Psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S).

COVID-19 can bring several psychological problems to patients and non-patients, which highlights the need for a better understanding of outcomes that can emerge due the occurrence of the virus. One of these variables is fear, present in situations of continuous uncertainty. Fear is a key variable for mental health and tracking it and its correlates might help to develop proper education and prevention programs. Currently, Brazil is one of the epicentres of the COVID-19 pandemic, with its public health system scrapped and not being able to contain the amount of infected people. Therefore, a proper measure to screen the fear of COVID-19 will help to provide improvements in mental health in such contexts. For that, two studies were performed. In Study 1 (N = 230) we assessed the factorial structure of the measure through exploratory factor analysis, and item parameters using item response theory. In Study 2 (N = 302), we assessed whether the structure would replicate in an independent sample and through confirmatory factor analysis, besides assessing convergent validity using Structural Equation Modelling and proposing a shorter version of the measure. Both long and short versions presented a reliable unidimensional structure and similar patterns of correlations with depression, anxiety, and stress. Overall, our results showed that the FCV-19S and its short version are useful measures to the assessment of fear of COVID-19 in Brazil.

Estratégias de coping adotadas pelos profissionais de saúde durante a pandemia da COVID-19 / Coping Strategies Adopted by Health Professionals during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Objetivo. Objetivou-se conhecer as estratégias de coping adotadas pelos profissionais de saúde durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Método. Pesquisa de desenho exploratório. Participaram 155 profissionais de saúde do nordeste brasileiro, em sua maioria do Piauí (39.1%) e Ceará (22.5%), com idade média de 33.26 anos (DP = 7.94) e do sexo feminino (68.2%). Resultados. Por meio de uma Classificação Hierárquica Descendente (CHD), o corpus principal se segmentou em duas ramificações: "Classe 1: suporte socioemocional e espiritualidade" e "Classe 2: atividades de entretenimento", mostrando que os profissionais utilizavam estratégias de coping com foco no problema e na emoção. Aponta-se a importância do contato social, espiritualidade e entretenimento para o bem-estar emocional.

Objective. The objective was to know the coping strategies adopted by health professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method. This was an exploratory research. The participants were 155 health professionals (female 68.2, male 31.8) from northeastern Brazil, mostly from Piauí (39.1%) and Ceará (22.5%), and a mean age of 33.26 years (SD = 7.94). Results. Through a Descending Hierarchical Classification (CHD), the main corpus was divided into two branches: Class 1: Socio-emotional support and spirituality, and Class 2: Entertainment activities, showing that professionals used coping strategies with a focus on the problem and emotion. They pointed out the importance of social contact, spirituality, and entertainment for emotional well-being.

Nomophobia and smartphone addiction: do the variables age and sex explain this relationship? / Nomofobia e dependência de smartphone: as variáveis idade e sexo explicam essa relação? / Nomofobia y dependencia de los smartphones: ¿las variables edad y sexo explican esta relación?

This study aimed to identify the extent nomophobia explains smartphone addiction, controlling for age and gender effects. Participants were 316 people from the 22 Brazilian states (Mage = 28.1 years), most from Paraíba (38.9%) and Piauí (16.5%), equally distributed between genders. They answered the Nomophobia Questionnaire, the Smartphone Addition Scale and demographic questions. The results demonstrate that the factors of the nomophobia measure explained smartphone addiction, indicating that more nomophobic behavior equates to increased smartphone addiction, especially in the younger participants, there was no difference regarding gender. These findings are discussed according to the literature on adherence to new technologies, revealing the current problem of smartphone addiction in young people. (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer em que medida a nomofobia explica a dependência de smartphone, controlando os efeitos de idade e sexo. Participaram 316 pessoas de 22 estados brasileiros (Midade = 28,1), a maioria da Paraíba (38,9%) e do Piauí (16,5%), distribuídas equitativamente entre os sexos. Estas responderam o Questionário de Nomofobia, a Escala de Adição ao Smartphone e perguntas demográficas. Os resultados foram de que os fatores da medida de nomofobia explicaram a dependência de smartphone, indicando que quanto mais as pessoas são nomofóbicas, mais elas dependem de smartphone, principalmente aquelas mais jovens, não havendo diferença quanto ao sexo. Esses achados foram discutidos de acordo com a literatura acerca da adesão a novas tecnologias, revelando o problema da dependência de smartphones para os jovens nos dias de hoje. (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio ha sido conocer en qué medida la nomofobia explica la dependencia de smartphones, controlando los efectos de la edad y el sexo. Participaron 316 personas de 22 estados brasileños (Medad = 28.1), en su mayoría de Paraíba (38.9%) y Piauí (16.5%), distribuidos equitativamente entre los sexos. Estos respondieron al Nomophobia Questionnaire, a la Smartphone Addition Scale y a preguntas demográficas. Los resultados demuestran que los factores de la medida de nomofobia explican la adición a los smartphones, indicando que un comportamiento más nomofóbico equivale a una mayor adicción a los smartphones, especialmente en los más jóvenes, no existiendo diferencias en cuanto al género. Estos hallazgos han sido discutidos de acuerdo con la literatura sobre la adhesión a las nuevas tecnologías, revelando el problema actual de la adicción a los smartphones en los jóvenes. (AU)

