictores del bienestar psicológico en estudiantes universitarios mexicanos físicamente activos / Preditores de bem-estar psicológico em estudantes universitários mexicanos fisicamente ativos / Predictors of psychological well-being in physical activity mexican university students

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar el poder predictivo de la motivación intrínseca y la autoeficacia para mantenerse activo sobre el bienestar psicológico en estudiantes universitarios mexicanos físicamente activos. La muestra de este estudio predictivo transversal estuvo conformada por 539 estudiantes universitarios físicamente activos, de ambos sexos (Hombres = 34%, mujeres = 66%) y con edades comprendidas entre los 17 y 47 años (M = 19.8, DT = 2.88). El 84% de los universitarios reporta hacer ejercicio físico de manera regular y el 36% practicar deporte de manera formal. De acuerdo con los principales resultados del análisis de regresión múltiple por el método de pasos sucesivos, la autoeficacia resultó el mejor predictor de los tres indicadores de bienestar psicológico (Autoestima, satisfacción con la vida y vitalidad subjetiva). La motivación intrínseca predijo la vitalidad subjetiva. A pesar de que los porcentajes de varianza explicada son relativamente bajos, tanto la autoeficacia como la motivación intrínseca resultaron predictores de la vitalidad subjetiva en universitarios que realizan actividad físico-deportiva de manera regular. La autoeficacia para mantenerse físicamente activo resultó ser el mejor predictor de los tres indicadores de bienestar psicológico. Un individuo que confía en sus planes para mantenerse realizando actividad físico-deportiva, con objetivos claros, es probable que se sienta mejor consigo mismo, acepte su vida actual y experimente niveles de energía óptimos. (AU)

Theobjective of the current research is to analyze the predictive power of intrinsic motivation and self-efficacy for physical activity on psychological well-being in Mexican university students. The sample of this transversal predictive studyconsisted of 539 physically active university students of both sexes (men = 34%, women = 66%) and aged between 17 and 47 years (M= 19.8, SD= 2.88). 84% of the university students reported to exercise on a regular basis and 36% practice sports in a formal way. According to the results of the multiple regression analysis using the successive steps method, self-efficacy was the best predictor of the three indicators of psychological well-being (self-esteem, satisfaction with life and subjective vitality). In the same way,intrinsic motivation predicted subjective vitality. Even though the explained variance percentages are relatively low, both self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation were predictors of subjective vitality in university students who regularly have physical-sports activity. Self-efficacy for physical activity is the best predictor of the three indicators of psychological well-being. Therefore, when people trust in their plans to keep doing physical activity, with clear objectives, they are more likely to feel better about themselves, enjoy their life and have optimal energy levels. (AU)

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar o poder preditivo da motivação intrínseca e da autoeficácia para permanecer ativo no bem-estar psicológico em estudantes universitários mexicanos fisicamente ativos. A amostra deste estudo preditivo transversal foi composta por 539 universitários fisicamente ativos, de ambos os sexos (Homens = 34%, mulheres = 66%) e com idade entre 17 e 47 anos (M = 19,8, DP = 2,88). 84% dos universitários relatam praticar exercícios físicos regularmente e 36% praticam esportes formalmente. De acordo com os principais resultados da análise de regressão múltipla pelo método de etapas sucessivas, a autoeficácia foi o melhor preditor dos três indicadores de bem-estar psicológico (autoestima, satisfação com a vida e vitalidade subjetiva). A motivação intrínseca predisse a vitalidade subjetiva. Apesar dos percentuais de variância explicada serem relativamente baixos, tanto a autoeficácia quanto a motivação intrínseca foram preditores de vitalidade subjetiva em universitários que praticam regularmente atividade física e esportes. A autoeficácia para se manter fisicamente ativo foi o melhor preditor dos três indicadores de bem-estar psicológico. Um indivíduo que confia em seus planos de continuar praticando atividade física e esportes, com objetivos claros, provavelmente se sentirá melhor consigo mesmo, aceitará sua vida atual e experimentará níveis ótimos de energia. (AU)

¿Qué te lleva a moverte? Fenomenología de la práctica de actividad física por un largo plazo / What Motivates You to Exercise? Phenomenology of Long-Term Physical Activity Practice

