ABSTRACT
AIM: To analyze the secular changes in body size and composition of two cohorts of children from La Plata City, Argentina, with a 35-year follow-up. subjects and methods: Cohort 1 (C1) was measured in 1969-1970 and included 1772 children (889 boys, 883 girls), and Cohort 2 (C2), measured in 2004-2005, included 1059 children (542 boys, 517 girls). Both cohorts were obtained from matching geographical areas and comprised children from 4 to 12 years. Body weight (W); Height (H); Upper arm circumference (UAC); Tricipital (TS) and Subscapular skinfolds (SS) were measured, and Body Mass Index (BMI) and muscle (UMA) and fat (AFA) brachial areas were calculated. Prevalence of overweight and obesity was estimated by IOTF. To compare C1-C2 we used a generalized linear model with log-transformed variables, and chi square test. RESULTS: There were significant and positive differences between C2-C1 in W, UAC, SS, TS, and AFA. In contrast, H was not significantly different and UMA was significantly different but with negative values. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 14.5% and 3.8% in C1, and 17.0% and 6.8% in C2. Differences between cohorts were significant for obesity. CONCLUSION: The shifts observed for soft tissues--positive trend for fat and negative for muscle area--occurring without changes in height lead us to suppose that in these three decades, La Plata's population has experienced deterioration in living conditions and important changes in their lifestyle, such as an increased consumption of energy-dense foods and sedentary habits.
Subject(s)
Body Composition/physiology , Body Size/physiology , Anthropology, Physical , Argentina , Child , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Follow-Up Studies , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
The goal of this study was to analyse the effect of growth hormone (GH) on catch-up growth of functional facial (splanchnocranial) and neurocranial components in rats with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: control (C), sham-operated (SH), IUGR, and IUGR + GH. IUGR was surgically induced and GH was administered between 21 and 60 days of age. Radiographs were obtained at 1, 21, 42, 63, and 84 days of age in order to measure length, width, and height of neurocranium (NL, NW, and NH) and face length, width, and height (FL, FW, and FH). Analysis of variance was performed at 1 day of age and a principal components analysis (PCA) at 84 days of age. Neurocranial and facial volumetric indexes were calculated as NVI = (3)âNL × NW × NH and FVI = (3)âFL × FW × FH, respectively, and adjusted by non-linear regression analysis. On postnatal day 1, there were significant differences between SH and IUGR (P < 0.01). Also, in both genders, final neurocranial volume was similar between SH and IUGR + GH groups, while the IUGR group had the lower value (P < 0.01). Final facial volume was similar among the three groups. In both genders, facial growth rates were SH = IUGR > IUGR + GH (P < 0.01). The first axis of the PCA exhibited size effect and the second axis showed shape effect. Reductions of placental blood flow modify cranial growth. The functional neurocranial and facial components in rats with IUGR presented different recovery strategies through modular behaviour, mainly related to modifications of growth rate as response to GH administration.
Subject(s)
Fetal Growth Retardation/drug therapy , Growth Hormone/therapeutic use , Skull/embryology , Analysis of Variance , Animals , Animals, Newborn/growth & development , Cephalometry , Face/embryology , Female , Fetal Growth Retardation/blood , Fetal Growth Retardation/diagnostic imaging , Maxillofacial Development , Pregnancy , Radiography , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Sex Factors , Skull/diagnostic imaging , Skull/growth & developmentABSTRACT
This paper addresses the effect of a reduction of uterine blood flow (RUB) on postcranial bone growth in rats. The objectives were: (1) to discover and characterize the changes evoked by growth retardation through a reduction in placental blood flow, (2) to see if the resulting growth retardation is different in each bone, and (3) to analyze any sex-specific features. RUB was induced by the partial bending of uterine vessels at day 1 of pregnancy. Control and sham-operated animals were also included. The animals were X-rayed at birth. The lengths and widths of the humerus, radius, and femur and pelvic length, interischial, interpubic, and pubic widths were measured. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and LSD post hoc tests. The intersubject analysis showed significant differences between groups and non-significant differences between sexes. In males, sham-operated and RUB showed significant differences in pelvic lengths and widths, and humeral, radial, femoral, and tibial widths. In females, there were significant differences only for humeral widths, radial lengths and widths, and femoral and tibial widths. We conclude that reduced blood flow delays appendicular bone growth as observed at birth. Pelvic length was more affected than that of the limbs. The widths of the pelvic and limbs bones, in turn, were more altered than the lengths, and the growth of the males more than that of the females. Partial bending of uterine vessels compromised postcranial growth, though under such disadvantageous circumstances the females proved to be more capable of growing and thus more resilient than the males.
