Longitudinal whole-brain analysis of multi-subject diffusion data in diffuse axonal injury.

BACKGROUND: Diffuse axonal injury occurs with high acceleration and deceleration forces in traumatic brain injury (TBI). This lesion leads to disarrangement of the neuronal network, which can result in some degree of deficiency. The Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS-E) is the primary outcome instrument for the evaluation of TBI victims. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) assesses white matter (WM) microstructure based on the displacement distribution of water molecules. OBJECTIVE: To investigate WM microstructure within the first year after TBI using DTI, the patient's clinical outcomes, and associations. METHODS: We scanned 20 moderate and severe TBI victims at 2 months and 1 year after the event. Imaging processing was done with the FMRIB software library; we used the tract-based spatial statistics software yielding fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD) for statistical analyses. We computed the average difference between the two measures across subjects and performed a one-sample t-test and threshold-free cluster enhancement, using a corrected p-value < 0.05. Clinical outcomes were evaluated with the GOS-E. We tested for associations between outcome measures and significant mean FA clusters. RESULTS: Significant clusters of altered FA were identified anatomically using the JHU WM atlas. We found increasing spotted areas of FA with time in the right brain hemisphere and left cerebellum. Extensive regions of increased MD, RD, and AD were observed. Patients presented an excellent overall recovery. CONCLUSIONS: There were no associations between FA and outcome scores, but we cannot exclude the existence of a small to moderate association.

Longitudinal assessment of magnetization transfer ratio, brain volume, and cognitive functions in diffuse axonal injury.

BACKGROUND: Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is a frequent mechanism of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that triggers a sequence of parenchymal changes that progresses from focal axonal shear injuries up to inflammatory response and delayed axonal disconnection. OBJECTIVE: The main purpose of this study is to evaluate changes in the axonal/myelinic content and the brain volume up to 12 months after TBI and to correlate these changes with neuropsychological results. METHODS: Patients with DAI (n = 25) were scanned at three time points after trauma (2, 6, and 12 months), and the total brain volume (TBV), gray matter volume, and white matter volume (WMV) were calculated in each time point. The magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) for the total brain (TB MTR), gray matter (GM MTR), and white matter (WM MTR) was also quantified. In addition, Hopkins verbal learning test (HVLT), Trail Making Test (TMT), and Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure test were performed at 6 and 12 months after the trauma. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in the mean TBV, WMV, TB MTR, GM MTR, and WM MTR between time points 1 and 3 (p < .05). There was also a significant difference in HVLT-immediate, TMT-A, and TMT-B scores between time points 2 and 3. The MTR decline correlated more with the cognitive dysfunction than the volume reduction. CONCLUSION: A progressive axonal/myelinic rarefaction and volume loss were characterized, especially in the white matter (WM) up to 1 year after the trauma. Despite that, specific neuropsychological tests revealed that patients' episodic verbal memory, attention, and executive function improved during the study. The current findings may be valuable in developing long-term TBI rehabilitation management programs.

Learning Platforms for Implementing Formative Interventions to Promote the Health and Safety of Workers in Brazil.

Formative intervention methodologies, such as the Change Laboratory (CL), are increasingly being used in work environments. However, the learning process entailed in the application of these methodologies has received insufficient attention and may be facilitated through the use of learning platforms. We examined the development of learning and training strategies for implementing formative interventions, drawing on the experiences of a research group focusing on workers' health. Information obtained from individuals involved in CL formative activities was analyzed and interpreted using Cultural-Historical Activity Theory and the theory of expansive learning. The process of learning to implement formative interventions unfolded gradually, beginning with the interventionists' initial exposure to abstract concepts that they subsequently internalized via various mediations and applied in concrete situations. Four key interventionist training strategies used to foster collective learning were identified: (1) promoting dialogues and exchange of experiences, (2) creating environments for continuous learning and permanent discussion (seminars and post-graduate courses and the use of communication technologies), (3) creating spaces for experimentation and the practical application of concepts (case studies and participation in interventions), and (4) the use of the double stimulation method during training programs.

Analysis of direct costs of decompressive craniectomy in victims of traumatic brain injury.

BACKGROUND: Decompressive craniectomy is a procedure required in some cases of traumatic brain injury (TBI). This manuscript evaluates the direct costs and outcomes of decompressive craniectomy for TBI in a developing country and describes the epidemiological profile. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed using a five-year neurosurgical database, taking a sample of patients with TBI who underwent decompressive craniectomy. Several variables were considered and a formula was developed for calculating the total cost. RESULTS: Most patients had multiple brain lesions and the majority (69.0%) developed an infectious complication. The general mortality index was 68.8%. The total cost was R$ 2,116,960.22 (US$ 661,550.06) and the mean patient cost was R$ 66,155.00 (US$ 20,673.44). CONCLUSIONS: Decompressive craniectomy for TBI is an expensive procedure that is also associated with high morbidity and mortality. This was the first study performed in a developing country that aimed to evaluate the direct costs. Prevention measures should be a priority.

