Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Show: 20 | 50 | 100
Results 1 - 20 de 120
Filter
Add more filters










Publication year range
1.
Plant Biol (Stuttg) ; 26(2): 330-345, 2024 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38196270

ABSTRACT

Mixed-species forests are promoted as a forest management strategy for climate change adaptation, but whether they are more resistant to drought than monospecific forests remains contested. In particular, the trait-based mechanisms driving the role of tree diversity under drought remain elusive. Using tree cores from a large-scale biodiversity experiment, we investigated tree growth and physiological stress responses (i.e. increase in wood carbon isotopic ratio; δ13 C) to changes in climate-induced water availability (wet to dry years) along gradients in neighbourhood tree species richness and drought-tolerance traits. We hypothesized that neighbourhood species richness increases growth and decreases δ13 C and that these relationships are modulated by the abiotic (i.e. climatic conditions) and the biotic context. We characterised the biotic context using drought-tolerance traits of focal trees and their neighbours. These traits are related to cavitation resistance versus resource acquisition and stomatal control. Tree growth increased with neighbourhood species richness. However, we did not observe a universal relief of water stress in species-rich neighbourhoods. The effects of neighbourhood species richness and climate on growth and δ13 C were modulated by the traits of focal trees and the traits of their neighbours. At either end of each drought-tolerance gradient, species responded in opposing directions during dry and wet years. We show that species' drought-tolerance traits can explain the strength and nature of biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships in experimental tree communities experiencing drought. Mixing tree species can increase growth but may not universally relieve drought stress.


Subject(s)
Ecosystem , Trees , Trees/physiology , Droughts , Forests , Wood
2.
Fluids Barriers CNS ; 19(1): 25, 2022 Mar 21.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35313913

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Integral membrane protein 2A (ITM2A) is a transmembrane protein expressed in a variety of tissues; little is known about its function, particularly in the brain. ITM2A was found to be highly enriched in human brain versus peripheral endothelial cells by transcriptomic and proteomic studies conducted within the European Collaboration on the Optimization of Macromolecular Pharmaceutical (COMPACT) Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) consortium. Here, we report the work that was undertaken to determine whether ITM2A could represent a potential target for delivering drugs to the brain. METHODS: A series of ITM2A constructs, cell lines and specific anti-human and mouse ITM2A antibodies were generated. Binding and internalization studies in Human Embryonic Kidney 293 (HEK293) cells overexpressing ITM2A and in brain microvascular endothelial cells from mouse and non-human primate (NHP) were performed with these tools. The best ITM2A antibody was evaluated in an in vitro human blood brain barrier (BBB) model and in an in vivo mouse pharmacokinetic study to investigate its ability to cross the BBB. RESULTS: Antibodies specifically recognizing extracellular parts of ITM2A or tags inserted in its extracellular domain showed selective binding and uptake in ITM2A-overexpressing cells. However, despite high RNA expression in mouse and human microvessels, the ITM2A protein was rapidly downregulated when endothelial cells were grown in culture, probably explaining why transcytosis could not be observed in vitro. An attempt to directly demonstrate in vivo transcytosis in mice was inconclusive, using either a cross-reactive anti-ITM2A antibody or in vivo phage panning of an anti-ITM2A phage library. CONCLUSIONS: The present work describes our efforts to explore the potential of ITM2A as a target mediating transcytosis through the BBB, and highlights the multiple challenges linked to the identification of new brain delivery targets. Our data provide evidence that antibodies against ITM2A are internalized in ITM2A-overexpressing HEK293 cells, and that ITM2A is expressed in brain microvessels, but further investigations will be needed to demonstrate that ITM2A is a potential target for brain delivery.


