Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , HIV Infections/diagnosis , HIV Infections/prevention & control , HIV Infections/drug therapyABSTRACT
The molecular evolution of life on earth along with changing environmental, conditions has rendered mankind susceptible to endemic and pandemic emerging infectious diseases. The effects of certain systemic viral and bacterial infections on morbidity and mortality are considered as examples of recent emerging infections. Here we will focus on three examples of infections that are important in pregnancy and early childhood: SARS-CoV-2 virus, Zika virus, and Mycoplasma species. The basic structural characteristics of these infectious agents will be examined, along with their general pathogenic mechanisms. Coronavirus infections, such as caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, likely evolved from zoonotic bat viruses to infect humans and cause a pandemic that has been the biggest challenge for humanity since the Spanish Flu pandemic of the early 20th century. In contrast, Zika Virus infections represent an expanding infectious threat in the context of global climate change. The relationship of these infections to pregnancy, the vertical transmission and neurological sequels make these viruses highly relevant to the topics of this special issue. Finally, mycoplasmal infections have been present before mankind evolved, but they were rarely identified as human pathogens until recently, and they are now recognized as important coinfections that are able to modify the course and prognosis of various infectious diseases and other chronic illnesses. The infectious processes caused by these intracellular microorganisms are examined as well as some general aspects of their pathogeneses, clinical presentations, and diagnoses. We will finally consider examples of treatments that have been used to reduce morbidity and mortality of these infections and discuss briefly the current status of vaccines, in particular, against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It is important to understand some of the basic features of these emerging infectious diseases and the pathogens involved in order to better appreciate the contributions of this special issue on how infectious diseases can affect human pregnancy, fetuses and neonates.
Subject(s)
Bacterial Infections/prevention & control , Communicable Diseases/transmission , Virus Diseases/prevention & control , Bacterial Infections/history , Bacterial Infections/transmission , COVID-19/metabolism , COVID-19/prevention & control , Communicable Diseases/virology , Female , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/history , Mycoplasma/pathogenicity , Mycoplasma Infections/metabolism , Mycoplasma Infections/prevention & control , Pregnancy , Pregnant Women , SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity , Virus Diseases/history , Virus Diseases/transmission , Zika Virus/pathogenicity , Zika Virus Infection/metabolism , Zika Virus Infection/prevention & controlABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to describe the microbiological characteristics of an extensively drug-resistant (XDR) isolate of Morganella morganii obtained from a patient with sepsis of urinary origin and to describe the patient's clinical characteristics. We further aimed to perform a literature review of the situation in Latin America regarding Gram-negative bacillus (GNB) carriers of New Delhi metallo-ß-lactamase (NDM-1) and qnr genes and current reports on the treatment of infections caused by XDR enterobacteria, with particular attention to colistin-resistant isolates. METHODS: The patient's clinical data were obtained from his medical history. Microbiological identification and susceptibility testing were done using the VITEK 2 Compact System. Resistance genes were detected by PCR and sequencing. RESULTS: Blood and urine cultures grew an M. morganii isolate (Mm4232) harboring NDM-1 and qnrD1. The patient was treated successfully with fosfomycin and double doses of meropenem. There are no previous reports of the use of fosfomycin and meropenem to treat infections by XDR enterobacteria harboring NDM-1 carbapenemase. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of qnrD1 in South America. We consider that this report could be helpful to physicians implementing treatments for infections caused by XDR GNB, including colistin-carbapenem-resistant GNB.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/drug therapy , Fosfomycin/therapeutic use , Morganella morganii , Sepsis/drug therapy , Thienamycins/therapeutic use , beta-Lactamases/genetics , Bacterial Proteins/genetics , Colistin/therapeutic use , Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics , Drug Therapy, Combination , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/diagnosis , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/microbiology , Humans , Male , Meropenem , Morganella morganii/drug effects , Morganella morganii/genetics , Sepsis/diagnosis , Sepsis/microbiology , South America , Young AdultABSTRACT
Introducción: el ataque cerebrovascular (ACV) constituye un problema de salud en Uruguay y en el mundo. Se ha comprobado que la trombolisis intravenosa disminuye la morbimortalidad y las secuelas en los pacientes con ACV isquémicos agudos (nivel de evidencia IA). Objetivos: analizar los casos de ACV isquémico trombolizados en el Hospital de Clínicas y valorar la utilidad de un score de predicción de sangrado intracraneano sintomático en esta población. Material y método: estudio descriptivo, observacional y prospectivo. Población: pacientes trombolizados en el Hospital de Clínicas en el período 2010-2013. Se aplicó score predictivo de hemorragia sintomática a toda la población de trombolizados. Tests estadísticos: test de chi cuadrado, test de student, test de Wilcoxon, se consideraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas aquellas con una p < 0,05. Resultados: treinta y cuatro pacientes trombolizados, promedio de edad 67 años, mayoría mujeres, alto porcentaje de ACV graves, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) promedio al ingreso: 11, con mejoría estadísticamente significativa al alta. Etiología principal: cardioembolia. Tiempo síntoma aguja promedio: 170 minutos. Hemorragia intracraneana: ocho pacientes (23,5%), fallecieron cuatro de ellos. El puntaje del score de sangrado no predijo el sangrado intracraneano. Conclusiones: en el Hospital de Clínicas, desde la inauguración de la Unidad de ACV, el porcentaje de infartos cerebrales trombolizados ha ido en aumento, siendo actualmente comparable a cifras internacionales. El tiempo síntoma-aguja es menor que en otros estudios. La trombolisis generó un beneficio estadísticamente significativo en la escala de NIHSS. El porcentaje de sangrados fue similar al descrito en la literatura...
Subject(s)
Stroke/therapy , Thrombolytic TherapyABSTRACT
Resumen Los estados hipertensivos del embarazo constituyen una de las principales causas de morbimortalidad materno-fetal y son la principal causa de muerte materna en muchos países desarrollados. Si bien ha habido un notable avance en su comprensión y una mejora en los resultados aún quedan aspectos por dilucidar y la condición de gestantes impone desafíos metodológicos y bioéticos que dificultan la generación de evidencias de buena calidad. En este artículo se repasan algunas de las modificaciones fisiológicas y de acuerdo a la clasificación más aceptada se enfatiza y se centra la revisión en la hipertensión arterial crónica. Se analiza su posible subdiagnóstico, la repercusión materna y obstétrica y se discute el umbral a partir del cual se debe iniciar tratamiento farmacológico. Se hacen recomendaciones para su manejo diagnóstico y terapéutico tanto farmacológico como no farmacológico de acuerdo a la mejor evidencia disponible. Se analizan brevemente los fármacos de mayor uso y seguridad así como aquellos que son controversiales o están formalmente contraindicados durante el embarazo y/o la lactancia. Finalmente se abordan sucintamente la hipertensión gestacional, la hipertensión posparto y la hipertensión severa así como la preeclampsia sobreagregada, haciéndose hincapié en la discusión y recomendaciones acerca de la posible prevención de esta última entidad.