Resumen Objetivo. Conocer la experiencia de personas físicamente activas por un largo plazo desde tres etapas: inicio de la vida activa, motivación actual y afrontamiento a las barreras. Método. Se realiza un análisis fenomenológico a partir de entrevistas examinadas a profundidad. N = 11 de personas adultas que han sido activas a un nivel suficiente por los últimos 10 años. Resultados. Surgieron cuatro categorías que describen: la vivencia autónoma, la decisión, el gusto adquirido desde la infancia y el hábito para regular emociones. A manera de conclusión, al conocer las características de la experiencia en la actividad física en personas activas, se confirmó aspectos sobre la motivación autodeterminada, lo que sugiere la presencia de elementos útiles en la intervención dirigida a la activación a largo plazo.

Abstract Objective. To know the experience of long-term active people to understand their relationship with physical practice in three stages: beginning of active life, current motivation, and facing barriers. Method. A phenomenological analysis was done on in-depth interviews. N = 11 adults have been active at a sufficient level for, at least, the last 10 years. Results. Four categories were found: the autonomous experience, the decision making, the preference for an active life acquired since childhood, and the habit through which they regulate their emotions. As a conclusion, the characteristics of the experience of active people with physical activity confirmed aspects about self-determined motivation. Useful elements are suggested in the intervention aimed at long-term activation.

Valuation of a Company Producing and Trading Seaweed for Human Consumption: Classical Methods vs. Real Options.

Aquaculture is an increasingly relevant sector in the exploitation of natural resources; therefore, it is appropriate to propose various models that include the fundamental variables for its economic-financial valuation from a business point of view. The objective of this paper is to analyze different models for the valuation of investment projects in a company in the aquaculture sector in order to conclude whether there is a model that represents a better valuation. Therefore, in this study, four valuation models have been applied, three classical models (net present value, internal rate of return, and payback) and a more recent model, real options (RO) for a company producing and marketing seaweed in Galicia (region located in the northwest of Spain). The results obtained, RO (€5,527,144.04) and net present value (€5,479,659.19), conclude that the RO model estimates a higher added value by taking into account in its calculations the flexibility given by the expansion option. Future lines of research include the application of valuation models that have been applied to companies belonging to the same sector in order to compare whether the results found are similar.

Análisis de las propiedades psicométricas del Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) en deportistas mexicanos / Analysis of the psychometric properties of the athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) in Mexican athletes

El Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) se ha convertido en el instrumento más utilizado para evaluar el burnout en el contexto deportivo, lo que ha permitido un incremento significativo en las investigaciones. A pesar de ello, una revisión en la literatura revela que no existen trabajos que proporcionen datos psicométricos del ABQ con muestra mexicana, por lo que el objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas del Athlete Burnout Questionnaire en deportistas mexicanos. El análisis de los datos se desarrolló a través de 2 estudios, aplicando el cuestionario en el primero de ellos a una muestra de 464 jóvenes deportistas entre 13 y 18 años de edad (M = 14.85, DT = 1.45). Los resultados del Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC) indicaron índices de ajuste aceptables (c2 = 176.7; c2 /gl = 2.18; p < .01; TLI = .93, IFI = .95, CFI = .95 y RMSEA = .05) así como pesos de regresión aceptables para la estructura trifactorial del cuestionario original. Para el segundo estudio se utilizó una muestra de 1009 deportistas mexicanos entre 12 y 39 años de edad (M = 17.28, DT = 2.98). Los resultados del AFC encontraron suficiente evidencia para la validez de constructo (c2 = 419.5; c2 /gl = 5.59; p < .01; TLI = .94, IFI = .96, CFI = .96 y RMSEA = .07). Los resultados en el análisis de correlación entre el Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) y el Athlete Engagement Questionnaire (AEQ) pueden considerarse como prueba favorable de la validez discriminante. En cuanto a la fiabilidad, se encontraron resultados aceptables en consistencia interna en ambas fases del estudio, concluyendo que el ABQ es una herramienta útil para evaluar el burnout en depotistas mexicanos

The Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) has become one of the most used tools to assess burnout in sport contexts. Despite a significant increase in research in this field, the literature has shown that there are no papers which provide psychometric data of the ABQ using a Mexican sample. Hence the objective of the present study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire of Mexican athletes. Data analysis was obtained using two studies. The first study consisted of 464 young athletes between 13 and 18 years old (M = 14.85, DT = 1.45). The results of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) showed acceptable fit indices (c2 = 176.7; c2 /gl = 2.18; p < .01; TLI = .93, IFI = .95, CFI = .95 y RMSEA = .05) Acceptable results of load regression were also found for the original three factor questionnaire. A sample of 1009 Mexican athletes between 12 and 39 years of age (M = 17.28, SD = 2.98) were used for the second study. The results of the CFA found sufficient evidence for the construct validity (c2 = 419.5; 2cc2 /gl = 5.59; p < .01; TLI = .94, IFIS = .96, CFI = .96 and RMSEA = .07). The results in the analysis of correlation between the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) and the Athlete Engagement questionnaire (AEQ) can be considered as evidence of the discriminant validity. In regard to reliability, acceptable results were observed in internal consistency in both phases of the study, concluding that the ABQ is a useful tool to evaluate the burnout in Mexican athletes

Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Referee Self-Effcacy Scale (REFS) / Propiedades psicometricas de la versión española de la Referee Self-Eficacy Scale (REFS) / Propriedades psicométricas da versão espanhola da Referee Self-Efficacy Scale (REFS)

The purpose of the present study was to translate into Spanish and analyze the reliability and validity of the Referee Self-Efficacy Scale (REFS). The English version of the 13-item REFS, which was created by Myers, Feltz, Guillén and Dithurbide (2012), was analyzed with data obtained from a sample of 490 Spanish referees representing three different team sports. The reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha and test-retest. The validity was assessed through Confirmatory Factor Analyses and the correlations between the REFS subscales. e reliability estimated with Cronbach's alpha was (alpha= .85) which was acceptable for the 13-item REFS as well as its subscales ranged .72 to .80. thee Confirmatory Factor Analyses were performed which supported a 13-item REFS, assessing the four hypothesized dimensions of self-efficacy: game knowledge, decision-making, pressure, and communication. The overall fit of the model was good showing value of .95 for AGFI, .97 for GFI and NNFI, .98 for CFI, and .04 for RMSEA. In conclusion, this version shows good properties in terms of its dimensionality and internal consistency. Guidelines are also provided for future research on its validity as a measure of self-efficacy in a sample of Spanish officials

El propósito del presente estudio era traducir al español y analizar la fiabilidad y validez de la Referee Self-Efficacy Scale (REFS). La versión inglesa de la REFS con 13 ítems, creada por Myers, Feltz, Guillén y Dithurbide (2012), fue analizada con datos procedentes de una muestra de 490 árbitros españoles representantes de tres diferentes deportes de equipo. La fiabilidad fue evaluada usando el alfa de Cronbach y el test-retest. La validez fue evaluada a través un Análisis Factorial Conrmatorio y las correlaciones entre las subescalas REFS. La fiabilidad estimada con el alfa de Cronbach era (alfa= .85) siendo aceptable para los 13 ítems de la REFS, así como para sus subescalas, variando desde .72 a .80. El Análisis Factorial Conrmatorio ejecutado respaldó una REFS de 13 ítems, evaluando las cuatro dimensiones de autoecacia hipotetizadas: conocimiento del juego, toma de decisión, presión y comunicación. El ajuste general del modelo fue bueno mostrando un valor de .95 para AGFI, .97 para GFI y NNFI, .98 para CFI, y .04 para RMSEA. En conclusión, esta versión muestra buenas propiedades en términos de su dimensionalidad y consistencia interna. También se proporcionan pautas para futuras investigaciones por su validez como medida de autoecacia en una muestra de árbitros españoles

O proposito do presente estudo foi traduzir para espanhol e analisar a vabilidade e validade da Referee Self-E.cacy Scale (REFS). A versao inglesa da REFS com 13 itens, elaborada por Myers, Feltz, Guillen y Dithurbide (2012), foi analisada com dados procedentes de uma amostra de 490 arbitros espanhois representantes de tres modalidades coletivas distintas. A habilidade foi avaliada atraves do alfa de Cronbach e do test-retest. A validade foi avaliada atraves da Analise Fatorial Confirmatoria e das correlacoes entre as subescalas da REFS. A habilidade foi estimada com o alfa de Cronbach (alfa = .85) sendo aceitavel para os 13 itens da REFS, assim como para as suas subescalas, variando entre .72 e .80. A Analise Fatorial Confirmatoria elaborada demonstrou uma REFS de 13 itens, avaliando as quatro dimensoes de autoeficacia: conhecimento do jogo, tomada de decisao, pressao e comunicacao. O ajustamento global do modelo foi bom mostrando um valor de.95 para AGFI, .97 para GFI e NNFI, .98 para CFI, e .04 para RMSEA. Em conclusao, esta versao demonstra boas propriedades em termos da sua dimensionalidade e consistencia interna. Tambem foram delineadas linhas orientadoras para futuras investigacoes pela validade como medida de autoeficacia numa amostra de arbitros espanhois