Subject(s)
Endothelial Cells , Proteomics , Animals , Blood-Brain Barrier/metabolism , Brain/metabolism , Endothelial Cells/metabolism , HEK293 Cells , Humans , Membrane Proteins/metabolism , Mice
3.
Med Teach ; 42(9): 1051-1057, 2020 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32697116

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Medical curricula have historically been designed in a top-down approach, usually excluding students. While Delphi panels have been used as a tool for medical education curricula design, none have been conducted in Ecuador. In addition, no such approach has ever included students both as panelists and researchers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Four Delphi panels were developed and conducted using a participatory approach that allowed medical students to take part both as expert panelists and researchers: specifically, students developed the questionnaire and conducted a qualitative synthesis. Questionnaire responses were anonymized and dispatched online to panelists. The information was organized and collected to develop the qualitative syntheses and prepare the final statements. RESULTS: Thirty-two medical students participated between February and May 2018. A total of 32 questions were developed, corresponding to five different categories. For some questions, consensus was reached; for other questions, general statements were obtained.Discussion and conclusion: Developing the questionnaire, responding to it and analyzing the answers allowed students to raise significant concerns regarding medical education topics proposing relevant policy and curricula change. Participatory Delphi panels can be an efficient tool to obtain organized feedback, improve student class involvement, and promote research skills.


Subject(s)
Education, Medical, Undergraduate , Education, Medical , Students, Medical , Curriculum , Delphi Technique , Ecuador , Humans
4.
Antiviral Res ; 176: 104749, 2020 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32081740

ABSTRACT

Flaviviruses constitute a public health concern because of their global burden and the lack of specific antiviral treatment. Here we investigated the antiviral activity of the alkaloid anisomycin against dengue (DENV) and Zika (ZIKV) viruses. At non-cytotoxic concentrations, anisomycin strongly inhibited the replication of reference strains and clinical isolates of all DENV serotypes and Asian and African strains of ZIKV in Vero cells. Anisomycin also prevented DENV and ZIKV multiplication in human cell lines. While initial steps of DENV and ZIKV replicative cycle were unaffected, a high inhibition of viral protein expression was demonstrated after treatment with anisomycin. DENV RNA synthesis was strongly reduced in anisomycin treated cultures, but the compound did not exert a direct inhibitory effect on 2' O-methyltransferase or RNA polymerase activities of DENV NS5 protein. Furthermore, anisomycin-mediated activation of p38 signaling was not related to the antiviral action of the compound. The evaluation of anisomycin efficacy in a mouse model of ZIKV morbidity and mortality revealed that animals treated with a low dose of anisomycin exhibited a significant reduction in viremia levels and died significantly later than the control group. This protective effect was lost at higher doses, though. In conclusion, anisomycin is a potent and selective in vitro inhibitor of DENV and ZIKV that impairs a post-entry step of viral replication; and a low-dose anisomycin treatment may provide some minimal benefit in a mouse model.


Subject(s)
Anisomycin/pharmacology , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Dengue Virus/drug effects , Virus Replication/drug effects , Zika Virus/drug effects , A549 Cells , Animals , Chlorocebus aethiops , Dengue/drug therapy , Dengue/virology , Dengue Virus/physiology , Female , Humans , Male , Mice , Vero Cells , Zika Virus/physiology , Zika Virus Infection/drug therapy , Zika Virus Infection/virology
5.
Nat Commun ; 10(1): 2549, 2019 06 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31186409

ABSTRACT

Human adipose tissue (hAT) is constituted of structural units termed lobules, the organization of which remains to be defined. Here we report that lobules are composed of two extracellular matrix compartments, i.e., septa and stroma, delineating niches of CD45-/CD34+/CD31- progenitor subsets characterized by MSCA1 (ALPL) and CD271 (NGFR) expression. MSCA1+ adipogenic subset is enriched in stroma while septa contains mainly MSCA1-/CD271- and MSCA1-/CD271high progenitors. CD271 marks myofibroblast precursors and NGF ligand activation is a molecular relay of TGFß-induced myofibroblast conversion. In human subcutaneous (SC) and visceral (VS) AT, the progenitor subset repartition is different, modulated by obesity and in favor of adipocyte and myofibroblast fate, respectively. Lobules exhibit depot-specific architecture with marked fibrous septa containing mesothelial-like progenitor cells in VSAT. Thus, the human AT lobule organization in specific progenitor subset domains defines the fat depot intrinsic capacity to remodel and may contribute to obesity-associated cardiometabolic risks.