Subject(s)
Bone Development , Fetal Growth Retardation/physiopathology , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Female , Male , Placental Circulation , Pregnancy , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Sex CharacteristicsABSTRACT
OBJETIVOS: identificar si se modifica el dismorfismo sexual del crecimiento frente a retardo de crecimiento intrauterino. MÉTODOS: se compararon 4931 recién nacidos con (n=497) y sin (n=4434) retardo de crecimiento intrauterino. Todos fueron de término (para Argentina >37 semanas). La población se dividió en dos grupos de acuerdo a la condición de crecimiento fetal y el sexo. Los indicadores antropométricos del crecimiento prenatal incluyeron el peso corporal, la longitud y el perímetro cefálico. RESULTADOS: no hubo diferencias estadísticas significativas entre sexos en el peso al nacer y la longitud corporal en neonatos con retardo de crecimiento intrauterino. De forma contraria, los neonatos con crecimiento fetal normal evidenciaron diferencias significativas en ambos indicadores entre sexos siendo más grandes los varones. CONCLUSIONES: la inhibición del dismorfismo sexual está ya presente en etapas prenatales cuando ocurre una situación que afecte el crecimiento como es el caso del retardo de crecimiento intrauterino. Se considera la perspectiva evolutiva de dicho fenómeno inhibitorio.
OBJECTIVES: determine full-term newborns sexual dimorphism inhibition in fetal growth under the condition of uterine growth retardation. METHODS: 4931 full-term newborns with (497) and without (4434) intrauterine growth retardation were studied. All were > 37 weeks of gestation. The population was divided into two groups according to intrauterine growth conditions and sex. Anthropometric indicators of prenatal growth included body weight, length and cephalic perimeter. RESULTS: there were no statistically significant sex differences for birth weight and length for newborns submitted to intrauterine growth retardation. On the other hand, newborns with normal intrauterine growth showed a statistically significant difference between sex, males were heavier and longer than females. CONCLUSIONS: inhibition of sexual dimorphism is present in fetuses under stress as in the intrauterine growth retardation condition. Development perspective for this inhibitory phenomenon is discussed.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Anthropometry , Birth Weight , Fetal Growth Retardation , Gestational Age , Sex Characteristics , ArgentinaABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Avaliar a tendência secular de altura, peso e da relação peso/altura em escolares de Paulínia, São Paulo, Brasil, entre 1979/80 e 1993/94. MÉTODOS: Medidas antropométricas de peso (P) e altura (A) e da relação P/A de 1.903 crianças de 6,5 a 12,5 anos (51,5 por cento M e 48,5 por cento F) de escolas públicas de Paulínia foram comparadas com dados de estudo anterior realizado na mesma cidade, com intervalo de 15 anos. Calculou-se o incremento por década e alisou-se os dados pela técnica de médias e medianas móveis (3H3H3). RESULTADOS: As médias de altura e peso foram sempre superiores às do estudo anterior, com incrementos positivos. Os incrementos para a altura variaram de 1,13 a 5 cm no sexo masculino e 1,2 a 4,33 cm nas meninas, já para o peso a variação foi de 0,53 a 4,13 kg nos meninos e 0,87 a 3,0 kg nas meninas. Para a relação P/A, as médias dos dois estudos foram muito semelhantes em ambos os sexos. CONCLUSÕES: A tendência secular positiva da estatura e do peso neste período deve-se principalmente ao desenvolvimento econômico, de saneamento básico, de habitação, de educação e na área de saúde ocorrido na cidade de Paulínia. A tendência secular positiva encontrada foi semelhante à observada em países desenvolvidos após a II Guerra Mundial e de outros trabalhos brasileiros.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Body Height/physiology , Body Weight/physiology , Child Development/physiology , Age Distribution , Age Factors , Anthropometry , Brazil , Evaluation Study , Retrospective Studies , Sex DistributionABSTRACT
El dimorfismo sexual (DS) comprende, en sentido amplio, diferencias morfológicas y funcionales entre sexos. Refleja la relación entre el pool genético y las capacidades del ser humano para reaccionar ante diferentes condiciones ambientales. Ciertos aspectos del DS se inhiben ante factores ambientales adversos. Objetivo:Identificar si se modifica el DS del peso corporal frente a retardo de crecimiento intrauterino (RCIU). Pacientes y método: Se compararon 2 552 recién nacidos con (N = 250) y sin (N = 2 302) RCIU. Todos fueron de término (para Argentina > 37 semanas). La población se dividió en dos grupos de acuerdo a la condición de crecimiento fetal y la presencia de varios factores maternos adversos (preconcepcionales, concepcionales y ambientales). Resultados:No hubo diferencias estadísticas significativas entre sexos en el peso al nacer de neonatos con RCIU, siendo las niñas más pesadas que los varones. De forma contraria, los neonatos con crecimiento fetal normal evidenciaron diferencias significativas en el peso entre sexos siendo los varones más pesados que las niñas. Se concluye que la inhibición del DS está ya presente en etapas prenatales cuando ocurre una situación que afecte el crecimiento.