Convergent and construct validity and test-retest reliability of the Caen Chronotype Questionnaire in six languages.

Chronotype questionnaires provide a simple and time-effective approach to assessing individual differences in circadian variations. Chronotype questionnaires traditionally focused on one dimension of chronotype, namely its orientation along a continuum of morningness and eveningness. The Caen Chronotype Questionnaire (CCQ) was developed to assess an additional dimension of chronotype that captures the extent to which individual functioning varies during the day (amplitude). The aim of this study was to provide a multilanguage validation of the CCQ in six world regions (Arabic, Dutch, German, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish). At Time 1, a total of 2788 participants agreed to take part in the study (Arabic, n = 731; Dutch, n = 538; German, n = 329; Italian, n = 473; Portuguese, n = 361; Spanish, n = 356). Participants completed an assessment of the CCQ together with the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ; Horne & Ostberg 1976) as well as questions related to factors theoretically related to chronotype (age, shift work, physical activity, sleep parameters and coffee consumption). One month later, participants again completed the CCQ. Results showed that the two-factor structure (morningness-eveningness and amplitude) of the CCQ could be replicated in all six languages. However, measurement invariance could not be assumed regarding the factor loadings across languages, meaning that items loaded more on their factors in some translations than in others. Test-retest reliability of the CCQ ranged from unacceptable (German version) to excellent (Dutch, Portuguese). Convergent validity was established through small-medium effect size correlations between the morningness-eveningness dimension of the CCQ and the MEQ. Taken together, our findings generally support the use of the translated versions of the CCQ. Further validation work on the CCQ is required including convergent validation against physiological markers of sleep, health and well-being.

Motivation and self-concept in windsurfers: A study of professional and recreational participants / Motivación y autoconcepto en windsurfistas: Un estudio de participantes profesionales y recreacionales / Motivação e autoconceito em windsurfistas: um estudo com participantes profissionais e recreativos

The purpose of this study was to examine self-determined motivation, achievement goal orientations, and self-concept characteristics of professional, competitive amateur and noncompetitive recreational windsurfers. Questionnaires were administered to a sample of 140 individuals including 79 (54 professionals and 25 non-professionals) individuals who were participants in either a championship or a recreational competition. Also, surveyed were 61 recreational but non-competitive windsurfers. Overall, the results revealed high levels of self-determined motivation. In addition, participants reported a positive physical self-concept, a strong task motivational orientation and a weak ego goal orientation. On the motivational and self-concept dimensions, significant differences were found between competitive windsurfers and non-competitive windsurfers but not between the professional competitors and the amateur competitors. No significant gender differences emerged. Age was negatively related to an ego goal orientation as well as to physical self-concept. Performance outcomes could not be predicted by this set of variables

El propósito de este estudio fue examinar las características de la motivación autodeterminada, la orientación de metas y el autoconcepto de winsurfistas profesionales, amateurs competitivos y recreacionales no competitivos. Los cuestionarios fueron administrados a una muestra de 140 individuos incluyendo 79 (54 profesionales y 25 no profesionales) que participaron en algún campeonato o competición. También fueron entrevistados 61 windsurfistas recreacionales no competitivos. En general, los resultados revelaron altos niveles de motivación autodeterminada. Además, los participantes informaron de un autoconcepto físico positivo, una fuerte orientación motivacional a la tarea y una débil orientación de meta ego. En las dimensiones de motivación y autoconcepto, se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los windsurfistas competitivos y no competitivos, pero no entre los competidores profesionales y los aficionados. No se encontraron diferencias significativas según el género. La edad se relacionó negativamente con la orientación de meta ego, así como con el autoconcepto físico. Los resultados no pueden predecirse por este conjunto de variables

