Development of Ureteral Stenosis/Obstruction in Kidney Transplant.

This retrospective study describes the incidence and prevalence of ureteral stenosis/obstruction (US/O) in a cohort of 334 renal transplants recipients in our center over the last 5 years and evaluates the risk factors that may influence the occurrence of US/O. The parameters studied included the following: history of prostate disease, smoking, urinary tract infection, renal lithiasis, ureterovesical reflux, presence and level of polar artery, type of ureterovesical anastomosis, delayed graft function, double J catheter, lymphocele, urinoma, acute rejection, prolonged catheterization, post-transplant infravesical obstruction and BK virus infection, age of the donor and recipient, and months on dialysis. Also evaluated were the nadir creatinine and instances of cold ischemia, asystole, reanastomosis, and double J catheter removal. The average incidence of US/O was 7.6% and was significantly correlated with factors of alteration of the uretero-bladder dynamics without finding a relation to vascular factors.

Cytomegalovirus Infection Monitoring Based on Interferon Gamma Release Assay in Kidney Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common viral infection after kidney transplantation and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Recent studies showed that CMV-specific CD8+ T cells play the crucial role in protection against CMV. The Quantiferon-CMV (QF-CMV) is an interferon gamma (IFN-γ) release assay (IGRA test) that measures the IFN-γ response to a range of T-cell epitopes of CMV. In the present study, we analyzed the clinical utility of QF-CMV assay to predict CMV infection in kidney transplant recipients and evaluated if reactive result in QF-CMV test could be predictor of the duration of treatment. METHODS: We studied 75 renal transplant recipients who had IGRA testing just before transplantation. The donor and recipient variables were reported from the clinical history. The variables related to transplantation were collected from transplantation process data and included CMV infection or disease, CMV treatment, and immunosuppressive treatment. Laboratory variables were C3-C4 complement fractions and DNA quantification of CMV. RESULTS: Fifty percent of patients had CMV infection, and 35.9% had CMV disease. The time of negativization of CMV DNA was 56.61 ± 23.5 days. Univariate analysis related to CMV infection only showed a statistically significant relation with thymoglobulin treatment (P = .001). Statistically significant variables in relation with CMV infection incidence were donor serology (P = .044) and thymoglobulin treatment (P = .004). The probability of CMV infection was lower with positive IGRA assay (P = .025). CONCLUSION: We found that IFN-γ response measured by QF-MV is a protective factor against CMV infection in post-transplantation kidney recipients.

Entomological and parasitological parameters of malaria transmission in Douguia, Chad.

Malaria remains a threat for many countries, especially in Chad where it is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Few reliable data exist, however, about the entomological and parasitological parameters of malaria transmission. The objective of this study was to investigate the entomological and parasitological parameters of malaria transmission in Douguia, a village located 75 km northeast of Ndjamena (Chad), as part of a training program for participants in Chad's malaria control program. Mosquitoes were collected after morning pyrethroid spraying, with a mouth aspirator. The parasitological data were collected by a rapid diagnosis test or microscopic examination. The study examined 350 subjects aged from 6 months to 80 years. The plasmodic index (PI) of Plasmodium falciparum was 25.4 % (n = 89) and the gametocygenic index (GI) 9.1 % (n = 32); they varied significantly from one age group to another (p = 10- 3). The PI in pregnant women attending antenatal clinics was 18.7 % (n = 12/64). Three Anopheles species were found: Anopheles gambiae s.l, An. arabiensis and An. pharoensis. An. coluzzii accounted for 94.9 % of the An. gambiae s.s. The antigen sporozoite index (SI) was 4.5 %. Our results confirm the endemicity of malaria in Chad (Douguia) and underline the major role of An. gambiae s.l. in its transmission. However, repeated studies using PCR for Plasmodium detection would help to improve our understanding of its epidemiology.

P. falciparum malaria prevalence among blood donors in Bamako, Mali.

AIM: Malaria parasite is usually transmitted to humans by Anopheles mosquitoes but it can also be transmitted through blood transfusion. Usually malaria transmission is low in African urban settings. In West Africa where the P. falciparum is the most predominant malaria species, there are limited measures to reduce the risk of blood transfusion malaria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of P. falciparum malaria carriage among blood donors in the National Blood Center of Bamako, capital city of Mali. METHODS: The study was conducted using a random sample of 946 blood donors in Bamako, Mali, from January to December 2011. Screening for malaria was performed by thick smear and rapid diagnostic test (RDT). Blood group was typed by Beth-Vincent and Simonin techniques. RESULTS: The frequency of malaria infection was 1.4% by thick smear and 0.8% by the RDT. The pick prevalence of P. falciparum malaria was in rainy season, indicating a probable high seasonal risk of malaria by blood transfusion, in Mali. The prevalence of P. falciparum infection was 2% among donors of group O the majority being in this group. CONCLUSION: There is a seasonal prevalence of malaria among blood donors in Bamako. A prevention strategy of transfusion malaria based on the combination of selection of blood donors through the medical interview, promoting a voluntary low-risk blood donation and screening all blood bags intended to be transfused to children under 5, pregnant women and immune-compromised patients during transmission season using thick smear will reduce the risk of transfusion malaria in Mali.

