Antibiotic point prevalence survey and antimicrobial resistance in hospitalized patients across Peruvian reference hospitals.

BACKGROUND: Peru reports higher levels than other countries in Latin America of resistance to antimicrobials among Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, however data on antibiotic use in Peru are scarce. This study aims to estimate the prevalence and quality of antibiotic prescription in hospitalized patients and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility rates of bacteria causing key bacterial infections. METHODS: We carried out a point prevalence survey of antibiotic prescription at ten public hospitals in nine regions of Peru. Data was collected from patients hospitalized during a 3-week period, with details about antibiotic use, patient information, and antimicrobial susceptibility. RESULTS: 1620 patient charts were reviewed; in 924 cases antibiotics were prescribed (57.0 %, range 45.9-78.9 %). Most of the antibiotics (74.2 %) were prescribed as empirical treatment, only 4.4 % as targeted treatment. For 9.5 % of cases the reason for antibiotic use was unknown. Cephalosporins were the most prescribed (30.0 %), followed by carbapenems (11.3 %). Ninety-four blood cultures were positive for bacterial growth, 48.8 % of the Staphylococcus aureus were methicillin-resistant, among Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, 51.7 % and 72.7 % were resistant to third-generation cephalosporins (3GC), 3.4 % and 18.2 % were resistant to carbapenems, respectively. Among bacteria isolated from urine cultures (n = 639), 43.9 % of E. coli and 49.2 % of K. pneumoniae were resistant to 3GC, and 0.9 % of E. coli and 3.2 % of K. pneumoniae were resistant to meropenem. CONCLUSIONS: The overall proportion of hospitalized patients receiving antibiotics in hospitals from different regions in Peru was high, with only a small proportion receiving targeted treatment. Cephalosporins and carbapenems were the most frequently prescribed antibiotics, reflecting high resistance rates against 3GC and carbapenems in Enterobacterales isolated from blood and urine.

Safety and Effectiveness of COVID-19 SPUTNIK V Vaccine in Dialysis Patients

Given the vulnerability of people with chronic kidney disease to COVID-19, nephrology societies have issued statements calling for prioritization of these patients for vaccination. It is not yet known whether COVID-19 vaccines confer the same high level of protection in patients with kidney disease. The aims of this study were to evaluate the safety measured by the events supposedly attributed to vaccines and the effectiveness evaluated by the presence of antibodies in dialysis patients immunized with the COVID-19 Sputnik V vaccine. Methodsmulticenter, observational and analytical study of a prospective cohort of hemodialysis patients in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires with a vaccination plan. Patients older than 18 years on dialysis who received both components of the COVID-19 vaccine were included. Results491 patients included in the safety analysis. ESAVI with either the first or second component was detected in 186 (37.9% 95% CI 33.6%-42.34%). The effectiveness analysis measures of antibodies against SARS-Cov-2 were performed in 102 patients, 98% had positive IgG against SARS-Cov-2 antibodies 21 days after the second component .In patients with COVID-19 prior to vaccination, antibodies at day 21 after the first component reached almost the highest levels compared to those patients who did not have COVID-19, and the rise between the last measures was lower than patients without COVID-19. ConclusionDialysis patients constitute a vulnerable population for SARS-Cov-2 infection, beyond the recommendations that were implemented by dialysis units, full vaccination is a priority and necessary. The Sputnik V vaccine has been shown to be safe and effective in this patient population.

Metabolismo óseo-mineral en 4620 pacientes prevalentes en hemodiálisis crónica en argentina / Bone-mineral metabolism in 4,620 prevalent patients in chronic hemodialysis in argentina