Altered Intracortical Inhibition in Chronic Traumatic Diffuse Axonal Injury.

BACKGROUND: Overactivation of NMDA-mediated excitatory processes and excess of GABA-mediated inhibition are attributed to the acute and subacute phases, respectively, after a traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, there are few studies regarding the circuitry during the chronic phase of brain injury. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cortical excitability (CE) during the chronic phase of TBI in victims diagnosed with diffuse axonal injury (DAI). METHODS: The 22 adult subjects were evaluated after a minimum of 1 year from the onset of moderate or severe TBI. Each of the subjects first had a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment to evaluate executive functions-attention, memory, verbal fluency, and information processing speed. Then, CE assessment was performed with a circular coil applying single-pulse and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation over the cortical representation of the abductor pollicis brevis muscle on M1 of both hemispheres. The CE parameters measured were resting motor threshold (RMT), motor-evoked potentials (MEPs), short-interval intracortical inhibition (SIICI), and intracortical facilitation (ICF). All data were compared with that of a control group that consisted of the healthy age-matched individuals. RESULTS: No significant differences between the left and right hemispheres were detected in the DAI subjects. Therefore, parameters were analyzed as pooled data. Values of RMT, MEPs, and ICF from DAI patients were within normal limits. However, SIICI values were higher in the DAI group-DAI SIICI = 1.28 (1.01; 1.87) versus the control value = 0.56 (0.33; 0.69)-suggesting that they had a disarranged inhibitory system (p < 0.001). By contrast, the neuropsychological findings had weak correlation with the CE data. CONCLUSION: As inhibition processes involve GABA-mediated circuitry, it is likely that the DAI pathophysiology itself (disruption of axons) may deplete GABA and contribute to ongoing disinhibition of these neural circuits of the cerebrum during the chronic phase of DAI.

Analysis of direct costs of decompressive craniectomy in victims of traumatic brain injury / Análise dos custos diretos da craniectomia descompressiva em vítimas de traumatismo cranioencefálico

ABSTRACT Background: Decompressive craniectomy is a procedure required in some cases of traumatic brain injury (TBI). This manuscript evaluates the direct costs and outcomes of decompressive craniectomy for TBI in a developing country and describes the epidemiological profile. Methods: A retrospective study was performed using a five-year neurosurgical database, taking a sample of patients with TBI who underwent decompressive craniectomy. Several variables were considered and a formula was developed for calculating the total cost. Results: Most patients had multiple brain lesions and the majority (69.0%) developed an infectious complication. The general mortality index was 68.8%. The total cost was R$ 2,116,960.22 (US$ 661,550.06) and the mean patient cost was R$ 66,155.00 (US$ 20,673.44). Conclusions: Decompressive craniectomy for TBI is an expensive procedure that is also associated with high morbidity and mortality. This was the first study performed in a developing country that aimed to evaluate the direct costs. Prevention measures should be a priority.

RESUMO Introdução: A craniectomia descompressiva (CD) é procedimento necessário em alguns casos de trauma cranioencefálico (TCE). Este manuscrito objetiva avaliar os custos diretos e desfechos da CD no TCE em um país em desenvolvimento e descrever o perfil epidemiológico. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo foi realizado usando banco de dados neurocirúrgico de cinco anos, considerando amostra de pacientes com TCE que realizaram CD. Algumas variáveis foram analisadas e foi desenvolvida uma fórmula para cálculo do custo total. Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes teve múltiplas lesões intracranianas, sendo que 69.0% evoluíram com algum tipo de complicação infecciosa. A taxa de mortalidade foi de 68,8%. O custo total foi R$ 2.116.960,22 (US$ 653,216.00) e o custo médio por paciente foi R$ 66.155,00 (US$ 20,415.00). Conclusões: CD no TCE é um procedimento caro e associado á alta morbidade e mortalidade. Este foi o primeiro estudo realizado em um país em desenvolvimento com o objetivo de avaliar os custos diretos. Medidas de prevenção devem ser priorizadas.

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Post-Concussion Syndrome: Study Protocol for a Randomized Crossover Trial.