Subject(s)
Adipose Tissue/anatomy & histology , Adipose Tissue/cytology , Stem Cell Niche , Stem Cells/cytology , Adipocytes/metabolism , Adipogenesis , Alkaline Phosphatase , Cell Differentiation , Extracellular Matrix , Humans , Intra-Abdominal Fat/cytology , Myofibroblasts/cytology , Myofibroblasts/drug effects , Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism , Obesity , Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism , Stem Cells/metabolism , Subcutaneous Fat/cytology , Transforming Growth Factor beta1/pharmacology
6.
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol ; 31(9): 1547-1554, 2017 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28499079

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Acne is a chronic dermatological disease predominantly afflicting young adults and is often associated with the development of scars. Acne scarring is usually avoidable when acne is managed early and effectively. However, acne patients often fail to seek early treatment. New and innovative tools to raise awareness are needed. OBJECTIVE: This study presents the development and assessment of a tool aiming to assess the risk of atrophic acne scars. METHODS: A systematic literature review of clinical risk factors for acne scars, a Delphi-like survey of dermatological experts in acne and secondary data analysis, were conducted to produce an evidence-based risk assessment tool. The tool was assessed both with a sample of young adults with and without scars and was assessed via a database cross-validation. RESULTS: A self-administered tool for risk assessment of developing atrophic acne scars in young adults was developed. It is a readily comprehensible and practical tool for population education and for use in medical practices. It comprises of four risk factors: worst ever severity of acne, duration of acne, family history of atrophic acne scars and lesion manipulation behaviours. It provides a dichotomous outcome: lower vs. higher risk of developing scars, thereby categorizing nearly two-thirds of the population correctly, with sensitivity of 82% and specificity of 43%. CONCLUSION: The present tool was developed as a response to current challenges in acne scar prevention. A potential benefit is to encourage those at risk to self-identify and to seek active intervention of their acne. In clinical practice, we expect this tool may help clinicians identify patients at risk of atrophic acne scarring and underscore their requirement for rapid and effective acne treatment.


Subject(s)
Acne Vulgaris/complications , Cicatrix/complications , Adult , Algorithms , Evidence-Based Medicine , Female , Humans , Male , Risk Assessment , Severity of Illness Index , Young Adult
7.
Neuroscience ; 320: 19-29, 2016 Apr 21.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26844390

ABSTRACT

It is well established that multisensory integration is a functional characteristic of the superior colliculus that disambiguates external stimuli and therefore reduces the reaction times toward simple audiovisual targets in space. However, in a condition where a complex audiovisual stimulus is used, such as the optical flow in the presence of modulated audio signals, little is known about the processing of the multisensory integration in the superior colliculus. Furthermore, since visual and auditory deficits constitute hallmark signs during aging, we sought to gain some insight on whether audiovisual processes in the superior colliculus are altered with age. Extracellular single-unit recordings were conducted in the superior colliculus of anesthetized Sprague-Dawley adult (10-12 months) and aged (21-22 months) rats. Looming circular concentric sinusoidal (CCS) gratings were presented alone and in the presence of sinusoidally amplitude modulated white noise. In both groups of rats, two different audiovisual response interactions were encountered in the spatial domain: superadditive, and suppressive. In contrast, additive audiovisual interactions were found only in adult rats. Hence, superior colliculus audiovisual interactions were more numerous in adult rats (38%) than in aged rats (8%). These results suggest that intersensory interactions in the superior colliculus play an essential role in space processing toward audiovisual moving objects during self-motion. Moreover, aging has a deleterious effect on complex audiovisual interactions.


Subject(s)
Aging/physiology , Attention/physiology , Auditory Perception/physiology , Superior Colliculi/physiology , Visual Perception/physiology , Acoustic Stimulation , Animals , Female , Male , Patch-Clamp Techniques , Photic Stimulation , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley
10.
J Mol Endocrinol ; 48(2): 115-27, 2012 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22217803