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Body Weight , Sex Characteristics , Fetal Growth Retardation/complications , Argentina , Birth Weight , Cross-Sectional Studies , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the secular trends in height, weight and weight/height of schoolchildren from the city of Paulínia, São Paulo, Brazil between 1979/80 and 1993/94. METHODS: Anthropometric measurements (height, weight and weight/height) of 1,903 children (6.5-12.5 y); 51.5% M: 48.5% F, from Paulínia public schools were compared with data from a previous study carried out in the same city 15 years earlier. Decade increments were calculated and data was smoothed by the technique of means and medians (3H3H3). RESULTS: Height and weight mean values were always greater than those of the previous study, with positive increments. Height increments ranged from 1.13 to 5.0 cm in boys and from 1.2 to 4.33 cm in girls. Weight increments ranged from 0.53 to 4.13 kg in males and from 0.87 to 3.0 kg in females. In the two studies, weight/height means were very similar for both genders. CONCLUSIONS: Increments in height and weight during this period are an indicator of development on the economical and health levels. A positive secular trend was also observed in developed countries after the 2nd World War and in the Brazilian people.
Subject(s)
Body Height/physiology , Body Weight/physiology , Child Development/physiology , Age Distribution , Age Factors , Anthropometry , Brazil , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Retrospective Studies , Sex DistributionABSTRACT
UNLABELLED: Body mass index (BMI) has been considered a criterion to define and analyse obesity in adults and children. BACKGROUND: the purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between BMI and triceps skinfold (TSF). METHODS: there were studied 4,236 children (3.1-10.9y); 48.3%M:51.6%F, from four studies made in Paul nia, SP-Brazil. Height, weight and TSF (Holtain caliper) were measured. For each children BMI was calculated and transformed in SDS, according to North American data (Frisancho, 1993). Multiple linear regression analysis (stepwise) was used for the whole population and in three groups according to BMI: A) SDS < or = -1.0; B) -1.0 < SDS< 1.0) SDS(3) 1.0. Data were processed with SPSS software. RESULTS: in group A, the TSF (7.8 +/- 2.3) variability was lower when compared with the groups B (10.1 +/- 4.0) and C (17.8 +/- 6.2). In multiple linear regression with the whole population, R = 0.478 for TSF. In groups B and C, R = 0.364 and 0.368 respectively for TSF, and in group A it was only 0.032. CONCLUSIONS: these observations demonstrated a height correlation between BMI and TSF in children with obesity risk (group C). Therefore, we conclude that, in Brazil BMI can be used for children's research of obesity in population studies, instead of TSF.