RESUMEN Introducción: Las anormalidades del metabolismo óseo-mineral comienzan desde las primeras etapas de la enfermedad renal crónica, produciendo el desarrollo de enfermedad ósea y el aumento de la morbimortalidad de los pacientes. Objetivos: Conocer en una muestra representativa de nuestra población en hemodiálisis, la prevalencia de pacientes en rango objetivo de valores de parathormona, hiperparatiroidismo secundario y enfermedad ósea adinámica, de acuerdo con las guías KDIGO, evaluando, además, el uso de diferentes medicamentos en el control de estas alteraciones. Material y métodos: Participaron 39 centros de hemodiálisis de nuestro país, quienes enviaron las últimas determinaciones de calcio, fósforo y parathormona, y la medicación recibida en el manejo del metabolismo mineral. Resultados: Se incluyeron 4620 pacientes prevalentes en hemodiálisis, > 18 años, edad media 57 años, hombres 57,4%. Las medias fueron: calcemia 8,6 y fosfatemia 4,9 mg/dl. De esta población, el 56,7% y el 50,3% estaban en rango de calcemia y fosfatemia, respectivamente. La parathormona promedio fue 601 y la mediana 437 pg/ml. El 50,5% tenía parathormona en rango, el 15% por debajo de 150 y el 34,5% por encima de 600 pg/ml. En relación a la medicación, el 47% de la población recibió quelantes cálcicos, con extremos en su uso, que van desde el 4,5% al 8% en algunos centros, y del 83% al 94% en otros. El 28,8% recibió Sevelamer, calcitriol el 38%, paricalcitol el 11% y cinacalcet el 20%, siendo su uso variable según los centros del 3% al 52%. Conclusiones: La presencia de hiperparatiroidismo secundario es más frecuente que la deseada, probablemente vinculado a la dificultad en el uso adecuado de medicamentos.

ABSTRACT Introduction : Abnormalities of bone mineral metabolism begin from the early stages of CKD, causing the development of bone disease and increased morbidity and mortality of patients. Objectives: To know, in a representative sample of our hemodialysis patients, the prevalence of patients in the target range of PTH values, secondary hyperparathyroidism and adynamic bone disease according to the KDIGO guidelines, also evaluating the use of different drugs in the control of these alterations. Methods: 39 hemodialysis centers from our country participated, who sent the latest determinations of calcium, phosphorus and PTH and the medication received in the management of mineral metabolism. Results: 4620 prevalent hemodialysis patients > 18 years were included, mean age 57 years, men 57.4%. The means were calcemia 8.6 and phosphatemia 4.9 mg/dl. 56.7% and 50.3% were in the calcemia and phosphatemia range, respectively. The average PTH was 601 and the median 437 pg/ml. 50.5% had PTH in range, 15% below 150 pg/ml and 34.5% above 600 pg/ml. In relation to medication, 47% of the patients received calcium chelators with extreme use ranging from 4.5-8% in some centers to 83-94%. 28.8% received Sevelamer, calcitriol 38%, paricalcitol 11% and cinacalcet 20%, its use being variable according to the centers from 3% to 52%. Conclusion: the presence of secondary hyperpartyroidism was more frequent than desired, probably linked to the difficulty in the adequate use of medications.

Apuntes Para La Historia De La Diálisis En El Mundo Y En La Argentina. Segunda Parte: Los Inicios De La Hemodiálisis En La Argentina / Notes For The History Of Dialysis In The World And In Argentina. Second Part: The Beginnings Of Hemodialysis In Argentina

Resumen La hemodiálisis, como tratamiento de la insuficiencia renal crónica extrema, comenzó en la Argentina casi simultáneamente con el trasplante renal y la especialidad de nefrología. En 1957 se realizó el primer trasplante renal, en 1958, la primera hemodiálisis y, en 1960 se creó la Sociedad Argentina de Nefrología. Inicialmente fue importante la fabricación local de riñones, como aquel con el que se realizó la primera hemodiálisis, construido por el Dr. Alfonso Ruiz Guiñazú y varios artesanos, basándose en apuntes y fotos traídas del exterior y en el modelo tipo Kiil, confeccionado por el Dr. Manuel Calvo, luego modificado por el Dr. Manuel Arce. La hemodiálisis, inicialmente, se usó en el país para tratar la insuficiencia renal aguda o como preparación para el trasplante. En 1964 se constituyó el primer Servicio de Hemodiálisis Crónica del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, seguido, en 1965, por el Servicio de Nefrología del Instituto de Cardiología de la Fundación Pombo, dirigido por el Dr. Víctor Raúl Miatello. La expansión de la hemodiálisis crónica en todo el país ocurrió durante los años ochenta, lo que posibilitó su desarrollo fue la universalización de la cobertura de salud para pacientes que necesitaran hemodiálisis crónica, en agosto de 1975, la Ley Nacional de Trasplante 21.541 de 1977 y, en el mismo año, la inclusión de la hemodiálisis en la cobertura de salud de los sistemas de aseguramiento privados. En 1983, la Ley 22.853 normatiza la organización y funcionamiento de las instituciones de diálisis. La Ley 21.541 creó el CUCAI, Centro Único Coordinador de Ablación e Implante, hoy instituto nacional (INCUCAI), que realiza el registro de la insuficiencia renal crónica y de su tratamiento sustitutivo.

