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1.
Mar Pollut Bull ; 195: 115452, 2023 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37677976

ABSTRACT

The rise in seawater temperature due to industrial activities is one of the main threats to marine biodiversity. In nuclear power plants, large volumes of water are used for their operation, returning to the ecosystem at higher temperatures. A global meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the thermal effects caused by coastal nuclear power plants on marine organisms. We found 853 articles of which, 99 were included in the qualitative analysis and 75 in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed an increase of 4.38 °C in water temperature near the outfall, and the temperature variation of each study was found to be associated with the power plant latitudes. The main effects on organisms were related to changes in the structure and composition of aquatic communities, with species abundance, distribution, dominance, and density being the most cited ones. Among the affected groups, photosynthesizing microorganisms were the most cited, potentially contributing to shifts in ecosystem dynamics.

2.
Rev. bras. psicodrama ; 31: e0223, 2023. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS, Index Psychology - journals | ID: biblio-1423657

ABSTRACT

RESUMO A emergência sanitária de COVID-19 ocasionou uma mudança brusca nos estilos de vida das pessoas, tanto no âmbito pessoal quanto no profissional. Com o cenário de medo e incerteza, a demanda por psicoterapia aumentou e se transferiu para o contexto virtual. O presente estudo visa compreender como um grupo de psicoterapeutas psicodramatistas lidou com esse cenário atípico causado pelo isolamento social. A partir de uma entrevista psicodramática em grupo, foi possível identificar eixos de sentido nas interações entre as participantes e discutir os conceitos de espontaneidade e conserva cultural, na psicoterapia psicodramática. Conclui-se que o sentimento de medo foi um iniciador para as mudanças nas práticas das psicodramatistas entrevistadas, confirmando o adágio moreniano: o medo precede o ato criativo.


ABSTRACT The COVID-19 health emergency caused a sudden change in people's lifestyles, both personally and professionally. In this scenario of fear and uncertainty, the demand for psychotherapy increased and was redirected to a virtual context. The present study aims to understand how a group of psychodrama therapists dealt with the atypical scenario of social isolation. Based on a psychodramatic group interview, it was possible to identify axes of meaning in the interactions between the participants and to discuss the concepts of spontaneity and cultural conservation in psychodramatic psychotherapy. It is concluded that the feeling of fear was an initiator for changes in the practices of the psychodramatists interviewed, confirming the Morenian adage: fear precedes the creative act.


RESUMEN La emergencia sanitaria por el COVID-19 ha supuesto un cambio repentino en el estilo de vida de las personas, tanto a nivel personal como profesional. Con el escenario de miedo e incertidumbre, la demanda de psicoterapia aumentó y se trasladó al contexto virtual. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo comprender cómo un grupo de psicodramatistas psicoterapeutas afrontó este escenario atípico provocado por el aislamiento social. A partir de una entrevista grupal psicodramática, fue posible identificar ejes de sentido en las interacciones entre los participantes y discutir los conceptos de espontaneidad y conservación cultural en la psicoterapia psicodramática. Se concluye que el sentimiento de miedo fue un iniciador de cambios en las prácticas de los psicodramatistas entrevistados, confirmando el adagio de Moren: el miedo precede al acto creativo.

3.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 28(23): 30070-30076, 2021 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33582964

ABSTRACT

Intense agricultural activity in recent years has resulted in a greater use of pesticides in order to improve productivity. However, these pesticides may contain some pollutant component in their composition. Once present in the environment and/or in excess, they can cause damage to the local flora and fauna. The aim of this study was to evaluate the interference of pesticides in the reproductive aspects of male and female specimens collected in two distinct sampling sites and propose a methodology to investigate pesticide effects associated with the reproduction at a macroscopic level for reptile specimens from zoological collection. The results showed that males located in the area with the use of agricultural pesticides had a lower testicle volume compared with the ones located in the area that did not use pesticides. However, no difference was found regarding the volume of eggs compared at the same stage and the average clutch size of each population. Therefore, the present study indicates the analyzed pesticides might influence the reproduction of the studied males. Despite no evident alterations in egg volume and quantity in the area with pesticide use, our findings suggest further studies on the structure and composition of eggshell and yolk in order to assess the effects of pesticides on their viability.