ABSTRACT

We have previously demonstrated that measurement of tissue concentrations of the secretogranin II (SgII or SCG2 as listed in the HUGO database)-derived peptide EM66 may help to discriminate between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas and that EM66 represents a sensitive plasma marker of pheochromocytomas. Here, we investigated the gene expression and protein production of SgII in 13 normal adrenal glands, and 35 benign and 16 malignant pheochromocytomas with the goal to examine the molecular mechanisms leading to the marked variations in the expression of EM66 in tumoral chromaffin tissue. EM66 peptide levels were 16-fold higher in benign than in malignant pheochromocytomas and had an area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve of 0.95 for the distinction of benign and malignant tumors. Q-PCR experiments indicated that the SgII gene was significantly underexpressed in malignant tumors compared with benign tumors. Western blot analysis using antisera directed against SgII and SgII-derived fragments revealed lower SgII protein and SgII-processing products in malignant tumors. Western blot also showed that low p-cAMP-responsive element-binding (CREB) concentrations seemed to be associated with the malignant status. In addition, the prohormone convertase PC1 and PC2 genes and proteins were overexpressed in benign pheochromocytomas compared with malignant pheochromocytomas. Low concentrations of EM66 found in malignant tumors are associated with reduced expression and production of SgII and SgII-derived peptides that could be ascribed to a decrease in SgII gene transcription, probably linked to p-CREB down-regulation, and to lower PC levels. These findings highlight the mechanisms leading to lower concentrations of EM66 in malignant pheochromocytoma and strengthen the notion that this peptide is a suitable marker of this neuroendocrine tumor.


Subject(s)
Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/metabolism , Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism , Peptide Fragments/metabolism , Pheochromocytoma/metabolism , Secretogranin II/metabolism , Adolescent , Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/genetics , Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/pathology , Adrenal Glands/pathology , Adrenal Glands/physiology , Adult , Aged , Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics , Female , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Peptide Fragments/genetics , Pheochromocytoma/genetics , Pheochromocytoma/pathology , Proprotein Convertase 1/genetics , Proprotein Convertase 1/metabolism , Proprotein Convertase 2/genetics , Proprotein Convertase 2/metabolism , Secretogranin II/genetics , Young Adult
11.
Neuroscience ; 171(4): 1120-30, 2010 Dec 29.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20955763

ABSTRACT

Febrile seizures occurring during childhood have been shown to interfere with the development of cognitive functions. However, an alteration of the developing sensory systems might also result from febrile seizures. In order to test this hypothesis, seizures were induced by hyperthermia in Long Evans rats on postnatal day 10. Extracellular single neuron recordings were carried out from postnatal days 15 to 30 and at adulthood. The response of neurons in the primary visual cortex to drifting sinusoidal gratings was recorded in anaesthetized rats. As soon as postnatal day 15, the neurons of rats having experienced a hyperthermic seizure showed significantly lower optimal spatial frequencies (SF), broader directional and temporal bandwidths, as well as higher contrast thresholds than did neurons recorded in normal rats. At adulthood, significantly broader spatial bandwidths and lower optimal temporal frequencies (TF) were obtained from neurons of rats subjected to hyperthermia. These results suggest that febrile seizures during infancy could affect the development of spatio-temporal receptive field properties of neurons in primary visual cortex. Such alterations of a sensory system might contribute to the cognitive deficits associated with early-onset febrile seizures.


Subject(s)
Fever/etiology , Neurons/physiology , Seizures, Febrile/complications , Seizures, Febrile/pathology , Visual Cortex , Action Potentials/physiology , Age Factors , Analysis of Variance , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Contrast Sensitivity/physiology , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Fourier Analysis , Male , Orientation/physiology , Photic Stimulation/methods , Pregnancy , Rats , Rats, Long-Evans , Visual Cortex/growth & development , Visual Cortex/pathology , Visual Cortex/physiopathology , Visual Fields/physiology
12.
Brain Res ; 1187: 82-94, 2008 Jan 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18005943