Abstract In Argentina, hemodialysis, as a treatment for acute chronic kidney disease, started almost simultaneously with renal transplantation and nephrology. In 1957, the first renal transplantation was performed; in 1958, the first hemodialysis treatment took place, and in 1960 the Argentine Society of Nephrology was created. At first, local manufacture of kidneys was important; for example, Dr. Alfonso Ruiz Guiñazú and other artisans made the one used for the first hemodialysis session, based on notes and photographs from abroad and on the Kiil model made by Dr. Manuel Calvo and later modified by Dr. Manuel Arce. Hemodialysis was first used in our country to treat acute kidney disease or to prepare the patient for transplantation. In 1964, the first chronic hemodialysis unit was established at Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires), followed by another at the Servicio de Nefrología del Instituto de Cardiología de la Fundación Pombo (Pombo Foundation Cardiology Institute), led by Dr. Víctor Raúl Miatello. The spread of this practice to the whole country took place in the 80s; its development was fostered by the following: the universalization of health care coverage for chronic hemodialysis patients (August 1975); the National Law 21.541 on organ transplantation in 1977, and the inclusion of hemodialysis in private health insurance plans the same year. In 1983, Law 22.853 regulated the organization and running of dialysis institutions. The Unique Central Coordinator of Ablation and Implant (CUCAI in Spanish) was created under Law 21.541 of 1977; this institution, nowadays a national institute (INCUCAI), keeps an important record of chronic kidney disease and its replacement therapy.

Apuntes para la historia de la diálisis en el mundo y en la argentina. primera parte: los inicios de la hemodiálisis en el mundo / Notes for the history of dialysis in the world and in argentina. part one: the beginnings of hemodialysis in the world

RESUMEN La hemodiálisis (HD), como tratamiento de la insuficiencia renal (IR), y la nefrología, como especialidad, surgieron casi simultáneamente. La primera HD exitosa en humanos ocurrió en Holanda, en 1945, con un riñón diseñado por Wilhem Kolff. La primera sociedad científica se fundó en Francia, en 1949 (Société de Pathologie Rénale), y la segunda en 1950, en el Reino Unido (Renal Association). Varios intentos precedieron a la primera HD exitosa. En el ámbito experimental, se dializaron perros nefrectomizados John J. Abel, Leonard G. Rowntree y Benjamin B. Turner (1913, Estados Unidos), George Hass (1914, Alemania) y Henry Necheles (1923, China). Las primeras HD en humanos las realizó Hass, entre 1924 y 1927: hemodializó seis pacientes, de 15 a 30 minutos, dado que su objetivo era de probar la seguridad del método. Si bien Kolff realizó la primera HD exitosa, otros autores, como Nils Alwall (Suecia) y Gordon Murray (Canadá), durante los años cuarenta, publicaron experiencias exitosas con otros modelos de riñones. A mediados de los años cuarenta, la HD se había inventado, simultánea e independientemente, en Holanda, Suecia y Canadá, si bien aún con dudas sobre su aplicación y eficacia. Utilizada inicialmente solo para pacientes agudos, la HD se convirtió en un tratamiento posible en la insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC) gracias a que Belding Scribner y Wayne Quinton, en 1960, y Michael J. Brescia y James E. Cimino, en 1966, desarrollaron el shunt semipermanente y la fístula arteriovenosa permanente, respectivamente. Esto posibilitó en el mundo el sostenimiento de la vida de millones de personas con IRC y el desarrollo del trasplante renal como una alternativa terapéutica más.

