ABSTRACT
The sustainable development of agriculture can be stimulated by the great market availability of bio-inputs, including phosphate-solubilizing microbial strains. However, these strains are currently selected using imprecise and questionable solubilization methodologies in solid or liquid media. We hypothesized that the hydroponic system could be a more efficient methodology for selecting phosphate-solubilizing strains as plant growth promoters. This methodology was tested using the plant Glycine max as a model. The growth-promoting potential of the strains was compared with that of the Biomaphos® commercial microbial mixture. The obtained calcium phosphate (CaHPO4) solubilization results using the hydroponic system were inconsistent with those observed in solid and liquid media. However, the tests in liquid medium demonstrated poor performances of Codinaeopsis sp. (328EF) and Hamigera insecticola (33EF) in reducing pH and solubilizing CaHPO4, which corroborates with the effects of biotic stress observed in G. max plants inoculated with these strains. Nevertheless, the hydroponic system allowed the characterization of Paenibacillus alvei (PA12), which is also efficient in solubilization in a liquid medium. The bacterium Lysinibacillus fusiformis (PA26) was the most effective in CaHPO4 solubilization owing to the higher phosphorus (P) absorption, growth promotion, and physiological performance observed in plants inoculated with this bacterium. The hydroponic method proved to be superior in selecting solubilizing strains, allowing the assessment of multiple patterns, such as nutritional level, growth, photosynthetic performance, and anatomical variation in plants, and even the detection of biotic stress responses to inoculation, obtaining strains with higher growth promotion potential than Biomaphos®. This study proposed a new approach to confirm the solubilizing activity of microorganisms previously selected in vitro and potentially intended for the bio-input market that are useful in P availability for important crops, such as soybeans.
ABSTRACT
The production of high-quality seedlings and their use in commercial planting reduce pressure on natural areas. Eugenia dysenterica DC is a native fruit tree from the Brazilian Cerrado, whose nutritional requirements are still unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) supplementation on the physiology, growth and nutrient uptake, and use efficiencies of E. dysenterica seedlings grown in glasshouse conditions. The following rates were used in separate experiments: 0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg dm-3 N and 0, 100, 200, 400, and 600 mg dm-3 P. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block with four replications. The lowest N rate (50 mg dm-3) increased the stomatal conductance (gS) and, consequently, resulted in the highest transpiration (E), electron transport (ETR), and photosynthetic (A) rates. Also, rates of 50 mg dm-3 and 100 mg dm-3 N increased the Root Uptake Efficiency (RUE) and plant Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE) for macronutrients and the RUE for micronutrients, stimulating plant growth. Phosphorous fertilization resulted in the maximum values for photosynthesis, electron transport rate, total dry mass, and NUE at the 200 mg dm-3 rate. The results of this study suggest that fertilization with 50 mg dm-3 N and 200 mg dm-3 P is suitable for the development of E. dysenterica seedlings.
ABSTRACT
Knowing the importance of preventive use of insecticides for seed treatment, this study aimed to identify potential insect pests of storage for seeds of radish by means of traps set on the field for six months and to evaluate the effect of natural and synthetic substances insecticides on the emergence of radish seedlings stored for 120 days. The bioassay, field-level, was conducted over a period of six months in the following environments: savannah, area of cultivation of crops, pasture and forest at the Federal Institute Goiano. For each of these environments were placed five traps made of PET bottles, containing respectively in maize, millet, soybean, crambe and wild radish. The traps were inspected every seven days to verify the the occurrence of insects plague. The substances were: 1) saffron, 2) limestone, 3) Gray, 4) neem, 5) diatomaceous earth, 6) chlorpyrifos, 7) deltamethrin and 8) control treatment. The experimental design was randomized blocks in factorial scheme 8 x 2 (8 substances and two storage periods, is not stored seeds and seeds stored for 120 days) with four replications. Were evaluated the percentage of emergence, hold rate of emergence, time to reach 50% emergence and the record of the dry mass of seedlings. The natural and synthetic substances do not interfere with seedling emergence in seeds of wild radish, even after storage for 120 days in a room. In t
Sabendo da importância do uso preventivo de inseticidas no tratamento de sementes, esta pesquisa teve por objetivos identificar possíveis insetos praga de armazenamento para sementes de nabo forrageiro por meio de armadilhas montadas em campo durante seis meses e avaliar o efeito de substâncias inseticidas, naturais e sintéticas na emergência de plântulas em sementes de nabo forrageiro armazenadas por 120 dias. O bioensaio, em nível de campo, foi conduzido por um período de seis meses nos seguintes ambientes: cerrado, área de cultivo de grandes culturas, pastagem e mata do Instituto Federal Goiano. Para cada um desses ambientes foram colocadas cinco armadilhas confeccionadas em garrafas PET, contendo respectivamente sementes de milho, milheto, soja, crambe e nabo forrageiro. As armadilhas foram inspecionadas a cada sete dias para a verificação da ocorrência de insetos praga. As substâncias consistiram de: 1) açafrão, 2) calcário, 3) cinza, 4) nim, 5) terra de diatomáceas, 6) clorpirifós, 7) deltametrina e 8) tratamento controle. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, no esquema fatorial 8 x 2, sendo oito substâncias e armazenamento por zero e 120 dias, com 4 repetições. Avaliaram-se porcentagem de emergência, índice de velocidade de emergência, tempo para atingir 50% da emergência e massa seca das plântulas emergidas. As substâncias naturais e sintéticas não interf