ABSTRACT

The present study investigated the spatial properties of cells in the postero-lateral lateral suprasylvian (PLLS) area of the cat and assessed their sensitivity to edges defined by motion. A total of one hundred and seventeen (117) single units were isolated. First, drifting sinusoidal gratings were used to assess the spatial properties of the cells' receptive fields and to determine their spatial frequency tuning functions. Second, random-dot kinematograms were used to create illusory edges by drifting textured stimuli (i.e. a horizontal bar) against a similarly textured but static background. Almost all the cells recorded in PLLS (96.0%) were binocular, and a substantial majority of receptive fields (79.2%) were end-stopped. Most units (81.0%) had band-pass spatial frequency tuning functions and responded optimally to low spatial frequencies (mean spatial frequency: 0.08 c./degree). The remaining units (19.0%) were low-pass. All the recorded cells responded vigorously to edges defined by motion. The vast majority (96.0%) of cells responded optimally to large texture elements; approximately half the cells (57.3%) also responded to finer texture elements. Moreover, 38.5% of the cells were selective to the width of the bar (i.e., the distance between the leading and the trailing edges). Finally, some (9.0%) cells responded in a transient fashion to leading and to trailing edges. In conclusion, cells in the PLLS area are low spatial frequency analyzers that are sensitive to texture and to the distance between edges defined by motion.


Subject(s)
Action Potentials/physiology , Contrast Sensitivity/physiology , Motion Perception/physiology , Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology , Visual Cortex/physiology , Animals , Cats , Evoked Potentials, Visual/physiology , Female , Male , Photic Stimulation , Species Specificity , Visual Cortex/anatomy & histology , Visual Fields/physiology , Visual Pathways/physiology
13.
Exp Brain Res ; 183(3): 341-50, 2007 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17763846

ABSTRACT

The inferior colliculus (IC) is an obligatory relay for the ascending and descending auditory pathways. Cells in this brainstem structure not only analyze auditory stimuli but they also play a major role in multi-modal integration of auditory and visual information. The aim of the present study was to determine whether cells in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (CNIC) of normal rats respond selectively to complex auditory signals, such as species-specific vocalizations, and compare their responses to those obtained in neonatal bilateral enucleated (P2-P3) adult rats. Extra-cellular recordings were carried out in anesthetized normal and enucleated rats using auditory stimuli (pure tones, broadband noise and vocalizations) presented in free field in a semi-anechoic chamber. The results indicate that most cells in the CNIC of both groups respond selectively to species-specific vocalizations better than to the same but inverted sounds. No significant differences were found between the normal and enucleated rat groups in their responses to broadband noise and pure tones.


Subject(s)
Eye Enucleation , Inferior Colliculi/cytology , Neurons/physiology , Vocalization, Animal/physiology , Acoustic Stimulation/methods , Action Potentials/physiology , Animals , Brain Mapping , Female , Inferior Colliculi/physiology , Rats , Rats, Long-Evans , Species Specificity , Spectrum Analysis , Time Factors
14.
Neuroscience ; 145(3): 1144-56, 2007 Mar 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17276013

ABSTRACT

A number of studies on humans and animals have demonstrated better auditory abilities in blind with respect to sighted subjects and have tried to define the mechanisms through which this compensation occurs. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to examine the participation of primary visual cortex (V1) to auditory processing in early enucleated rats. Here we show, using gaussian noise bursts, that about a third of the cells in V1 responded to auditory stimulation in blind rats and most of these (78%) had ON-type responses and low spontaneous activity. Moreover, they were distributed throughout visual cortex without any apparent tonotopic organization. Optimal frequencies determined using pure tones were rather high but comparable to those found in auditory cortex of blind and sighted rats. On the other hand, sensory thresholds determined at these frequencies were higher and bandwidths were wider in V1 of the blind animals. Blind and sighted rats were also stimulated for 60 min with gaussian noise, their brains removed and processed for c-Fos immunohistochemistry. Results revealed that c-Fos positive cells were not only present in auditory cortex of both groups of rats but there was a 10-fold increase in labeled cells in V1 and a fivefold increase in secondary visual cortex (V2) of early enucleated rats in comparisons to sighted ones. Also, the pattern of distribution of these labeled cells across layers suggests that the recruitment of V1 could originate at least in part through inputs arising from the thalamus. The ensemble of results appears to indicate that cross-modal compensation leading to improved performance in the blind depends on cell recruitment in V1 but probably also plastic changes in lower- and higher-order visual structures and possibly in the auditory system.