Subject(s)
Body Mass Index , Obesity/diagnosis , Skinfold Thickness , Brazil , Child , Child, Preschool , Cohort Studies , Female , Humans , Linear Models , Male , Obesity/complications , Predictive Value of TestsABSTRACT
O índice de massa corporal (IMC) tem sido indicado como método de escolha para o diagnóstico da obesidade em adultos e crianças. OBJETIVO: Estudar a correlaçäo existente entre o IMC e a prega cutânea tricipital (PCT). MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas 4.236 crianças de 3,1 a 10,9 anos, 48,3 por cento do sexo masculino e 51,6 por cento feminino, de quatro estudos realizados em Paulínia, SP, Brasil. Mediu-se o peso e a estatura, com os quais calculou-se o IMC. A PCT foi medida com paquímetro Holtain. Os dados foram transformados em escores Z e comparados à curva norte-americana (Frisancho, 1993). A populaçäo foi dividida em grupos de acordo com os escores Z do IMC: grupo A) escore Z < - 1; B) -1 < escore Z < 1; C) escore Z > 1. Realizou-se uma análise de regressäo linear múltipla (método stepwise). Os dados foram processados no SPSS. RESULTADOS: O grupo A apresentou menor variabilidade na PCT (média 7,8; DP = 2,3) quando comparado aos demais (B: média 10,1; DP=4 e C: média 17,8; DP=4,4). Na análise da regressäo linear, considerando todos os casos, a PCT apresentou R²=0,478. Nos grupos B e C a PCT teve R²=0,364 e 0,368, respectivamente enquanto no grupo A foi apenas 0,032. CONCLUSÄO: A correlaçäo entre o IMC e a PCT é elevada no grupo de crianças com risco de obesidade (grupo C), o que justifica a substituiçäo do uso da PCT pelo IMC em estudos populacionais de obesidade em escolares brasileiros
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Skinfold Thickness , Body Mass Index , Obesity , Brazil , Linear Models , Predictive Value of Tests , Cohort Studies , ObesityABSTRACT
Body mass index (BMI) has been employed as an epidemiologic predictor of fetal growth. But most of the studies are focused on BMI values for non pregnancy women, while BMI varies according to gestational age. On the other hand, adolescence has been considered as a risk factor for intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR: birthweight for gestational age < 10th. centile). The aims of this study were: 1) to identify the distribution for weight, height and BMI in adolescent and adult pregnancies, 2) to measure the association between maternal BMI and fetal growth and 3) to evaluate the relative risk to have an intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) according to maternal BMI. 2409 pregnancies and their newborns were studied. Maternal height and weight were measured and BMI by gestational age was calculated by trimesters of gestation. Birthweight, recumbent length, cephalic perimeter, BMI and weight by gestational age were determined in the newborns. Z score by gestational age were calculated in each pregnant woman taken into account the cut of point of BMI of -1 standard deviation. There were highly statistically significants differences in both body size and body composition between adolescent and adult mothers and in their newborns. The newborns from mothers with BMI under -1 standard deviation were smaller and the relative risk to have an IUGR was double for newborns whose mothers had BMI under -1 standard deviation. CONCLUSIONS: 1--Both body size and composition values differs between newborns from mothers under or above the cut off point of -1SD of BMI and 2--The risk to have an IUGR was double in pregnancies under -1 SD of BMI, independently to the age of the mother.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Pregnancy , Anthropometry , Embryonic and Fetal Development , Fetal Growth Retardation , Argentina , Birth Weight , Body Composition , Body Height , Body Mass Index , Fetal Growth Retardation , Maternal Age , Pregnancy in Adolescence , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Con el objeto de obtener datos de la composición corporal de escolares de la comunidad rural de General Lavalle, Buenos Aires, Argentina, se efectuó un estudio transversal de indicadores branquiales y se consideró además el efecto de la ocupación y educación de los padres sobre los indicadores antropométricos. Se midieron el perímetro branquial (PB) y el pliegue cutáneo tricipital (PT) calculándose el área muscular branquial (AM). Los datos se convirtieron a score z. Los niveles educativo y ocupacional de los padres se combinaron en 7 grupos sociales. Se efectuó un ANOVA factorial y test de Tukey. Los resultados mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el PB y el PT (p<0.001) según el grupo social. Los niños evidenciaron dos patrones de composición branquial de acuerdo al grupo social. Los resultados indicarían: efecto del grupo social sobre la composición con respecto a poblaciones urbanas de similares características genéticas y étnicas
Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Male , Female , Anthropometry , Educational Status , Fats , Human Body , Muscles , Nutritional SciencesABSTRACT
A cross-sectional morphometric study on 569 school children from the city of San Clemente del Tuyú (Buenos Aires, Argentina) has been performed. The sample was subdivided into 28 subgroups according to the age range (7-13 years old), sex, and occupational status -low or high- of the fathers. Body weight, height, sitting height, and head and arm circumferences were measured. Statistics of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test for unequal sample sizes were performed at each stage of age. Both males and females belonging to the lower social status showed a general decrement in growth: shortening in leg length was evident. Since the girls from both occupational status showed -in general terms-hypothesis of "better canalization of the females" has been corroborated by the present work.