BACKGROUND: Mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) represents 70-80% of all treated brain injuries. A considerable proportion of MTBI patients experience post-concussion symptoms for a prolonged period after MTBI, and these symptoms are diagnosed as persistent post-concussion syndrome (PPCS). PPCS is defined as a range of physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms. However, memory and executive dysfunction seems to be one of the most debilitating symptoms. Recently, non-invasive brain stimulation has been studied as a potential treatment method for traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. Therefore, our primary goal is to verify the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in patients with PPCS who demonstrate cognitive deficits in long-term episodic memory, working memory, and executive function following MTBI. METHODS/DESIGN: This is a randomized crossover trial of patients with a history of MTBI with cognitive deficits in memory and executive function. Thirty adult patients will be randomized in a crossover manner to receive three weekly sessions of anodal tDCS (2 mA) at left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left temporal cortex, and sham stimulation that will be performed at 7-day intervals (washout period). The clinical diagnosis of PPCS will be determined using the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire. Patients who meet the inclusion criteria will be assessed with a neuropsychological evaluation. A new battery of computerized neuropsychological tests will be performed before and immediately after each stimulation. Statistical analysis will be performed to determine trends of cognitive improvement. DISCUSSION: There is paucity of studies regarding the use of tDCS in TBI patients, and although recent results showed controversial data regarding the effects of tDCS in such patients, we will address specifically patients with PPCS and MTBI and no brain abnormalities on CT scan other than subarachnoid hemorrhage. Moreover, due to the missing information on literature regarding the best brain region to be studied, we will evaluate two different regions to find immediate effects of tDCS on memory and executive dysfunction. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT02292589 (https://register.clinicaltrials.gov).

Retroauricular pain caused by Eagle syndrome: A rare presentation due to compression by styloid process elongation.

Eagle syndrome is a rare condition presenting with retroauricular pain (usually as main symptom) associated with dysphagia, headache, neck pain on rotation and, much rarelier, stroke. This occurs due to styloid process elongation. Sometimes, there is also styloid ligament calcification, which can cause compression of nerves and arteries and the symptoms above. Treatment can be conservative with pain modulators (e.g. pregabalin) or infiltrations (steroids or anesthetics drugs). In refractory cases, surgical approach aiming to reduce the size of the styloid process can be performed. We present a rare case of Eagle syndrome (documented by computed tomography) with good response to clinical treatment.

Retroauricular pain caused by Eagle syndrome: A rare presentation due to compression by styloid process elongation / Dor retroauricular causada pela síndrome de Eagle: uma apresentação rara por compressão pelo alongamento do processo estiloide

Summary Eagle syndrome is a rare condition presenting with retroauricular pain (usually as main symptom) associated with dysphagia, headache, neck pain on rotation and, much rarelier, stroke. This occurs due to styloid process elongation. Sometimes, there is also styloid ligament calcification, which can cause compression of nerves and arteries and the symptoms above. Treatment can be conservative with pain modulators (e.g. pregabalin) or infiltrations (steroids or anesthetics drugs). In refractory cases, surgical approach aiming to reduce the size of the styloid process can be performed. We present a rare case of Eagle syndrome (documented by computed tomography) with good response to clinical treatment.

Resumo A síndrome de Eagle é uma condição rara na qual ocorre dor retroauricular (usualmente é o principal sintoma) associada a disfagia, cefaleia, cervicalgia durante a rotação da cabeça e, mais raramente, a AVC. Isso ocorre por conta do alongamento do processo estiloide e, às vezes, há também calcificação do ligamento estiloide. Essas estruturas podem comprimir nervos e artérias causando os sintomas citados. O tratamento pode ser conservador com moduladores da dor, como pregabalina, ou com infiltrações (corticoides ou drogas anestésicas). Em casos refratários, cirurgia para reduzir o tamanho do processo estiloide pode ser realizada. É apresentado um caso raro de síndrome de Eagle (documentado com tomografia computadorizada) com boa resposta ao tratamento clínico.

Reliability and safety of a new upper cervical spine injury treatment algorithm.

METHODS: Thirty cases, previously treated according to the new algorithm, were presented to four spine surgeons who were questioned about their personal suggestion for treatment, and the treatment suggested according to the application of the algorithm. After four weeks, the same questions were asked again to evaluate reliability (intra- and inter-observer) using the Kappa index. RESULTS: The reliability of the treatment suggested by applying the algorithm was superior to the reliability of the surgeons' personal suggestion for treatment. When applying the upper cervical spine injury treatment algorithm, an agreement with the treatment actually performed was obtained in more than 89% of the cases. CONCLUSION: The system is safe and reliable for treating traumatic upper cervical spine injuries. The algorithm can be used to help surgeons in the decision between conservative versus surgical treatment of these injuries.

Reliability and safety of a new upper cervical spine injury treatment algorithm / Avaliação de reprodutibilidade e segurança de um novo algoritmo de tratamento das lesões cervicais altas

ABSTRACT In the present study, we evaluated the reliability and safety of a new upper cervical spine injury treatment algorithm to help in the selection of the best treatment modality for these injuries. Methods Thirty cases, previously treated according to the new algorithm, were presented to four spine surgeons who were questioned about their personal suggestion for treatment, and the treatment suggested according to the application of the algorithm. After four weeks, the same questions were asked again to evaluate reliability (intra- and inter-observer) using the Kappa index. Results The reliability of the treatment suggested by applying the algorithm was superior to the reliability of the surgeons’ personal suggestion for treatment. When applying the upper cervical spine injury treatment algorithm, an agreement with the treatment actually performed was obtained in more than 89% of the cases. Conclusion The system is safe and reliable for treating traumatic upper cervical spine injuries. The algorithm can be used to help surgeons in the decision between conservative versus surgical treatment of these injuries.