Subject(s)
Lizards , Pesticides , Animals , Brazil , Eggs , Female , Male , Reproduction
4.
Iran Endod J ; 15(1): 50-56, 2020.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36704320

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to report a case series and describe the use of guided endodontics in complex symptomatic cases of mandibular and maxillary molars; presenting calcification of all three root canals. The arches of the referred patients were scanned, and high-resolution cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging was performed. Then, the taken CBCT and tooth scans were aligned and processed using software. A virtual copy of a drill was superimposed onto the scans and evaluated in 3 dimensions. Subsequently, a 3-dimensional (3D) template was designed and printed. Drilling was performed and a radiograph was taken to confirm its position. The canals were reached and endodontic treatment was performed. At the 12-month follow-up, the teeth were completely asymptomatic. The use of guided endodontics in cases of calcification in molars was demonstrated to be a viable and reliable alternative treatment. The technique was based on 3D planning.

5.
Belo Horizonte; s.n; 2020. 86 p. ilus.
Thesis in Spanish | BBO - Dentistry | ID: biblio-1151238

ABSTRACT

O estudo avaliou os tratamentos endodônticos realizados nas clínicas de Endodontia da Faculdade de Odontologia da UFMG. Trata-se de um estudo transversal que analisou os procedimentos de urgência prévios e finalização dos casos, à prevalência de fraturas de instrumentos endodônticos e às percepções dos alunos frente a essa ocorrência e a prática endodôntica. Os dados foram obtidos nos prontuários clínicos e no acompanhamento dos atendimentos, durante dezoito meses, entre os anos de 2017 e 2018. As percepções dos estudantes foram levantadas através da aplicação de um questionário. Os dados foram analisados descritivamente por meio de frequência absoluta e relativa e análise bivariada realizada utilizando o teste Qui-Quadrado de Pearson com correção de Bonferroni considerando um nível de confiança de 95%, e probabilidade de significância de 5% (p≤0,05) no SPSS v. 22. Os molares (p>0.0001) e os dentes diagnosticados com necrose pulpar (p<0.0001) foram os mais relacionados a procedimentos de urgência prévios. A maioria dos tratamentos endodônticos foram finalizados (85,9%). A taxa de finalização foi menor entre adolescentes comparados com jovens (p = 0,006) e adultos mais velhos (p = 0,003), em dentes molares comparados com dentes anteriores (p = 0,005) e pré-molares (p = 0,003), em dentes que passaram por urgência prévia (p = 0,002) e em pacientes que faltaram às consultas (p = 0,014). Ocorreram fraturas de limas rotatórias em 3,9% dos casos em canais curvos de molares (66,7%). Fragmentos localizados no terço coronário/médio (61,3%), medindo mais de três milímetros (72,2%) e foram removidos ou ultrapassados em metade das ocorrências. A maioria dos estudantes relatou controlar o número de usos (88,9%) e em 66,7% dos casos a fratura ocorreu até o terceiro uso. Os alunos relataram dificuldades (98,0%), a maioria relacionada à procedimentos técnicos (54,1%) e a morfologia e localização dos dentes (26,8%). Para os estudantes que não relataram a ocorrência de fraturas, a maioria relatou que seu interesse (88,2%) e confiança (83,9%) não seriam influenciados caso esse incidente ocorresse. Já os alunos que de fato tiveram a experiência de fratura, observou-se uma diminuição desse percentual para 44,5% e 33,3%, respectivamente. O estudo evidenciou um número satisfatório de tratamentos concluídos demandando poucas sessões. A não finalização foi associada à complexidade anatômica dos molares, à baixa idade dos pacientes e ao absenteísmo. A prevalência de fraturas de instrumentos endodônticos foi baixa. Os aspectos relacionados a elas sugerem sobrecarga torcional como a causa mais provável. As dificuldades mais relatadas estão relacionadas a falta de habilidades técnicas ou a complexidade anatômica dos molares. A percepção sobre a própria confiança e interesse na especialidade parece ser diretamente afetada pela ocorrência de fratura de instrumentos.


