ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Late-Life Depression (LLD) is characterized by deficits in cognitive control. We investigated the effect of LLD on a subset of cognitive control functions, the Cognitive Action Control (CAC), distinguishing on-line and adaptive control. METHODS: We compared LLD subjects (n = 31) and Healthy Controls (HC, n = 31) on their performance in a Simon task. The online congruency effect and adaptive effect were compared for reaction times (RT) and accuracy rates between the groups using mixed models. We applied distributional analyses of RT to differentiate the strength of impulsive action selection and the proficiency of selective action suppression. Finally, we measured correlations between the performances on the task and clinical scores of the LLD group. RESULTS: LLD had increased error rates in congruent trials compared to HC. Conversely, the adaptive CAC was equivalent between the groups. Distributional analyses showed that the fastest actions were less led by pertinent information in LLD. This phenomenon was found exclusively for congruent trials preceded by non-congruent trials. On the other hand, LLD patients, when they take time, were better than HC to suppress selectively non-relevant information. No difference was observed for adaptation to the preceding condition. No association between behavioral measurements and clinical scores were found. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that LLD participants have a specific cognitive disturbance of CAC, showing less facilitation than HC in congruent situations. We propose that this originates in a difficulty in LLD patients in disengaging their attention from conflict situations, which is consistent with a biased CAC to aversive stimuli in depression.
Subject(s)
Cognitive Dysfunction , Depression , Cognition , Humans , Impulsive Behavior , Reaction TimeABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To test for cerebellar involvement in motor and nonmotor impairments in Parkinson disease (PD) and to determine patterns of metabolic correlations with supratentorial brain structures, we correlated clinical motor, cognitive, and psychiatric scales with cerebellar metabolism. METHODS: We included 90 patients with PD. Motor, cognitive, and psychiatric domains were assessed, and resting-state 18FDG-PET metabolic imaging was performed. The motor, cognitive, and psychiatric scores were entered separately into a principal component analysis. We looked for correlations between these 3 principal components and cerebellar metabolism. Furthermore, we extracted the mean glucose metabolism value for each significant cerebellar cluster and looked for patterns of cerebrum-cerebellum metabolic correlations. RESULTS: Severity of impairment was correlated with increased metabolism in the anterior lobes and vermis (motor domain); the right crus I, crus II, and declive (cognitive domain); and the right crus I and crus II (psychiatric domain). No results survived multiple testing corrections regarding the psychiatric domain. Moreover, we found distributed and overlapping, but not identical, patterns of metabolic correlations for motor and cognitive domains. Specific supratentorial structures (cortical structures, basal ganglia, and thalamus) were strongly correlated with each of the cerebellar clusters. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm the role of the cerebellum in nonmotor domains of PD, with differential but overlapping patterns of metabolic correlations suggesting the involvement of cerebello-thalamo-striatal-cortical loops.
Subject(s)
Behavioral Symptoms , Cerebellum , Cognitive Dysfunction , Nerve Net , Parkinson Disease , Adult , Aged , Basal Ganglia/diagnostic imaging , Basal Ganglia/metabolism , Basal Ganglia/physiopathology , Behavioral Symptoms/diagnostic imaging , Behavioral Symptoms/etiology , Behavioral Symptoms/metabolism , Behavioral Symptoms/physiopathology , Cerebellum/diagnostic imaging , Cerebellum/metabolism , Cerebellum/physiopathology , Cerebral Cortex/diagnostic imaging , Cerebral Cortex/metabolism , Cerebral Cortex/physiopathology , Cognitive Dysfunction/diagnostic imaging , Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology , Cognitive Dysfunction/metabolism , Cognitive Dysfunction/physiopathology , Female , Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Nerve Net/diagnostic imaging , Nerve Net/metabolism , Nerve Net/physiopathology , Parkinson Disease/complications , Parkinson Disease/diagnostic imaging , Parkinson Disease/metabolism , Parkinson Disease/physiopathology , Positron-Emission Tomography , Principal Component Analysis , Thalamus/diagnostic imaging , Thalamus/metabolism , Thalamus/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Background and Objectives: We investigated idiom comprehension in patients with schizophrenia, and the involvement of working memory and executive functions in this comprehension. Methods: Nineteen patients with schizophrenia aged 22-46 years (mean = 34.73 years) took part in this study, and were matched for age and education level with a control group. Our assessment consisted of (1) an experimental task assessing idiom comprehension through short stories, (2) three tasks assessing verbal, visuospatial and multimodal spans, and (3) four tasks assessing executive functions (Hayling test, Stroop test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and Trail Making Test). Results and Conclusion: Results highlighted several deficits in the comprehension of idioms in patients with schizophrenia. An executive deficit is not sufficient to explain these difficulties. Nevertheless, the conceptual disorganization observed in the patients conduce them to not focus their attention on the relevant elements avoiding the comprehension of idioms (AU)
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