RESUMO Avaliamos a reprodutibilidade e segurança do algoritmo Upper Cervical Spine Injuries Treatment Algorithm (UCITA) recém proposto para a escolha do tratamento das lesões traumáticas da junção crânio-cervical. Métodos Trinta casos previamente tratados de acordo com o algoritmo foram apresentados a quatro cirurgiões de coluna, sendo questionada a conduta pessoal dos mesmos e a conduta segundo a aplicação do algoritmo. Após 4 semanas, foram refeitas as mesmas perguntas para avaliar a reprodutibilidade (intra e interobservador) do algoritmo, através do índice estatístico “Kappa”. Resultados A reprodutibilidade da conduta com o uso do algoritmo foi superior a reprodutibilidade da conduta pessoal dos cirurgiões. Com o uso do UCITA, a concordância do tratamento realmente efetivado foi encontrada em mais de 89% dos casos. Conclusão O uso do UCITA foi seguro e reprodutível, podendo ser usado como ferramenta auxiliar na tomada de decisão entre tratamento cirúrgico versus conservador dos traumatismos da junção crâniocervical.

Visuospatial memory improvement in patients with diffuse axonal injury (DAI): a 1-year follow-up study.

OBJECTIVE: Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is prevalent in traumatic brain injury (TBI), and is often associated with poor outcomes and cognitive impairment, including memory deficits. Few studies have explored visual memory after TBI and its relationship to executive functioning. Executive functioning is crucial for remembering an object's location, operating devices, driving, and route finding. We compared visual memory performance via the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF) test 6 and 12 months after DAI. METHOD: In total, 40 patients (mean age 28.7 years; 87.5% male) with moderate-to-severe DAI following a road traffic accident completed the 1-year follow-up. There was a three-phase prospective assessment. In phase 1 (1-3 months after trauma), patients completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). In phases 2 (6 months) and 3 (12 months), they completed the BDI, STAI, and a neuropsychological battery [ROCF copy and recall, digit span forward/backward, Grooved Pegboard test, intelligence quotient (IQ) by Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III)]. RESULTS: There was an improvement in ROCF recall over time (p=0.013), but not ROCF copy (p=0.657).There was no change in executive function (Savage scores) copy (p=0.230) or recall (p=0.155). Age, years of education, severity of the trauma, and IQ did not influence ROCF recall improvement. CONCLUSION: There are time-dependent improvements in visual memory in patients with DAI. Neuroplasticity in the 1st months after trauma provides an opportunity for visuospatial memory learning. The present findings may be useful to formulate management plans for long-term TBI rehabilitation.

Treatment of Giant Arachnoid Cysts on Spinal Cord - Relevant Surgical Aspects

Objectives The aim of the present study was to demonstrate that microsurgical resection of the posterior portion of giant spinal arachnoid cyst can be effective in the treatment of patients. Methods We selected three cases that consecutively underwent spinal surgery with microsurgical technique who were admitted to our institution. They were treated and followed-up, rehabilitation being performed weekly and quarterly medical consultation. The three patients were informed about the research and ethical aspects and agreed to participate with the exposure of their complete medical history. All cases were approved by the Institutional Review Board. These three cases were used to illustrate the surgical treatment used by our team to discuss the best treatment option. Results Three patients underwent microsurgical resection of the posterior portion of giant spinal arachnoid cyst. This surgical technique had its use justified by the possibility of reducing the incidence of CSF leak, since lesions were extradural. The treated patients presented clinical improvement, which was maintained for more than twelve months. Conclusion Although some authors state that complete resection of the cyst is the best surgical option, we believe that, specifically on giant spinal arachnoid cysts, the resection of the posterior portion of the cysts may decrease postoperative CSF leak incidence. Furthermore, our series suggests that the adopted surgical treatment may lead to better functional outcomes while this treatment is performed for spinal decompression using a less invasive technique and, thus, leading to an earlier clinical improvement.

Objetivos O objetivo deste estudo é demonstrar que ressecção microcirúrgica da porção posterior de um custo aracnóideo gigante na medula pode ser eficiente no tratamento de pacientes. Métodos Três casos de pacientes admitidos em nossa instituição que foram submetidos à cirurgia da medula com técnica de microcirurgia, tratados e acompanhados com reabilitação realizada semanal e trimestralmente. Os três pacientes foram informados sobre a pesquisa e os aspectos éticos, concordando em participar com a publicação de seus históricos médicos. Todos os casos foram aprovados pelo Conselho Institucional de Revisão. Estes três casos foram usados para ilustrar o tratamento cirúrgico usado pela nossa equipe para discutir a melhor opção de tratamento. Resultados Os três pacientes foram submetidos à ressecção microcirúrgica da porção posterior de um custo aracnóideo gigante na medula. Esta técnica cirúrgica teve seu uso justificado pela possibilidade de redução da incidência de vazamento de líquido cerebroespinal (CSF leak), desde que as lesões sejam extradural. Os pacientes tratados apresentaram melhoria clínica, mantida por mais de doze meses. Conclusão Apesar de alguns autores afirmarem que a ressecção completa do cisto é a melhor opção cirúrgica, acreditamos que, especificamente para cistos aracnóideos gigantes da medula, a ressecção da porção posterior do cisto deve reduzir a incidência de CSF leak pós-operatório. Além disso, nossos resultados sugerem que o tratamento cirúrgico adotado possa levar a resultados funcionais melhores enquanto este tratamento for usado para descompressão espinhal usando a técnica menos invasiva, consequentemente permitindo melhora clínica antecipada.