The study evaluated the endodontic treatments performed in the Endodontic clinics of UFMG School of Dentistry. This is a cross-sectional study that analyzed the previous urgent procedures, the completion of the cases, the prevalence of fractures of endodontic instruments and the perceptions of students regarding such occurrence and endodontic practice. Data were obtained through clinical records and during clinical practice during eighteen months between the years of 2017 and 2018. Students' perceptions were raised through the application of a questionnaire. Data were analyzed in a descriptive way by absolute and relative frequency and bivariate analysis performed using the Pearson's ChiSquare test with Bonferroni correction considering a 95% confidence level and 5% significance probability (p≤0, 05) in SPSS v. 22. The molars (p> 0.0001) and the teeth diagnosed with pulp necrosis (p <0.0001) were the most related to previous emergency procedures. 85.9% of endodontic treatments were completed. Treatments were less finalized in adolescents compared with young people (p = 0.006) and older adults (p = 0.003), in molar teeth compared with anterior teeth (p = 0.005) and premolars (p = 0.003), in teeth that had previous emergency treatments (p = 0.002) and in patients who missed appointments (p = 0.014). Instrument fractures occurred in 3.9% of cases in curved canals of molar teeth (66.7%). Fragments were located in the coronal/middle third (61.3%), measuring more than three millimeters (72.2%) and removed or exceeded in half of the occurrences. Most students reported controlling the number of uses (88.9%) and in 66.7% of fractured occurred in up to the third use. Students reported difficulties (98.0%), most technical procedures (54.1%) and to the morphology and location of teeth (26.8%). For students who did not report the occurrence of fractures, the majority reported that their interest (88.2%) and confidence (83.9%) would not be influenced in case of a fracture. Among the students who had the fracture experience, a decrease in this percentage was observed, 44.5% and 33.3% respectively. The study showed a satisfactory number of completed treatments requiring few sessions. The conclusion was associated with the anatomical complexity of the molars, the low age of the patients and absenteeism. The prevalence of fractures of endodontic instruments was low. The aspects related to them suggest torsional overload as the most likely cause. The most related difficulties are the lack of technical skills or the anatomical complexity of the molars. The perception of their own confidence and interest in the specialty seems to be directly affected by the occurrence of instrument fractures.


Subject(s)
Cross-Sectional Studies , Dental Care/statistics & numerical data , Emergency Treatment , Endodontics , Endodontics/instrumentation , Perception , Students , Endodontics/education
6.
Dement Neuropsychol ; 11(2): 137-144, 2017.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29213505

ABSTRACT

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with progressive impairment of higher-level cognitive abilities. Previous research suggests that early impairment of executive functions occurs during the course of the disease, but few studies have specifically investigated planning ability in an AD population. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the current study was to examine whether AD patients retain the ability to plan ahead, by analyzing specificities of their behavior in successfully achieving a pre-established goal. METHODS: Twenty-one AD patients and thirty-three elderly controls underwent a problem-solving assessment using the Tower of London (TOL) test. RESULTS: AD patients were less accurate and less efficient than controls. AD patients also committed more mistakes. This indicates a decline in working memory and inhibitory deficits, resulting in impulsive and inappropriate behaviors. CONCLUSION: These results are in agreement with previous studies, showing executive function problems in patients with AD. Specifically, this study demonstrates the presence of planning ability deficits in AD, considering both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The wide range of analysis presented in this study can aid clinicians in identifying the nature of the poor performance of AD patients during a planning task.


A doença de Alzheimer (DA) é associada a um comprometimento progressivo das habilidades cognitivas superiores. Pesquisas anteriores sugerem que o comprometimento precoce das funções executivas ocorre durante o curso da doença, mas poucos estudos têm investigado especificamente a capacidade de planejamento em uma população com DA. OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar se os pacientes com DA mantêm a capacidade de planejar antecipadamente, analisando as especificidades de seu comportamento para alcançar com êxito uma meta pré-estabelecida. MÉTODOS: Vinte e um pacientes com DA e trinta e três controles idosos foram submetidos a uma avaliação de resolução de problemas utilizando o teste de Torre de Londres (TOL). RESULTADOS: Os pacientes com DA foram menos precisos e menos eficientes do que os controles. Os pacientes com DA também cometeram mais erros. Isso indica um declínio na memória operacional e déficits inibitórios, resultando em comportamentos impulsivos e inadequados. CONCLUSÃO: Estes resultados estão de acordo com estudos anteriores, mostrando problemas de função executiva em pacientes com DA. Especificamente, este estudo demonstra a presença de déficits de capacidade de planejamento na DA, considerando abordagens qualitativas e quantitativas. A ampla gama de análises apresentadas neste estudo poderá auxiliar aos profissionais da área da saúde na identificação da natureza do baixo desempenho dos pacientes com DA durante uma tarefa de planejamento.