[Maxillary ameloblastoma at the odonto-stomatology University Hospital in Bamako]. / Les ameloblastomes des maxillaires au centre hospitalier universitaire d'odontosmatologie de Bamako.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to determine the sociodemographic, therapeutic, pathological and clinical aspects of patients with maxillary ameloblastoma at the University Hospital of Odonto-Stomatology (CHU OS) of Bamako. MATERIALS AND METHOD: We performed a retrospective and prospective study over three years (January 2007 - December 2010), examining cases of maxillary ameloblastoma, as confirmed by clinical, associated with radiology or anatomic pathology. Data was collected from medical records, then entered and analyzed using Epiinfo. RESULTS: Tumor lesions were found in 55 men and 43 women with a sex ratio of 1.27. Housewives represented the majority of cases with 35.7%. Maxillary radiography was performed on 96% of patients and biopsy in 66.3% of cases. The most common anatomical location was mandibular in 89.80% of cases, with the preferred area being the mandibular symphysis in 34.7% of cases. Conservative surgery was performed in 50% of patients and radical surgery in 26.5% of cases. CONCLUSION: This study has shown a high frequency of maxillary ameloblastoma, and the fundamental benefits of early treatment, in order to minimize recidivism.

INTRODUCTION: L'objectif de cette étude était, d'évaluer les aspects sociodémographiques, cliniques, anatomopathologiques et thérapeutiques, des patients présentant des améloblastomes des maxillaires, au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Odonto Stomatologie (CHU OS) de Bamako. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODE: Nous avons réalisé une étude rétrospective et prospective sur une période de trois ans (de Janvier 2007 à Décembre 2010), sur des cas d'améloblastomes des maxillaires, confirmés par un examen clinique, associé ou à la radiologie, ou à l'anatomopathologie. Les données ont été recueillies à partir des dossiers médicaux, saisies et analysées avec le logiciel Epiinfo. RÉSULTATS: Les lésions tumorales ont concerné 55 hommes et 43 femmes avec un sex-ratio de 1,27. Les femmes au foyer ont été les plus représentées soit 35,7% des cas. La radiographie des maxillaires a été effectuée chez 96% des patients et la biopsie dans 66,3% des cas. La localisation anatomique la plus fréquente a été mandibulaire dans 89,80% des cas, et la zone de prédilection a été la symphyse mandibulaire dans 34,7% des cas. La chirurgie conservatrice a été réalisée chez 50% des patients et la chirurgie radicale dans 26,5% des cas. CONCLUSION: Cette étude montre une fréquence élevée de l'améloblastome des maxillaires, et un intérêt capital pour une prise en charge précoce, dans un souci de minimiser les récidives.

Les améloblastomes des maxillaires au centre hopsitalier universitaire d'odontosmatologie de Bamako

Introduction: L'objectif de cette étude était, d'évaluer les aspects sociodémographiques, cliniques, anatomopathologiques et thérapeutiques, des patients présentant des améloblastomes des maxillaires, au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Odonto Stomatologie (CHU OS) de Bamako. Matériels et Méthode : Nous avons réalisé une étude rétrospective et prospective sur une période de trois ans (de Janvier 2007 à Décembre 2010), sur des cas d'améloblastomes des maxillaires, confirmés par un examen clinique, associé ou à la radiologie, ou à l'anatomopathologie. Les données ont été recueillies à partir des dossiers médicaux, saisies et analysées avec le logiciel Epiinfo. Résultats : Les lésions tumorales ont concerné 55 hommes et 43 femmes avec un sex-ratio de 1,27. Les femmes au foyer ont été les plus représentées soit 35,7% des cas. La radiographie des maxillaires a été effectuée chez 96% des patients et la biopsie dans 66,3% des cas. La localisation anatomique la plus fréquente a été mandibulaire dans 89,80% des cas, et la zone de prédilection a été la symphyse mandibulaire dans 34,7% des cas. La chirurgie conservatrice a été réalisée chez 50% des patients et la chirurgie radicale dans 26,5% des cas. Conclusion : Cette étude montre une fréquence élevée de l'améloblastome des maxillaires, et un intérêt capital pour une prise en charge précoce, dans un souci de minimiser les récidives

Survival of Kidney Allograft of Donors after Circulatory Death Is Similar to Donors after Brain Death: Experience in a Regional Program.