ABSTRACT
Knowing the importance of preventive use of insecticides for seed treatment, this study aimed to identify potential insect pests of storage for seeds of radish by means of traps set on the field for six months and to evaluate the effect of natural and synthetic substances insecticides on the emergence of radish seedlings stored for 120 days. The bioassay, field-level, was conducted over a period of six months in the following environments: savannah, area of cultivation of crops, pasture and forest at the Federal Institute Goiano. For each of these environments were placed five traps made of PET bottles, containing respectively in maize, millet, soybean, crambe and wild radish. The traps were inspected every seven days to verify the the occurrence of insects plague. The substances were: 1) saffron, 2) limestone, 3) Gray, 4) neem, 5) diatomaceous earth, 6) chlorpyrifos, 7) deltamethrin and 8) control treatment. The experimental design was randomized blocks in factorial scheme 8 x 2 (8 substances and two storage periods, is not stored seeds and seeds stored for 120 days) with four replications. Were evaluated the percentage of emergence, hold rate of emergence, time to reach 50% emergence and the record of the dry mass of seedlings. The natural and synthetic substances do not interfere with seedling emergence in seeds of wild radish, even after storage for 120 days in a room. In t
Sabendo da importância do uso preventivo de inseticidas no tratamento de sementes, esta pesquisa teve por objetivos identificar possíveis insetos praga de armazenamento para sementes de nabo forrageiro por meio de armadilhas montadas em campo durante seis meses e avaliar o efeito de substâncias inseticidas, naturais e sintéticas na emergência de plântulas em sementes de nabo forrageiro armazenadas por 120 dias. O bioensaio, em nível de campo, foi conduzido por um período de seis meses nos seguintes ambientes: cerrado, área de cultivo de grandes culturas, pastagem e mata do Instituto Federal Goiano. Para cada um desses ambientes foram colocadas cinco armadilhas confeccionadas em garrafas PET, contendo respectivamente sementes de milho, milheto, soja, crambe e nabo forrageiro. As armadilhas foram inspecionadas a cada sete dias para a verificação da ocorrência de insetos praga. As substâncias consistiram de: 1) açafrão, 2) calcário, 3) cinza, 4) nim, 5) terra de diatomáceas, 6) clorpirifós, 7) deltametrina e 8) tratamento controle. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, no esquema fatorial 8 x 2, sendo oito substâncias e armazenamento por zero e 120 dias, com 4 repetições. Avaliaram-se porcentagem de emergência, índice de velocidade de emergência, tempo para atingir 50% da emergência e massa seca das plântulas emergidas. As substâncias naturais e sintéticas não interf
ABSTRACT
O grande desenvolvimento agrícola na região do Cerrado foi acompanhado pela redução da vegetação atual e essa rica formação vegetal vem sofrendo uma rápida depredação, principalmente devido à exploração extrativista por parte do homem. O murici (Byrsonima verbascifolia Rich) destaca-se por ser uma planta de grande importância medicinal e frutífera do cerrado, entretanto, sua propagação é dificultada pelo fato de suas sementes terem baixa taxa de germinação e a emergência das plântulas em campo serem lentas. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito de diferentes métodos de superação de dormência em sementes de murici. Para tanto, foram avaliados o efeito de diferentes temperaturas; imersão em ácido giberélico; imersão em água e escarificação química e mecânica do endocarpo e dois tipos de substrato umedecidos (água destilada e KNO3), dispostos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso. Foram realizadas contagens diárias para determinar a porcentagem de germinação e índice de velocidade de germinação. Entre os diversos métodos avaliados, o ácido giberélico a 2.309,46?M proporcionou maior porcentagem de germinação das sementes, sobretudo quando o papel de germinação foi umedecido com KNO3.
The great agricultural development in the Brazilian savannah brought with it the reduction of its natural vegetation, which has been quickly lost, especially due to extractive exploitation by man. Murici (Byrsonima verbascifolia Rich) is a fruit bearing plant of great medicinal importance in the savannah; however, its propagation is hindered by the fact that the seeds have low germination and seedling emergence in the field is slow. This study evaluated the effect of different dormancy breakage methods in murici seeds. Therefore, were evaluated effect of different temperatures; soaking in gibberellic acid and water; chemical and mechanical scarification and two types of substrate (distilled water and KNO3). Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design. Records made daily on the number of germinated seeds were used to determine the germination percentage and germination speed index. Among the methods evaluated, giberellic acid at 2,309.46 ?M gave the greatest seed germination percentage, especially when the germination paper was moistened with KNO3.