7.
Ecology ; 98(11): 2979, 2017 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28857166

ABSTRACT

Our understanding of mammal ecology has always been hindered by the difficulties of observing species in closed tropical forests. Camera trapping has become a major advance for monitoring terrestrial mammals in biodiversity rich ecosystems. Here we compiled one of the largest datasets of inventories of terrestrial mammal communities for the Neotropical region based on camera trapping studies. The dataset comprises 170 surveys of medium to large terrestrial mammals using camera traps conducted in 144 areas by 74 studies, covering six vegetation types of tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of South America (Brazil and Argentina), and present data on species composition and richness. The complete dataset comprises 53,438 independent records of 83 species of mammals, includes 10 species of marsupials, 15 rodents, 20 carnivores, eight ungulates and six armadillos. Species richness averaged 13 species (±6.07 SD) per site. Only six species occurred in more than 50% of the sites: the domestic dog Canis familiaris, crab-eating fox Cerdocyon thous, tayra Eira barbara, south American coati Nasua nasua, crab-eating raccoon Procyon cancrivorus and the nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus. The information contained in this dataset can be used to understand macroecological patterns of biodiversity, community, and population structure, but also to evaluate the ecological consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and trophic interactions.


Subject(s)
Biodiversity , Forests , Mammals/physiology , Animals , Argentina , Brazil , Dogs , Ecosystem
8.
Dement. neuropsychol ; 11(2): 137-144, Apr.-June 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-890998

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with progressive impairment of higher-level cognitive abilities. Previous research suggests that early impairment of executive functions occurs during the course of the disease, but few studies have specifically investigated planning ability in an AD population. Objective: The purpose of the current study was to examine whether AD patients retain the ability to plan ahead, by analyzing specificities of their behavior in successfully achieving a pre-established goal. Methods: Twenty-one AD patients and thirty-three elderly controls underwent a problem-solving assessment using the Tower of London (TOL) test. Results: AD patients were less accurate and less efficient than controls. AD patients also committed more mistakes. This indicates a decline in working memory and inhibitory deficits, resulting in impulsive and inappropriate behaviors. Conclusion: These results are in agreement with previous studies, showing executive function problems in patients with AD. Specifically, this study demonstrates the presence of planning ability deficits in AD, considering both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The wide range of analysis presented in this study can aid clinicians in identifying the nature of the poor performance of AD patients during a planning task.


RESUMO A doença de Alzheimer (DA) é associada a um comprometimento progressivo das habilidades cognitivas superiores. Pesquisas anteriores sugerem que o comprometimento precoce das funções executivas ocorre durante o curso da doença, mas poucos estudos têm investigado especificamente a capacidade de planejamento em uma população com DA. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar se os pacientes com DA mantêm a capacidade de planejar antecipadamente, analisando as especificidades de seu comportamento para alcançar com êxito uma meta pré-estabelecida. Métodos: Vinte e um pacientes com DA e trinta e três controles idosos foram submetidos a uma avaliação de resolução de problemas utilizando o teste de Torre de Londres (TOL). Resultados: Os pacientes com DA foram menos precisos e menos eficientes do que os controles. Os pacientes com DA também cometeram mais erros. Isso indica um declínio na memória operacional e déficits inibitórios, resultando em comportamentos impulsivos e inadequados. Conclusão: Estes resultados estão de acordo com estudos anteriores, mostrando problemas de função executiva em pacientes com DA. Especificamente, este estudo demonstra a presença de déficits de capacidade de planejamento na DA, considerando abordagens qualitativas e quantitativas. A ampla gama de análises apresentadas neste estudo poderá auxiliar aos profissionais da área da saúde na identificação da natureza do baixo desempenho dos pacientes com DA durante uma tarefa de planejamento.


Subject(s)
Humans , Aged , Cognition , Dementia , Executive Function , Neuropsychology
9.
Arq. odontol ; 53: 1-8, jan.-dez. 2017. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BBO - Dentistry | ID: biblio-906792