Subject(s)
Acoustic Stimulation , Evoked Potentials, Auditory , Visual Cortex/physiology , Aging/physiology , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Blindness/physiopathology , Cell Count , Disease Models, Animal , Electrophysiology , Image Processing, Computer-Assisted , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/analysis , Rats , Rats, Long-Evans , Visual Cortex/growth & development
15.
Virologie (Montrouge) ; 11(2): 121-133, 2007 Apr 01.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37012833

ABSTRACT

This work reviews the opportunities and scientific bases in the development of anti-dengue drugs. The timeliness of anti-dengue drug development is addressed in the context of the growing impact of dengueworldwide and existing strategies to fight the virus. The antiviral approach in therapy or prophylaxis during an epidemic as well as the impact of recent technological advances in drug-discovery and antiviral chemotherapy on the development of anti-dengue drugs are discussed. An analysis of current sources of synthetic or natural drugs is provided. Finally, we summarize the current knowledge on dengue virus proteins, which are currently considered the most viable as drug targets, as the envelop protein E and non-structural proteins NS3 and NS5 carrying protease, helicase, RNA triphosphatase, methyltransferase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activities. Other viral proteins proposed to be part of the replication complex and the complex itself are considered as potential targets of anti-dengue drugs. State-of-the-art methods are listed, that are expected to allow the discovery, design, and characterisation of anti-dengue drugs effective against the four serotypes.

16.
Vision Res ; 45(22): 2877-84, 2005 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16087210

ABSTRACT

We compared sensitivity to first-order versus second-order local motion in patients treated for dense central congenital cataracts in one or both eyes. Amplitude modulation thresholds were measured for discriminating the direction of motion of luminance-modulated (first-order) and contrast modulated (second-order) horizontal sine-wave gratings. Early visual deprivation, whether monocular or binocular, caused losses in sensitivity to both first- and second-order motion, with greater losses for second-order motion than for first-order motion. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the two types of motion are processed by different mechanisms and suggest that those mechanisms are differentially sensitive to early visual input.


Subject(s)
Cataract/physiopathology , Motion Perception/physiology , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Contrast Sensitivity/physiology , Female , Humans , Male , Photic Stimulation/methods , Sensory Thresholds/physiology , Visual Acuity
17.
J Neuroendocrinol ; 17(6): 372-8, 2005 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15929742

ABSTRACT

The neuroendocrine protein secretogranin II is the precursor of several neuropeptides, including secretoneurin and a novel 66-amino acid peptide, EM66, the sequence of which has been highly conserved across the vertebrae phylum. The presence of EM66 has been detected in the adult and fetal human adrenal gland, as well as the rat pituitary and adrenal glands. The present study aimed to explore a possible neuroendocrine role of EM66 by analysing its occurrence and distribution within the jerboa hypothalamus, and its potential implication in the control of feeding behaviour. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of jerboa hypothalamic extracts combined with a radioimmunoassay of EM66 revealed a single peak of immunoreactive material exhibiting the same retention time as recombinant EM66. Immunocytochemical labelling showed that EM66-producing neurones are widely distributed in several hypothalamic regions, including the preoptic area, the suprachiasmatic, supraoptic, parvocellular paraventricular and arcuate nuclei, and the lateral hypothalamus. Food deprivation for 5 days induced a significant increase in the number of EM66-containing neurones within the arcuate nucleus (105% increase) and the parvocellular aspect of the paraventricular nucleus (115% increase), suggesting that EM66 could be involved in the control of feeding behaviour and/or the response to stress associated with fasting. Altogether, these data reveal the physiological plasticity of the EM66 system in the hypothalamus and implicate this novel peptide in the regulation of neuroendocrine functions.


Subject(s)
Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus/metabolism , Chromogranins/metabolism , Food Deprivation/physiology , Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus/metabolism , Peptide Fragments/metabolism , Secretogranin II/metabolism , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Chromogranins/chemistry , Feeding Behavior/physiology , Female , Immunohistochemistry , Male , Molecular Sequence Data , Peptide Fragments/chemistry , Rodentia , Secretogranin II/chemistry
18.
Exp Brain Res ; 160(2): 194-202, 2005 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15309355