O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar as características da motivação autodeterminada, a orientação por objetivos e o autoconceito dewindsurfistas profissionais, amadores competitivos e recreativos não competitivos. Os questionários foram administrados a uma amostra de 140participantes incluindo 79 (54 profissionais e 25 não profissionais) que participaram em algum campeonato ou competição. Também foram entrevistados61 windsurfistas recreativos que não competiam. Em geral, os resultados revelaram níveis elevados de motivação autodeterminada. Além disso, osparticipantes indicaram um autoconceito físico positivo, uma forte orientação motivacional à tarefa e uma fraca orientação ao ego. Nas dimensões demotivação e autoconceito, foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os windsurfistas competitivos e os não competitivos (recreativos), mas nãose revelaram diferenças entre os windsurfistas profissionais e os amadores. Não se encontraram diferenças significativas em quanto ao género. A idaderelacionou-se negativamente com a orientação ao ego e com o autoconceito físico. Os resultados não se podem prever por este conjunto de variáveis

Chronotype, sport participation, and positive personality-trait-like individual differences.

Chronotype and sport participation have been found to relate to positive personality-trait-like individual differences (PTLID). To date, research has focused exclusively on the morningness-eveningness dimension of chronotype, and little is known about the relationship between chronotype and various characteristics of sport participation (e.g. training time). This investigation had three primary objectives: (1) to extend the current evidence base by exploring how sport participation and PTLID relate to chronotype amplitude, (2) to explore how chronotype (morningness-eveningness and amplitude) relates to various characteristics of sport training and competition, and (3) to explore the independent and interrelated contribution of sport participation and chronotype to PTLID. The sample included 976 non-athletes (493 women and 483 men) and 974 athletes (478 women and 496 men). Participants completed a battery of questionnaires targeting sport participation characteristics, six positive PTLID (hope, optimism, perseverance, resilience, self-efficacy and trait emotional intelligence) and chronotype dimensions. Results showed that morningness-eveningness was negatively related to positive PTLID but was unrelated to sport participation. Greater diurnal fluctuations (amplitude dimension) were associated with lower positive PTLID values, lower sport participation, and shorter training durations. Positive PTLID were also associated with better sleep quality and a shorter sleep duration. Chronotype (morningness-eveningness and amplitude) and sport participation had independent associations with PTLID. These findings suggest that changes in sport participation and activity times might be a useful approach to developing positive PTLID.

The Sport Engagement Scale: An Adaptation of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) for the Sports Environment / Escala de compromiso deportivo: una adaptación de la Escala de Compromiso en el Trabajo de Utrecht (UWES) para ambientes deportivos

The Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) is an instrument designed by Schaufeli y Bakker (2003) to measure engagement in the work context. The purpose of the present study was to adapt the UWES to the sports context. The sample consists of 240 national third division Spanish football players between the ages of 15 and 38. The UWES factor structure has been analyzed through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. The results reveal a three-factor structure of the scale (vigor, absorption and dedication) and also an adequate internal consistency in all cases. Finally the results show preliminary support for the validity of the construct as sport burnout is negatively related to the three engagement characteristics. These findings provide preliminary evidence for the benefits of using the UWES in the sports context.

La Escala de Compromiso en el Trabajo de Utrecht [(Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES)] (2003) mide el compromiso en el contexto laboral. El propósito de este estudio fue adaptar la UWES al contexto del deporte. La muestra estubo compuesta por 240 juegadores de futbol españoles de tercera división, con edades entre 15 y 38 años. La estructura factorial de la UWES ha sido analizada mediante análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio. El resultado revela una estructura de tres factores (vigor, absorción y dedicación) y también una adecuada consistencia interna en todos los casos. Finalmente el resultado mostró preliminarmente soporte para la validez de constructo como el burnout en el deporte está negativamente relacionado con tres características del compromiso. Estos hallazgos dan una evidencia preliminar para el beneficio de usar la UWES en el contexto del deporte.