ABSTRACT
In the present work, the level of irradiation of 20, 60 and 100% of natural light on the growth, content and composition of the essnetial oil of hortelã do campo (Hyptis marrubioides) was evaluated. The experiment was conducted in the completely randomized design with twenty-five replicates per treatment. After 132 days of cultivation, plant growth and the content and compositoin of the essntial oil were investigated. At 100% of irradiation, the plants presented less height as compared with the shaded treatments. The ratio branch/leaf was higher at the level of irradiation of 20%. It was found that in the full sunshine, the plants showed lower height as compared with the shaded treatments. The leaf/ branch ratio was higher at the lowest level of irradition of 20%. The number of branches and the plant mass accumulation were greatest at the level of irradition of 100%. The content of essential oil was not influenced by the levels of irradiation, but the yield was greater when grown at the level of 100% of irradiation. The chemical composition of the essential oil of Hyptis marrubioides did not present any alterations with the different levels of irradiation, except for iso-3-tujanol and ?-cadineno, which presented highest concentrations in plants grown, respectively at 100 and 60% of irradiation. The major component of teh essential oil of H. marrubioides, independent of the le
No presente trabalho avaliou-se o nível de irradiância de 20, 60 e 100% de luz natural no crescimento, teor e a composição do óleo essencial de hortelã-do-campo (Hyptis marrubioides). O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com vinte e cinco repetições por tratamento. Após 132 dias de cultivo analisou-se o crescimento da planta, o teor e a composição do óleo essencial. Em 100% de irradiância as plantas apresentaram menor altura, quando comparado aos tratamentos sombreados. A relação ramo/folha foi maior no nível de irradiância de 20%. O número de ramos e o acúmulo de fitomassa foram maiores no nível de irradiância de 100%. O teor de óleo essencial não foi influenciado pelos níveis de irradiância, mas o rendimento foi maior quando cultivadas a 100% de irradiância. A composição química do óleo essencial não apresentou alterações com os diferentes níveis de irradiância, exceto para o iso-3-tujanol e ?-cadineno, que apresentaram maiores concentrações em plantas cultivadas respectivamente a 100 e 60% de irradiância. O componente majoritário do óleo essencial de H. marrubioides, independente dos níveis de irradiância foi o monoterpeno oxigenado cistujona (37,78%), seguido pelos hidrocarbonetos sesquiterpênicos (E)-cariofileno (14,93%), ?-copaeno (11,03%) e ?-muuroleno (9,60%).
ABSTRACT
In the present work, the level of irradiation of 20, 60 and 100% of natural light on the growth, content and composition of the essnetial oil of hortelã do campo (Hyptis marrubioides) was evaluated. The experiment was conducted in the completely randomized design with twenty-five replicates per treatment. After 132 days of cultivation, plant growth and the content and compositoin of the essntial oil were investigated. At 100% of irradiation, the plants presented less height as compared with the shaded treatments. The ratio branch/leaf was higher at the level of irradiation of 20%. It was found that in the full sunshine, the plants showed lower height as compared with the shaded treatments. The leaf/ branch ratio was higher at the lowest level of irradition of 20%. The number of branches and the plant mass accumulation were greatest at the level of irradition of 100%. The content of essential oil was not influenced by the levels of irradiation, but the yield was greater when grown at the level of 100% of irradiation. The chemical composition of the essential oil of Hyptis marrubioides did not present any alterations with the different levels of irradiation, except for iso-3-tujanol and ?-cadineno, which presented highest concentrations in plants grown, respectively at 100 and 60% of irradiation. The major component of teh essential oil of H. marrubioides, independent of the le
No presente trabalho avaliou-se o nível de irradiância de 20, 60 e 100% de luz natural no crescimento, teor e a composição do óleo essencial de hortelã-do-campo (Hyptis marrubioides). O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com vinte e cinco repetições por tratamento. Após 132 dias de cultivo analisou-se o crescimento da planta, o teor e a composição do óleo essencial. Em 100% de irradiância as plantas apresentaram menor altura, quando comparado aos tratamentos sombreados. A relação ramo/folha foi maior no nível de irradiância de 20%. O número de ramos e o acúmulo de fitomassa foram maiores no nível de irradiância de 100%. O teor de óleo essencial não foi influenciado pelos níveis de irradiância, mas o rendimento foi maior quando cultivadas a 100% de irradiância. A composição química do óleo essencial não apresentou alterações com os diferentes níveis de irradiância, exceto para o iso-3-tujanol e ?-cadineno, que apresentaram maiores concentrações em plantas cultivadas respectivamente a 100 e 60% de irradiância. O componente majoritário do óleo essencial de H. marrubioides, independente dos níveis de irradiância foi o monoterpeno oxigenado cistujona (37,78%), seguido pelos hidrocarbonetos sesquiterpênicos (E)-cariofileno (14,93%), ?-copaeno (11,03%) e ?-muuroleno (9,60%).