Occipital Condyle Fractures in Traumatic Brain Injury­A Review / Fraturas de côndilo occipital no trauma cranioencefálico ­ uma revisão

É bem estabelecido que o diagnóstico da fratura de côndilo occipital tem aumentado nas últimas décadas, provavelmente devido à disponibilidade e ao uso comum da tomografia computadorizada durante a investigação do trauma craniano, além da maior gravidade dos mecanismos de trauma. Por causa da baixa especificidade da apresentação clínica, e também pelo pouco conhecimento sobre o mecanismo de lesão, o diagnóstico desta condição é um desafio para neurocirurgiões. A abordagem terapêutica destes pacientes é baseada em estudos com baixa casuística e em relatos de caso. Uma revisão sobre este tema foi realizada a fim de discutir alguns aspectos controversos sobre o manejo da fratura de côndilo occipital. As fraturas de côndilo occipital são eventos raros, entretanto podem relacionar-se à alta morbidade em pacientes que sofreram trauma encefálico. Alguns sintomas, como intensa dor cervical, podem estar associados com esta fratura; portanto, paciente com suspeita de fratura de côndilo occipital deve ser submetido a investigação radiológica detalhada da região. O diagnóstico precoce desta fratura permite investigação apropriada, minimizando a chance de sequelas.

It is well established that diagnoses of occipital condyle fracture have increased in past decades, probably because of the availability and common use of computed tomography for investigating traumatic brain injuries, as well as themajor seriousness of trauma mechanism. Because of the low specificity of clinical presentation besides the lesion mechanism not well known, this condition is a diagnostic challenge for neurosurgeons. Therapeutic approaches of these patients are based on studies with low samples and case reports. A review of this theme was performed objecting to discuss some controversial topics about management of occipital condyle fracture. The occipital condyle fracture is a rare event, and it, however, could be related to high morbidity in patients who suffered traumatic brain injury. Some symptoms such as severe neck pain are related with this fracture, and thus patients suspicious of this fracture should undergo detailed radiologic investigation of this region. Early diagnosis of this fracture allows appropriate investigation, thus minimizing the risk of sequelae.

Avaliação das técnicas cirúrgicas para tratamento da mielorradiculopatia espondilótica cervical / Evaluación de las técnicas quirúrgicas para el tratamiento de la mielorradiculopatía cervical espondilótica / Evaluation of surgical techniques for treatment of cervical spondylotic myeloradiculopathy