Perceptions of fitness professionals regarding fitness occupations and careers: a phenomenological analysis / Percepción de los profesionales de fitness de acuerdo a su trabajo en fitness y sus carreras: un análisis fenomenológico

The purpose of this study was to examine fitness professionals’ perceptions of their profession and careers. Sixteen Portuguese fitness instructors (M age = 28 years old) took part in semi-structured interviews regarding their perceptions of their profession. The data was analysed thematically using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (Smith & Osborn, 2003). The participants were asked to consider topics like their professional functions, profile and abilities; social, group and organizational factors; personal factors relating to their profession and the labour market; and their job’s social and financial prospects. From an analysis of the interviews, a comprehensive list of sentences was drawn up, expressing opinions and ideas by the interviewees. These were organized and included in pre-defined categories, leading to a network of sub-themes. This study has highlighted some characteristics specific to the profession that should be considered at a more general level, with significant implications on the professional guidance given to young people, in the organization of workflows, and in the training and organization of the professional activity as a whole

El propósito de este estudio fue examinar las representaciones de los profesionales del fitness acerca de sus profesiones y carreras. Dieciséis instructores portugueses de fitness (M edad = 28 años) participaron en entrevistas semiestructuradas en relación a las representaciones sobre sus profesiones. Los datos se analizaron temáticamente utilizando el Análisis Fenomenológico Interpretativo (Smith y Osborn, 2003). Los participantes abordaron temas como, las funciones del perfil profesional, perfil y competencias, factores sociales, factores organizacionales y de grupo y factores personales que afectan a su profesión y al mercado laboral, las perspectivas sociales y económicas sobre su trabajo. El análisis de las entrevistas permitió la elaboración de una lista exhaustiva de frases, expresando opiniones e ideas de los entrevistados, que han sido organizados e integrados en las categorías previamente definidas, originando una red de sub-temas. El estudio ha puesto de manifiesto cierta especificidad de la profesión que debe ser considerado en un nivel más general, con implicaciones importantes en la orientación profesional de los jóvenes, en la organización de los flujos de trabajo y en la formación y organización de la actividad profesional en su conjunto

O objectivo deste estudo foi examinar as representações dos profissionais de fitness acerca das suas profissões e carreiras. Dezasseis instrutores de fitness portugueses (M idade = 28) participaram em entrevistas semiestruturadas sobre as representações da sua profissão. Os dados analisaram-se utilizando a Análise Fenomenológica Interpretativa (Smith y Osborn, 2003). Os participantes abordaram temas como as funções, tarefas e competências profissionais, os factores sociais, organizacionais e de grupo, bem como factores pessoais, que afetam a sua profissão e o mercado de trabalho e, ainda, as perspectivas sociais e económicas sobre o seu trabalho. A análise das entrevistas permitiu a elaboração de uma lista exaustiva de ideias, expressando as opiniões dos entrevistados, que foram organizadas e integradas em categorias previamente definidas, originando uma rede de sub-temas. O estudo evidenciou especificidades da profissão que devem ser consideradas a diversos níveis, uma vez que têm implicações importantes na orientação profissional dos jovens, na organização dos fluxos de trabalho e na formação e organização da actividade profissional no seu conjunto

Perceções dos profissionais de fitness acerca das ocupações e carreiras na área do fitness: uma análise fenomenológica

Anxiety in Spanish EFL students in different university degree programmes / La ansiedad entre estudiantes españoles de inglés como LE de diferentes titulaciones universitarias

Los efectos de la ansiedad en el aprendizaje de una lengua extranjera se han estudiado desde los años setenta, y a pesar de significativos avances en los enfoques para la enseñanza de la lengua, la literatura continúa asegurando la existencia de aprensión lingüística en el aula y su efecto debilitador en el proceso de aprendizaje. Sin embargo, muy pocas investigaciones se han llevado en un contexto sociocultural comparable al nuestro, esto es, una universidad española donde se aprende inglés. Este estudio tiene como objetivo examinar y comparar los sentimientos de ansiedad de universitarios de seis titulaciones diferentes. Un total de 200 estudiantes participaron en el estudio. Los datos fueron recogidos con la medida Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) (Horwitz, Horwitz y Cope, 1986). Los análisis revelan, en primer lugar, que todos los alumnos tienen niveles de ansiedad medios; en segundo lugar, que en sólo uno de los aspectos el nivel de ansiedad de los participantes que han escogido el inglés como especialidad es más bajo que el de los estudiantes que tienen el inglés como asignatura obligatoria en titulaciones dirigidas a la especialización en otros campos; y, en tercer lugar, que la relación entre la ansiedad y la nota de los alumnos es mayor en el caso de los que tienen inglés como asignatura obligatoria. Se comentan las implicaciones de estos resultados para una mejor comprensión de la ansiedad y del aprendizaje de la lengua extranjera (AU)