ABSTRACT

The goal of the present study was to investigate how monaural sound localization on the horizontal plane in blind humans is affected by manipulating spectral cues. As reported in a previous study (Lessard et al. 1998), blind subjects are able to calibrate their auditory space despite their congenital lack of vision. Moreover, the performance level of half of the blind subjects was superior to that of sighted subjects under monaural listening conditions. Here, we first tested ten blind subjects and five controls in free-field (1) binaural and (2) monaural sound localization tasks. Results showed that, contrary to controls and half the blind subjects, five of the blind listeners were able to localize the sounds with one ear blocked. The blind subjects who showed good monaural localization performances were then re-tested in three additional monaural tasks, but we manipulated their ability to use spectral cues to carry out their discrimination. These subjects thus localized these same sounds: (3) with acoustical paste on the pinna, (4) with high-pass sounds and unobstructed pinna and (5) with low-pass sounds and unobstructed pinna. A significant increase in localization errors was observed when their ability to use spectral cues was altered. We conclude that one of the reasons why some blind subjects show supra-normal performances might be that they more effectively utilize auditory spectral cues.


Subject(s)
Adaptation, Physiological/physiology , Blindness/physiopathology , Cues , Neuronal Plasticity/physiology , Sound Localization/physiology , Acoustic Stimulation , Adult , Aged , Brain/physiology , Ear, External/physiology , Functional Laterality/physiology , Humans , Middle Aged , Models, Neurological , Visual Perception/physiology
19.
Vision Res ; 44(20): 2403-11, 2004.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15320331

ABSTRACT

We studied differences in the development of sensitivity to first-versus second-order global motion by comparing the motion coherence thresholds of 5-year-olds and adults tested at three speeds (1.5, 6, and 9 degrees s(-1)). We used Random Gabor Kinematograms (RGKs) formed with luminance-modulated (first-order) or contrast-modulated (second-order) concentric Gabor patterns with a sinusoidal spatial frequency of 3c deg(-1). To achieve equal visibility, modulation depth was set at 30% for first-order Gabors and at 100%, for second-order Gabors. Subjects were 24 adults and 24 5-year-olds. For both first- and second-order global motion, the motion coherence threshold of 5-year-olds was less mature for the slowest speed (1.5 degrees s(-1)) than for the two faster speeds (6 and 9 degrees s(-1)). In addition, at the slowest speed, the immaturity was greater for second-order than for first-order global motion. The findings suggest that the extrastriate mechanisms underlying the perception of global motion are different, at least in part, for first- versus second-order signals and for slower versus faster speeds. They also suggest that those separate mechanisms mature at different rates during middle childhood.


Subject(s)
Aging/psychology , Motion Perception/physiology , Adolescent , Adult , Analysis of Variance , Child, Preschool , Humans , Photic Stimulation/methods , Sensory Thresholds/physiology
20.
Neuroscience ; 124(1): 121-36, 2004.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14960345

ABSTRACT

As shown by various human psychophysical studies, interocular spatial frequency disparities can yield a variety of percepts. In order to examine how binocular fusion is affected by spatial frequency differences, we have recorded cells in the border region of areas 17/18 of anesthetized cats. The optic axes of the eyes were deviated onto cathode-ray screens, and the optimal spatial frequency of each eye was assessed by monocular stimulations using drifting sinusoidal gratings. The optimal relative phase using identical spatial frequencies in both eyes was first determined. Spatial frequency differences were then introduced by keeping the optimal spatial frequency constant in one eye and varying the spatial frequency in the other. Results indicate that cells (39%) responded with an increased firing rate (facilitation) to similar spatial frequencies in each eye and with a gradual attenuation (occlusion or suppression) when spatial frequency differences were increased. However, binocular facilitation did not always occur to the presentation of identical stimuli. For 16% of the cells, maximal responses were observed when lower spatial frequencies than the optimal one were presented in one eye while higher spatial frequencies produced suppression. The opposite pattern was observed only for two cells. These findings are discussed in terms of binocular fusion and suppression.


Subject(s)
Depth Perception/physiology , Vision, Binocular/physiology , Visual Cortex/physiology , Animals , Cats , Dominance, Cerebral/physiology , Electrophysiology , Female , Male , Vision, Monocular/physiology
SELECTION OF CITATIONS
SEARCH DETAIL
...