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar e descrever as possíveis causas de insucesso endodôntico detectadas nos pacientes atendidos no Projeto de Extensão Tratamento Endodôntico de Molares e Retratamento da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, a partir das informações coletadas nas fichas clínicas e radiografias dos casos. Métodos: A revisão de literatura foi feita nos portais da Bireme, Scielo e Pubmed, além de livros textos, dissertações e teses. As palavras-chave utilizadas foram: ápice dentário, falha de tratamento, endodontia, retratamento, odontologia. Os dados foram coletados durante o ano de 2014 e início de 2015, e compreenderam: identificação do dente indicado para retratamento, idade do paciente, se havia ou não sintomatologia, clínica responsável pelo encaminhamento do paciente, tempo de espera até o início do retratamento e radiografia inicial do dente. O universo amostral obtido foi de 82 casos. Foram realizadas análises radiográficas e a classificação do(s) motivo(s) de insucesso do tratamento endodôntico. Resultados: 73 casos (89,02%) apresentaram duas ou mais possíveis causas de insucesso do tratamento endodôntico. As classificações mais presentes neste estudo foram: subobturação (69,5%), presença de lesão periapical (63,40%) e formatação dos canais inadequada (52,2%). Conclusão: Com base nas informações encontradas pôde-se observar que, uma série de fatores pode contribuir, separada ou conjuntamente, para o insucesso do tratamento endodôntico. A desinfecção insuficiente e a obturação inadequada do canal radicular parecem ser as principais causas responsáveis pela maioria dos casos de insucesso, seguida pelos acidentes operatórios e pela ausência de selamento coronário insuficiente.(AU)


Aim: This study sought to evaluate and describe the causes of endodontic therapy's failure to properly treat patients from the UFMG School of Dentistry's Extension Project entitled Endodontic Treatment in Molars and Retreatment The data were collected from patients' files. Methods: The literature review was carried out in the databanks of Bireme, Scielo, and Pubmed, in addition to textbooks, Masters theses, and Ph.D. dissertations. The key words used in the search were: dental apex, treatment failure, endodontics, and dental retreatment. The data were collected during 2014 and the beginning of 2015 and consisted of the following: which tooth was recommended for endodontic retreatment, patient's age, presence or absence of symptomatology, health clinic responsible for referring the patient, waiting time before beginning retreatment, and tooth's initial radiography. The overall sample consisted of 82 cases. The radiographs were analyzed and the cause(s) of the treatment failure was classified. Results: The results showed that 73 cases (89.02%) presented two or more probable causes of endodontic treatment failure. The most common classifications presented in this study were: under-obturation (69.5%), presence of periapical lesion (63.4%), and inadequate root canal shaping (52.2%). Conclusion: Based on the information found, it was possible to observe a series of factors that can, separately or in a group, contribute to the failure of endodontic therapy. Insufficient disinfection and inadequate obturation seem to be the most common responsible causes of failure, followed by operative accidents and the lack of adequate coronal sealing.(AU)


Subject(s)
Dentistry , Endodontics , Retreatment , Tooth Apex , Treatment Failure , Review
10.
Belo Horizonte; s.n; 2016. 57 p. ilus.
Thesis in English, Portuguese | BBO - Dentistry | ID: biblio-916448

ABSTRACT

A tecnologia "Controlled Memory (CM)", que envolve o emprego de tratamentos térmicos em instrumentos já usinados, é uma das novas estratégias propostas pelos fabricantes de instrumentos endodônticos de NiTi para aumentar sua flexibilidade e resistência à fadiga. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade de recuperação de forma e a manutenção das propriedades mecânicas dos instrumentos Hyflex CM (HF; Coltene/Whaledent, USA) e Typhoon CM (TYP; Clinician's Choice Dental Products, USA), de diâmetro e conicidade 30/.06, após serem submetidos a ciclos de flexão até 45º (especificação ISO 3630-1) e esterilização em autoclave. Dez instrumentos de cada sistema foram submetidos a dobramento a 45º, esterilizados em autoclave a 134° por 20 minutos e fotografados com uma câmera de alta resolução em lupa estereoscópica, para mensuração da deformação residual. Foram realizados cinco ciclos de flexão, alternados com ciclos de esterilização. As imagens foram analisadas no software Image J 1.48V. O número médio de ciclos até a fratura por fadiga (Nf) de instrumentos novos e de instrumentos submetidos à flexão e esterilização foi obtido em um dispositivo de bancada que simula um canal curvo. Ambos os instrumentos apresentaram valores semelhantes de momento de dobramento a 45º (Mb45) (p=0,239) e verificou-se uma redução nestes valores após os ciclos de flexão e esterilização, porém com resultado estatístico apenas para HF (p=0,005). Quando submetidos à esterilização, os instrumentos HF recuperaram totalmente sua forma inicial reta, ao contrário dos instrumentos TYP (p=0,000), que apresentaram deformação residual média em torno de 2,7º. Instrumentos TYP submetidos a cinco ciclos de flexão e esterilização apresentaram queda na sua resistência à fadiga (p=0,006), o que não ocorreu com HF (p=0,825). Os instrumentos avaliados no presente trabalho, embora produzidos empregando tratamentos térmicos referenciados como tecnologia CM, apresentaram capacidade de recuperação de forma e resistência à fadiga distintas