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia do tratamento cirúrgico da mielorradiculopatia espondilótica cervical na produção de melhora neurológica pós-operatória, aferida em pontos pela escala da JOA e taxa de recuperação e as complicações do tratamento. MÉTODOS: Análise dos prontuários e os exames de imagem de 200 indivíduos submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico da mielorradiculopatia cervical no HC-FMUSP, no período de janeiro de 1993 a janeiro de 2007. A avaliação clínica foi quantificada pela escala da JOA, com média de segmento de 06 anos e 08 meses. RESULTADOS: Evidenciou-se melhora neurológica pós-operatória nas vias anterior e posterior, exceto nas laminectomias sem fusão, onde houve piora neurológica tardia. A via anterior mostrou um significante maior índice de complicações, relacionados a déficit de fusão intervertebral, deslocamento de enxerto, síndrome de disco adjacente, disfonia, disfagia, o mau posicionamento de enxerto e placas, lesão de raiz nervosa e significativo maior índice de re-intervenção cirúrgica. Na via posterior maior ocorrência de instabilidade em cifose pós-operatória na laminectomia, não sendo observada na laminoplastia, esta última com índices semelhantes aos encontrados na via anterior. Não houve melhora da dor axial nas laminoplastias e houve piora nas laminectomias, enquanto que nas discectomias e corpectomias houve significativa melhora do sintoma. CONCLUSÃO: As vias anterior e posterior foram eficazes em produzir melhora neurológica, exceto as laminectomias sem fusão. A via anterior produziu mais complicações, mas trata melhor a dor.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of surgical treatment of cervical spondylotic myeloradiculopathy in the production of postoperative neurological improvement, measured in points by the scale of JOA (Japanese Orthopaedic Association) and the recovery rate and complications of therapy. METHODS: Analysis of medical records and imaging studies of 200 patients undergoing surgical treatment of cervical myeloradiculopathy in HC-FMUSP, from January 1993 to January 2007. Clinical evaluation was quantified by the scale of the JOA, with an average follow-up of 6 years and 8 months. RESULTS: There was post-operative neurological improvement in the anterior and posterior approach, except in laminectomy without fusion, where late neurological deterioration was observed. The anterior approach showed a significantly higher rate of complications related to poor fusion, intervertebral displacement of the graft, adjacent disc syndrome, dysphonia, dysphagia, poor positioning of the graft and plates, nerve root injury and significant higher rate of re-operation. In the posterior approach, increased occurrence of instability and kyphosis in the postoperative, in laminectomy were found, whereas in laminoplasty these conditions were not observed, presenting similar rates to those found for the anterior approach. There was no improvement in axial pain in the laminoplasties and worsening in laminectomies, whereas in discectomias and corpectomias there was significant relief of symptoms. CONCLUSION: The anterior and posterior routes were effective in producing neurological improvement, except for laminectomy without fusion. The anterior approach produced more complications, but is better for pain treatment.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la eficacia del tratamiento quirúrgico de la mielorradiculopatía cervical espondilótica en la producción de la mejoría neurológica posoperatoria, medida en puntos en la escala de la JOA y la tasa de recuperación y las complicaciones de la terapia. MÉTODOS: Análisis de los registros médicos y de los exámenes de imagen de 200 pacientes sometidos a tratamiento quirúrgico de la mielorradiculopatía cervical en el HC-FMUSP, desde enero de 1993 a enero de 2007. La evaluación clínica se cuantificó mediante la escala de la JOA, con un segmento promedio de 06 años y 08 meses. RESULTADOS: Se observó una mejoría neurológica posoperatoria en las vías anterior y posterior, con excepción de las laminectomías sin fusión, donde hubo deterioro neurológico tardío. La vía anterior mostró una tasa significativamente mayor de complicaciones relacionadas con el déficit de fusión intervertebral, desplazamiento del injerto, síndrome de disco adyacente, disfonía, disfagia, o mala posición de injerto y placas, lesión de la raíz del nervio y tasa significativamente mayor de nueva intervención quirúrgica. En la vía posterior, mayor incidencia de inestabilidad en la cifosis posoperatoria, en la laminectomía, y en la laminoplastia no se observó esto, teniendo esta última tasas similares a las encontradas en la vía anterior. No hubo mejoría en el dolor axial en las laminoplastias y se agravó en las laminectomías, mientras que en las discectomías y las corpectomías se produjo una mejoría significativa de los síntomas. CONCLUSIÓN Las vías anterior y posterior fueron eficaces en la producción de mejoría neurológica, con excepción de las laminectomías sin fusión. La vía anterior produjo más complicaciones, pero el dolor es mejor tratado.

Fatores prognósticos associados ao tratamento cirúrgico da mielorradiculopatia espondilótica cervical / Factores pronósticos asociados con el tratamiento quirúrgico de la mielorradiculopatía cervical espondilótica / Prognostic factors associated with surgical treatment of cervical spondylotic myeloradiculopathy

OBJETIVO: Identificar os fatores clínicos dos indivíduos, fatores sociais, ambientais e dos exames de imagem que se correlacionam ao resultado final de melhora neurológica em pacientes submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico da mielopatia espondilótica cervical. MÉTODOS: A avaliação clínica foi quantificada pela escala deficitária da JOA. Analisamos 200 casos de mielorradiculopatia cervical, operados no HC-FMUSP, no período de janeiro de 1993 a janeiro de 2007. A média de segmento foi de 06 anos e 08 meses. A análise radiológica foi baseada nos critérios de instabilidade de White e scala de Kellgren. RESULTADOS: Em 80% houve melhora, 14% estabilização e em 6% piora do quadro neurológico. A piora neurológica não foi associada com nenhum fator clínico, ambiental ou de imagem. A melhora neurológica foi diretamente proporcional a menor idade na cirurgia, ausência de co-morbidade, sinal de Hoffman, atrofia muscular, hipersinal medular na RNM, menor período de evolução pré-operatório, melhor status neurológico pré-operatório e inversamente proporcional ao diâmetro AP do canal medular e multiplicidade de compressões. Identificou-se associação com o tabagismo. Mais de 70 anos, evolução superior a 24 meses, atrofia muscular, pontuação JOA igual ou inferior a sete pontos e diâmetro AP do canal inferior ou igual a seis mm não foram associado à melhora.