BACKGROUND: Donors after circulatory death (DCD) are an increasingly crucial source of organs to maintain deceased donor kidney transplant activity when faced with a standstill in donors after brain death (DBD). We analyzed the influence on graft survival since the use of DCD organs was implemented in Andalusia (2010-2014). METHODS: We compared 164 kidney transplants from DCD (83 Maastricht type II and 81 type III) and 1488 DBD transplants in recipients over the age of 18, excluding combined transplants. RESULTS: DCD were more frequently men from the A blood group who were younger (48.9 ± 11 vs 55.2 ± 15 years old for DBD, P < .001). Kidneys from DCD were implanted in younger recipients (51.2 ± 11 vs 53.5 ± 13 years old for DBD, P = .03), more frequently in men from blood group A who spent less time in renal replacement therapy (39.8 vs 51.5 months), in a lower proportion of immunized recipients and re-transplant patients, and had worse HLA-DR compatibility. DCD presented a proportion of primary nonfunctional allografts and an initial need for dialysis of 8.8% and 69.6% vs 5.5% and 29.6% for DBD (P < .001). DCD allograft recipient survival was 96% and 96% at the first and third year respectively, vs 96% and 93% with a DBD graft (NS). Survival of the graft was 91% and 86% at the 1(st) and 3(rd) years, vs 90% and 86% with a DBD allograft (NS). No significant difference was found between Maastricht type II and III. DCD were related to lower graft survival versus DBD under the age of 50 (n = 445), 86% vs 92% (P = .02) in the third year, but were similar to DBD from age 50 to 59 (n = 407) and higher than DBD over age 60 (n = 636), 80% at the 3(rd) year (NS). The survival of DCD recipients was not different than DBD in those under 60 and was significantly better than DBD at or over the age of 60 (96% vs 87% in the 3(rd) year, P = .036). In the multivariable survival study (Cox, covariates of influence previously demonstrated in our region) DCD are not a significant survival prognosis factor for the recipient or the allograft. CONCLUSIONS: With the current guidelines of donor selection and allocation of organs applied in Andalusia, the survival of kidney transplants from DCD overall is similar to DBD. The graft performance tends to be better than DBD over the age of 60, the main source of donors at present.

Incidence of post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disease in Andalusia (1990-2009).

BACKGROUND: Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) is a severe complication of renal transplantation (RT) but information about its incidence and predisposing factors is diverse, varying according to geographic area and study period. METHODS: We analyzed the incidence of PTLD after all RT performed at adult transplantation centers in Andalusia from January 1, 1990 to December 31, 2009, recorded in the Andalusian Transplant Co-ordination Information System (SICATA) regional computerized database (n = 5577). We calculated the risk of PTLD using the Kaplan-Meier curve, censoring for organ failure and incidence rate per patient-year of exposure. Log-rank comparisons were made by center (n = 5), decade (1990-1999 vs 2000-2009), age group, recipient gender, hepatitis C virus (HCV) serology, transplantation number, and duration of pre-RT replacement therapy (per quartiles). RESULTS: We identified 60 cases of PTLD. The pre-RT treatment time was 48.2 ± 60 months; 11.7% were retransplantations, and 10.4% had a positive HCV serology. The median post-RT time before diagnosis of PTLD was 5.98 years. At the time of the database analysis, only 11 patients (18%) were alive with a functioning transplant; 10% had returned to dialysis and 72% had died. The actuarial incidence of PTLD at 1, 5, 10, and 20 years post-RT was 0.2%, 0.5%, 1.6%, and 2.9%, respectively; the exposure rate was 14.71 PTLD/10,000 patient-years (95% confidence interval [CI], 12.3-17.1). Although the incidence tended to be higher in 1990-1999 than 2000-2009 (16.8 vs 12.1 cases/10,000 patient-years), in the actuarial study the difference was far from significant (at 7.5 years, 1.2 vs 0.8%; P = .4). Nor were there significant differences in the curves of incidence per RT center (1%-1.2% of patients) or recipient characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: The cumulative incidence of PTLD in Andalusia in patients with a functioning kidney transplant during 1990-2009 was 2.9% at 20 years. There was no significant variation between the RT centers or over time. No associated factors were identified among the basic recipient variables studied.

[Treatment of sagital craniosynostosis (scaphocephaly) by means of immediate surgical correction]. / Tratamiento de la craneosinostosis sagital (escafocefalia), por medio de la corrección quirúrgica inmediata.

INTRODUCTION: From 1983 to 1994, a total of 86 patients having scaphocephaly were studied and treated in our Craniofacial Unit. The present study involves 60 patients treated between 1988 and 1994 which were operated upon with the same surgical technique and that which is currently being used in our department. The surgical approach and results are analyzed. CLINICAL MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients having scaphocephaly represented 47.51% out of the total 181 children having craniosynostosis and craniofacial synostosis during this period. All of the patients were studied with computerized tomography, with 10 of them having continuous monitoring of their intracranial pressure. All children in this series were treated according to a new surgical technique that achieves an "immediate correction" of the malformation. RESULTS: No patient had abnormal neurological findings and intracranial pressure (ICP) was within normal limits in 0 out of 10 patients having continuous ICP monitoring. CONCLUSIONS: The minimal complications and the excellent cosmetic results have resulted in an optimal surgical technique. The importance of an early diagnosis and surgical treatment of sagittal synostosis is emphasized.