Researchers have studied the effects of anxiety on foreign language learning since the 1970's, and despite significant advances in approaches to language teaching, the literature continues to report the existence of language apprehension in the classroom and its debilitating effect on the learning process. However, very few studies have been developed in a socio-cultural context comparable to ours, namely, a Spanish university in which English is learnt. This study set out to examine and compare the feelings of anxiety experienced by university students enrolled in six different degree programs. A total of 200 students participated in this study. The data were collected using the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) (Horwitz, Horwitz and Cope, 1986). The analyses reveal, firstly, that all the students suffered from average anxiety levels; secondly, that only in one of the aspects is the anxiety level of participants with English as a main subject (i.e. chosen) lower than that of participants for whom English is a non-elective degree requirement; and in the third place, that the relationship between anxiety and the mark obtained by participants is stronger in the case of those who have English as a degree requirement. The implications of these results for a better understanding of anxiety and foreign language learning are discussed (AU)

Development of, and initial validity evidence for, the referee self-efficacy scale: a multistudy report.

The purpose of this multistudy report was to develop, and then to provide initial validity evidence for measures derived from, the Referee Self-Efficacy Scale. Data were collected from referees (N = 1609) in the United States (n = 978) and Spain (n = 631). In Study 1 (n = 512), a single-group exploratory structural equation model provided evidence for four factors: game knowledge, decision making, pressure, and communication. In Study 2 (n = 1153), multiple-group confirmatory factor analytic models provided evidence for partial factorial invariance by country, level of competition, team gender, and sport refereed. In Study 3 (n = 456), potential sources of referee self-efficacy information combined to account for a moderate or large amount of variance in each dimension of referee self-efficacy with years of referee experience, highest level refereed, physical/mental preparation, and environmental comfort, each exerting at least two statistically significant direct effects.

Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the collective efficacy questionnaire for sports / Propiedades psicométricas de la versión española del Collective Efficacy Questionnaire en deportes

The present study analyses the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Collective Efficacy Questionnaire in Sports (CEQS). The sample comprises 312 athletes (167 males and 145 females), with a mean age of 24.09 (SD= 6.67), with diverse performance levels (professional, semiprofessional and university level), all practitioners of team sports. The factor structure of the questionnaire was analyzed with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The results confirm the 5-factor internal structure of the CESQ (Effort, Ability, Unity, Perseverance and Preparation), made up of four items each. We also found acceptable values of the alpha coefficient, which confirms that the CESQ is a reliable instrument. Lastly, we found preliminary support for the validity of the construct of the CESQ, which is sufficient evidence to justify its use to measure the collective efficacy in Spanish athletes (AU)

El presente estudio analiza las propiedades psicométricas de la versión española del Cuestionario de Eficacia Colectiva en el Deporte (CEQS). La muestra estuvo compuesta por 312 deportistas (167 hombres y 145 mujeres) españoles, con una edad media de 24,09 años (DT= 6,67), de diferentes niveles de rendimiento (profesional, federado y universitario) y practicantes de deportes de equipo. La estructura factorial del cuestionario se analizó a través de un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC). Los resultados confirman una estructura interna del CEQS de cinco factores (esfuerzo, habilidad, unidad, persistencia y preparación) formados por cuatro ítems cada uno. También encontramos puntuaciones aceptables en el coeficiente de alfa, lo que confirma que el CESQ es un instrumento fiable. Finalmente, encontramos apoyo preliminar sobre la validez de constructo del CESQ, evidencia suficiente para justificar la utilización del CESQ en la medición de la eficacia colectiva con deportistas españoles (AU)

Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Collective Efficacy Questionnaire for Sports.

The present study analyses the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Collective Efficacy Questionnaire in Sports (CEQS). The sample comprises 312 athletes (167 males and 145 females), with a mean age of 24.09 (SD= 6.67), with diverse performance levels (professional, semiprofessional and university level), all practitioners of team sports. The factor structure of the questionnaire was analyzed with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The results confirm the 5-factor internal structure of the CESQ (Effort, Ability, Unity, Perseverance and Preparation), made up of four items each. We also found acceptable values of the alpha coefficient, which confirms that the CESQ is a reliable instrument. Lastly, we found preliminary support for the validity of the construct of the CESQ, which is sufficient evidence to justify its use to measure the collective efficacy in Spanish athletes.