OBJECTIVE: Identify the individual, social, environmental clinical factors and also imaging studies which correlate to the final result of neurological improvement in patients undergoing surgical treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. METHODS: The clinical assessment was quantified by the deficit in JOA scale. We analyzed 200 cases of cervical myeloradiculopathy surgically treated in HC-FMUSP, from January 1993 to January 2007. The mean follow-up was 6 years and 8 months. The analysis was based on radiological criteria of instability by White and Kellgren scale. RESULTS: 80% had improved, 14% stabilized and 6% had worsened. The neurological deterioration was not associated with any clinical, environmental or imaging factor. The neurological improvement was directly proportional to the lower age at surgery, absence of co-morbidity, Hoffman sign, muscular atrophy, spinal cord hyperintensity on MRI, the shortest period of preoperative evolution, better preoperative neurological status and was inversely proportional to the AP diameter of the spinal canal and to multiple cord compressions. An association with smoking was observed. Over 70 years of age, evolution superior to 24 months, muscle atrophy, JOA score equal to or less than seven points and AP canal diameter less than or equal to 6mm were not associated with improvement.

OBJETIVO: Identificar los factores clínicos de los pacientes, factores sociales, ambientales y de exámenes de imagen que se correlacionan con el resultado final de mejoría neurológica en pacientes sometidos a tratamiento quirúrgico de la mielopatía cervical espondilótica. MÉTODOS: La evaluación clínica fue cuantificada por la escala de JOA. Se analizaron 200 casos de mielorradiculopatía cervical, operados en el HC-FMUSP, desde enero de 1993 a enero de 2007. El promedio del segmento fue de 06 años y 08 meses. El análisis radiológico se basó en los criterios de inestabilidad de White y en la escala de Kellgren. RESULTADOS: El 80% había mejorado, el 14% tuvo estabilización y el 6% presentó deterioro del cuadro neurológico. El empeoramiento neurológico no se asoció con ningún factor clínico, ambiental ni de imagen. La mejoría neurológica fue directamente proporcional a edad menor para la cirugía, ausencia de comorbilidad, signo de Hoffman, atrofia muscular, hiperintensidad de la medula espinal en la RM, período más corto de la evolución preoperatoria, mejor estado neurológico preoperatorio, y siendo inversamente proporcional al diâmetro AP del canal espinal y a las compresiones múltiples. Identificada una asociación con el tabaquismo. Más de 70 años de edad, la evolución superior a 24 meses, la atrofia muscular, la puntuación JOA igual o inferior a siete puntos y el diámetro AP del canal menor o igual a seis mm no se asociaron con a mejoría.

Management of supratentorial epidural hematoma in children: report on 49 patients / Tratamento de hematoma epidural supratentorial em crianças: avaliação em 49 pacientes

Traumatic head injury is a common cause of mortality and acquired neurological impairment in children. However, pediatric epidural hematomas (EDHs) are not common and few series have studied the evolution of these patients. In this study, we present the results from a sample of patients with EDH with long-term follow-up. METHOD: Between January 2006 and December 2008, 49 patients with traumatic EDH were treated at our unit. Clinical course, radiological findings and outcomes were evaluated. Neurological status was assessed using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). The patients' ages ranged from one day to 16 years. The mean follow-up was six months. RESULTS: On admission, most of the patients presented mild trauma and 57 percent had a GCS of 13-15. The most common symptom was irritability. The most frequent mechanisms of injury were: falling from a height in 29 cases and motor vehicle accidents in 16 cases. Three of these patients presented GCS 3, but only one died. We found a late neurological deficit in nine patients. CONCLUSION: These lesions may occur following mild head trauma and in alert children with nonfocal neurological examinations. However, in children presenting irritability with subgaleal hematomas and a history of loss of consciousness, skull computed tomography must be performed.

Trauma craniocerebral é uma causa frequente de mortalidade e comprometimento neurológico adquirido em crianças. No entanto, hematomas epidurais (HED) são raros em pacientes pediátricos, com poucas series estudando a evolução destes pacientes. Neste estudo, os autores apresentam os resultados de uma casuística de pacientes com HED acompanhados em longo prazo. MÉTODO: Entre janeiro de 2006 e dezembro de 2008, 49 pacientes com HED foram tratados em nossa unidade. Curso clínico, achados radiológicos, e resultados foram avaliados. O estado neurológico foi avaliado com o Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). A idade variou de 1 dia a 16 anos. A média de acompanhamento foi de 6 meses. RESULTADOS: Na admissão, a maioria dos pacientes apresentava trauma leve e 57 por cento estavam com GCS de 13-15. O sintoma mais comum foi irritabilidade. Os mecanismos de trauma mais frequentes foram queda de altura em 29 casos e acidentes de trânsito em 16 casos. Três destes pacientes apresentavam GCS 3, mas somente um morreu. Verificou-se déficit neurológico tardio em nove pacientes. CONCLUSÃO: Esta lesão pode ocorrer após traumas leves e em crianças alerta com exames neurológicos não focais. No entanto, em crianças com irritabilidade com hematoma subgaleal e história de perda de consciência, tomografia do crânio deve ser realizada.