The use of Controlled Memory technology involving the heat treatment of machined NiTi instruments is among the new strategies manufacturers have developed to improve files' fatigue resistance and flexibility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the shape recovery capacity and maintenance of mechanical properties of Hyflex CM (HF; Coltene/Whaledent, USA) and Typhoon CM (TYP; Clinician's Choice Dental Products, USA) after being submitted to bending at 45°, sterilization and fatigue stresses. Ten instruments from each brand were submitted to the 45° bending test, according specification ISO 3630-1, autoclaved at 134°C for 20 minutes and photographed with a high resolution camera and with magnification to check whether all files have returned to their original shape. The images were analyzed in the software Image J 1.48V. In order to reproduce the clinical practice, five bending cycles were alternated with sterilization cycles. The average number of cycles until failure (Nf) were obtained for new instruments and instruments submitted to bend and sterilization in a bench device that simulates a curved canal. Both brands presented similar values of bending moments at 45º (Mb45) (p=0,239). A decrease in this values were verified after the five cycles of bending and sterilization, however only statistically relevant for HF instruments (p= 0,005). When submitted to sterilization, all HF instruments recovered their original shape. On the other hand, a significant number of TYP instruments were shown to be plastically deformed (p= 0,000) with an average residual deformation of 2,7°. TYP instruments submitted to five cycles of bending and sterilization presented a statistically significant decrease in their Nf (p=0,006), which did not occur to HF instruments (p=0,825). The two types of instruments tested in this study, although referenced as CM instruments, responded differently to thermal treatments applied during the manufacturing process and presents distinct shape recovery capacity and fatigue resistance


Subject(s)
Dental Alloys/therapeutic use , Dental Instruments/statistics & numerical data , Endodontics/instrumentation , Root Canal Therapy/instrumentation , Pliability
11.
Psicol. reflex. crit ; 27(3): 522-530, 2014. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, Index Psychology - journals | ID: lil-722234

ABSTRACT

A aprendizagem das relações verbais de tato podem apresentar características de emergência e manutenção diferentes das relações textuais. Essas diferenças despertam particular interesse quando os estímulos que controlam tais operantes verbais pertencem à mesma classe de equivalência e a topografia da resposta é semelhante. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o papel da função reforçadora de cada uma dessas relações na emergência de novas relações. Inicialmente, seis universitários participaram do estudo. Primeiro, foram ensinadas, através de tarefas de matching-to-sample, relações de ouvinte entre palavras ditadas e figuras, e entre palavras ditadas e palavras impressas. Após ensino, foram testadas as relações de equivalência, e a emergência de relações de tato e textual - consideradas relações de falante. Em seguida, os participantes foram submetidos a esquemas concorrentes com encadeamento para verificar a preferência por tarefas. Os resultados indicaram indiferença na preferência por tarefas, o que é consistente com o estabelecimento das relações de equivalência e com o fato dos participantes demonstrarem desempenho similar nos testes de tato e leitura. A ausência de preferência pode ter sido observada em função da indiferença da função reforçadora desses operantes, mas também pelo fato dos participantes terem um vasto e sofisticado repertório verbal. (AU)


Learning tact verbal relations may present characteristics of emergence and maintenance different from learning textual relations. These differences arouse particular interest when the stimuli that control such verbal operant belong to the same equivalent class and the response topography is similar. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of reinforcing function of each of these relationships in the emergence of new relations. Initially, six students participated in the study. First, we taught, through matching-to-sample tasks, listener relations between dictated words and pictures, and between dictated words and printed words. After training, we tested equivalence relations, and the emergence of tact and textual relations which are considered speaker relations. Then, the participants were submitted to concurrent schedules of reinforcement to evaluate preference for tasks. The results showed indifference in preference for tasks, which is consistent with the establishment of equivalence relations and with the fact that participants show similar performance on tact and textual tests. The absence of preference can be observed because of the indifference in those operant reinforcing functions, but also, because of the vast and sophisticated verbal repertoire of the participants. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Reinforcement, Verbal , Students , Choice Behavior , Universities
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