A conceptual model of referee efficacy.

This paper presents a conceptual model of referee efficacy, defines the concept, proposes sources of referee specific efficacy information, and suggests consequences of having high or low referee efficacy. Referee efficacy is defined as the extent to which referees believe they have the capacity to perform successfully in their job. Referee efficacy beliefs are hypothesized to be influenced by mastery experiences, referee knowledge/education, support from significant others, physical/mental preparedness, environmental comfort, and perceived anxiety. In turn, referee efficacy beliefs are hypothesized to influence referee performance, referee stress, athlete rule violations, athlete satisfaction, and co-referee satisfaction.

Competitive anxiety in expert female athletes: sources and intensity of anxiety in National Team and First Division Spanish basketball players.

State and trait anxiety levels in elite Spanish women basketball players were investigated and possible differences in sources of anxiety identified, comparing National Team and First Division players. 84 players participated (13 National Team members, 71 First Division players). A quantitative/qualitative design was used. Results indicated that National Team members had lower State and Trait Anxiety scores than did the First Division players and both groups had lower scores than established population norms. Playing time was significantly related to State and Trait Anxiety for both groups of players and those who had more minutes of playing time had lower scores. Qualitative analyses indicated that the primary sources of anxiety reported by these athletes related to personal issues pertaining to feeling physically and mentally unprepared for practice and games.

O papel da psicologia do esporte para atletas e treinadores / The role of sport psychology to athletes and coaches

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a percepção sobre a Psicologia do Esporte para treinadores e atletas e verificar a relação entre os tópicos estudados pelos pesquisadores e a demanda dos esportistas. A amostra foi de 323 atletas e 59 treinadores de ambos os sexos, competindo em diferentes níveis de diversas modalidades. Utilizou-se um questionário geral e um específico sobre os aspectos da psicologia do esporte no treinamento, e o questionário Tópicos de Estudo da Psicologia do Esporte, constituído por 30 questões divididas em 5 grupos (esporte infanto-juvenil, estratégias psicológicas, questionário, perfil psicológico e outros). Foram feitos cálculo da média e percentual da amostra para as variáveis do instrumento. O Teste “t” de Student e ANOVA para cálculo das diferenças entre as médias. Tanto atletas quanto técnicos consideram todos os aspectos do treinamento (físico, técnico, tático e psicológico) importante, porém possuem pouco conhecimento do aspecto psicológico. Treinadores e atletas consideram os 5 tópicos de estudo da psicologia do esporte como importantes, mas treinadores percebem os temas sendo mais importantes do que os atletas (p<0,05). Foram encontradas diferenças significativas (p<0,05) quando comparamos atletas de diferentes níveis de competição, gênero e modalidades. Conclui-se que técnicos e atletas consideram muito relevante todos os temas da psicologia do esporte, sendo o que mais se destacou foi o desenvolvimento de técnicas e estratégias psicológicas no esporte, um dos tipos de investigação menos estudado pelos pesquisadores. Há uma discrepância entre a real demanda dos esportistas em relação aos tópicos investigados na Psicologia do Esporte.

The purpose of the present study was to analyze the perception about Sport Psychology to coaches and athletes and to verify the relationship between the topics studied by researchers and sports demands. The sample was composed by 323 athletes and 59 coaches from different sports competitive levels. It was used a general questionnaire and a specific one about the topics related to sports psychology (TEPA), constituted by 30 questions divided into 5 groups (youth sports, psychological strategies, questionnaires, psychological profiles and others). It was used the Student Test "t" test ANOVA for mean comparisons. Athletes and coaches considered important all training aspects (physical, technical, tactical and psychological), however they had less knowledge in the psychological one. Coaches and athletes considered the 5 sport psychology topics as important, but coaches showed a more significant importance (p<0,05). It was found significant differences (p<0,05) when we compared athletes of different competitive levels, gender and sports. It was depicted that coaches and athletes considered very relevant all the themes of sports psychology, being the highlighted the development of techniques and psychological strategies, one of the investigation types less studied by the researchers. There is a discrepancy among the topics studied by the researchers and the demands exposed by coaches and athletes.