ABSTRACT Hemodialysis (HD), as a treatment for renal failure (RF), and nephrology, as a specialty, arose almost simultaneously. The first successful HD in humans occurred in the Netherlands, in 1945, with a kidney designed by Wilhem Kolff. The first scientific society was founded in France in 1949 (Société de Pathologie Rénale), and the second in 1950, in the United Kingdom (Renal Association). Several attempts preceded the first successful HD. In the experimental setting, John J. Abel, Leonard G. Rowntree and Benjamin B. Turner (1913, United States), George Haas (1914, Germany) and Henry Necheles (1923, China) dialyzed nephrectomized dogs. The first HD in humans were performed by Haas, between 1924 and 1927: he hemodialyzed six patients, from 15 to 30 minutes, since his objective was to test the safety of the method. Although Kolff performed the first successful HD, other authors, such as Nils Alwall (Sweden) and Gordon Murray (Canada), during the 1940s, published successful experiences with other kidney models. By the mid-1940s, HD had been invented, simultaneously and independently, in the Netherlands, Sweden and Canada, although still with doubts about its application and effectiveness. Initially used only for acute patients, HD became a possible treatment for chronic kidney disease (CKD) thanks to the development of the semi-permanent shunt by Belding Scribner and Wayne Quinton in 1960 and the permanent arteriovenous fistula by Michael J. Brescia and James E. Cimino in 1966. This enabled the life support of millions of people with CKD in the world and the development of kidney transplantation as one more therapeutic alternative.

The HUGE formula (hematocrit, urea, gender) for screening for chronic kidney disease in elderly patients: a study of diagnostic accuracy.

Chronically reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in old people does not always mean that they suffer from chronic kidney disease (CKD) since their GFR can just be reduced by aging. The HUGE equation has been recently described and validated in Spain for screening CKD without taking into account the patient's GFR value. This equation is based on patient's hematocrit, plasma urea levels and gender. The present study documented that the HUGE equation had and acceptable performance for screening CKD in elderly Argentine patients.

Nivel de logro de las competencias genéricas e importancia que le conceden los internos de enfermería de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 2013 / Level of achievement of generic skills and importance granted by nursing internal of the Greater National University of San Marcos, Lima 2013

La presente investigación "Nivel de logro de las competencias genéricas e importancia que le conceden los internos de enfermera de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 2013”, tuvo como objetivo general determinar el nivel de logro y de importancia de la competencias genéricas en su formación según opinión de tos estudiantes de E.A.P. Enfermería. Es un trabajo cuantitativo, descriptivo de corte transversal. En la recolección de datos se utilizó como técnica la encuesta, y se aplicó una escala tipo Likert modificada a 50 internos de enfermería de dicha escuela. Para el análisis de datos se utilizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo, encontrándose en los resultados que el nivel de logro de las competencias genéricas se encuentran en proceso y la importancia que le conceden es de muy importante; realizando un análisis por dimensiones se encontró que las competencias instrumentales y las competencias sistémicas se encuentran en proceso y las competencias interpersonales se encuentran alcanzadas y la importancia que le conceden es de importante para las sistémicas y muy importante para las instrumentales e interpersonales. Estos datos evidencian que aún existen áreas críticas en la formación de los estudiantes, siendo importante la implementación de estrategias que permitan fortalecer y reforzar el logro de estas con el fin de garantizar enfermeros integrales preparados para laborar en cualquier contexto.

The present research "Level of achievement of generic skills and the importance granted by internal nursing at the National University of San Marcos, Lima 2013”, had as its overall objective to determine the level of achievement and importance of generic skills in their training, in the student's opinion of EAP Nursing. Is a quantitative, cross-sectional descriptive study, data collection used the survey technique, and a modified Likert scale was applied 50 inmates of the nursing school. For data analysis we used a descriptive statistical analysis, found in the results that the level of achievement of generic skills are in process and the importance they attach to it is very important was used, with an analysis by dimensions was found that the instrumental skills and systemic competencies are in process and interpersonal skills are achieved and the importance they attach to it is important for systemic and very important for the instrumental and interpersonal. These data show that there are still critical areas in the training of students and it is important to implement strategies to strengthen and reinforce the achievement of these in order to ensure comprehensive nurses prepared to work in other context.