Evidências psicométricas do Cuestionario de Dependencia Emocional (CDE) / Psychometric evidence for the Emotional Dependency Questionnaire (CDE) / Evidencias psicométricas del Cuestionario de Dependencia Emocional (CDE)

Objetivou-se adaptar o Cuestionario de Dependencia Emocional (CDE), reunindo evidências de validade e precisão, especificamente verificar o padrão de relação com autoestima. Para tanto, foram realizados dois estudos com participantes oriundos de uma capital do nordeste do Brasil. No primeiro (n = 244), foi realizado a adaptação do CDE e executada uma análise fatorial exploratória, a qual sugeriu uma estrutura unifatorial. No segundo (n = 236), executaram-se análises fatoriais confirmatórias testando modelos alternativos (uni e hexafatorial). Ademais, realizou-se a correlação de Pearson (r) que evidenciouuma relação negativa e estatisticamente significativa entre autoestima e a dependência emocional, indicando validade convergente. Ademais, constatou-se precisão satisfatória em ambos os estudos. Conclui-se que o CDE é válido e fidedigno, podendo auxiliar na avaliação de indivíduos que estão em relacionamentos amorosos e na busca de um consenso acerca do conceito e das dimensões da dependência emocional.(AU)

This study aimed to adapt the Emotional Dependency Questionnaire (Cuestionario de Dependencia Emocional - CDE), gathering evidence of validity and accuracy, specifically to verify the relationship pattern with self-esteem. Accordingly, two studies were performed with participants from a city of the northeast of Brazil. In the first (n = 244) the adaptation of the CDE was carried out and exploratory factor analysis was performed, which suggested a single-factor structure. In the second (n = 236), confirmatory factor analyses were performed by testing alternative models (single factor and six factors). In addition, Pearson's correlation (r) was calculated, which showed a negative and statistically significant relationship between self-esteem and emotional dependence, indicating convergent validity. In addition, satisfactory accuracy was found in both studies. It was concluded that the CDE is valid and reliable and can help in the evaluation of individuals who are in loving relationships and in the search of a consensus about the concept and dimensions of emotional dependence.(AU)

Este estudio objetivó adaptar el Cuestionario de Dependencia Emocional (CDE), reuniendo evidencias de validez y confiabilidad, específicamente averiguar el patrón de relación con autoestima. Para ello, se realizaron dos investigaciones con participantes oriundos de una capital de noreste de Brasil. En el primero (n = 244) se realizó la adaptación del CDE y se ejecutó un análisis factorial exploratorio, el cual sugirió una estructura unifactorial. En el segundo (n = 236), se realizaron análisis factoriales confirmatorios probando modelos alternativos (uni y hexafactorial). Asimismo, se realizó la correlación de Pearson (r) que evidenció una relación negativa y estadísticamente significativa entre autoestima y dependencia emocional, indicando validez convergente. Además, se pudo constatar confiabilidad satisfactoria en ambos estudios. Se concluye que el CDE es válido y fiable, pudiendo auxiliar en la evaluación de individuos que están en relaciones sentimentales y en búsqueda de un consenso acerca del concepto y de dimensiones de la dependencia emocional.(AU)