Síndrome do disco adjacente à fusão (Síndrome de Transição) na coluna cervical: resultados segundo critérios clínicos e radiológicos / Adjacent segment disease (Transitional Syndrome) in cervical spine: clinical and radiological results / Síndrome del disco adyacente a la fusión (Síndrome de Transición) en la columna cervical

OBJETIVO: o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar a ocorrência da síndrome do disco adjacente secundária à fusão intervertebral, no segmento cervical, e os fatores prognósticos associados. MÉTODOS: foram analisados os prontuários e exames de imagem de 209 indivíduos submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico da doença degenerativa cervical, sendo 169 casos por via anterior e em 40 por via posterior, no HC-FMUSP, no período de março de 1993 a janeiro de 2007. A avaliação clínica foi quantificada pela escala da Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA), com média de segmento de 80 meses. A análise radiológica foi baseada nos critérios de instabilidade de White e Panjabi em todos os casos. A degeneração discal foi mensurada segundo a escala de Kellgren antes e após a cirurgia. RESULTADOS: no total, diagnosticou-se a síndrome do disco adjacente em 30 casos (17,75 por cento), com média de intervalo de tempo de incidência de 28,5 meses após a fusão ou 2,9 casos/ano. Houve um aumento das alterações degenerativas nos exames radiológicos em níveis adjacentes à fusão por via anterior em 41,42 por cento e em 52,5 por cento por via posterior sem fusão, avaliados pela escala de Kellgren, com taxa de degeneração de 6,7 por cento ao ano, sem correlação com alterações clínicas. CONCLUSÕES: alterações no alinhamento fisiológico sagital da coluna e a sua gravidade predispõem ao desenvolvimento da síndrome. Não foi observada incidência da síndrome em casos de pseudoartrose ou utilização de metacrilato, portanto onde não ocorreu a fusão. A utilização de descompressão e fusão, por via anterior, está associada à possibilidade de desenvolvimento de um novo quadro de mielorradiculopatia no período pós-operatório. Fusão em um nível que envolva a quinta ou sexta vértebras cervicais, fixação com placas e pré-existência da evidência radiográfica de degeneração de disco adjacente mostraram-se como os grandes fatores de risco para o seu surgimento.

OBJECTIVE: the objective of this study was to identify the occurrence of adjacent disc syndrome secondary to intervertebral fusion in the cervical segment, and the predictors of outcome. METHODS: the medical records and imaging studies of 209 patients undergoing surgical treatment of cervical degenerative disease, with 169 cases treated through anterior approach and 40 cases through the posterior approach, at the HC-FMUSP from March 1993 to January 2007. Clinical evaluation was quantified by the scale of Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA), with an average follow-up of 80 months. The radiological analysis was based on the criteria of instability by White and Panjabi in all cases. The degeneration was measured by the scale of Kellgren before and after surgery. RESULTS: overall, the syndrome of adjacent disc was diagnosed in 30 cases (17.75 percent), with a mean time interval of incidence of 28.5 months after the merger, or 2.9 cases per year. There was an increase in degenerative changes in X-rays at levels adjacent to anterior fusion in 41.42 percent and 52.5 percent for the posterior without fusion, evaluated by the scale of Kellgren, the degeneration rate of 6.7 percent per annum, with no correlation with clinical changes. CONCLUSIONS: changes in physiological sagittal alignment of the spine and their severity predispose to the development of the syndrome. There was no incidence of the syndrome in cases of pseudoarthrosis or methacrylate, therefore, where there was a merger. The use of decompression and fusion, anterior, is associated with the possibility of developing a new framework for myeloradiculopathy in the postoperative period. Merger at a level that involve the fifth or sixth cervical vertebra, fixation with plates and pre-existing radiographic evidence of disc degeneration adjacent were factors of high risk for its emergence.

OBJETIVO: el objetivo de este trabajo es identificar la ocurrencia del síndrome del disco adyacente secundario a la fusión intervertebral, en el segmento cervical, y los factores pronósticos asociados. MÉTODOS: Fueron analizados las historias clínicas y exámenes de imagen, de 209 individuo sometidos al tratamiento quirúrgico de la enfermedad degenerativa cervical, por vía anterior en 169 casos; y en 40 por vía posterior, en el HC-FMUSP, en el periodo de marzo de 1993 a enero de 2007. La evaluación clínica fue cuantificada por la escala de Japanese Ortopaedic Association (JOA), con un promedio de segmento de 80 meses. El análisis radiológico fue fundamentado en los criterios de inestabilidad de White & Panjabi, en todos los casos. La degeneración discal fue medida según la escala de Kellgren, antes y después de la cirugía. RESULTADOS: en el total, fueron diagnosticados 30 caos de síndrome del disco adyacente (17.75 por ciento), con un promedio de intervalo de tiempo de incidencia de 28.5 meses después de la fusión, o 2.9 casos/año. Hubo un aumento de las alteraciones degenerativas en los exámenes radiológicos, en niveles adyacentes a la fusión por vía anterior en 41.42 por ciento, y en 52.5 por ciento por vía posterior sin fusión, evaluados por la escala de Kellgren, con tasa de degeneración de 6.7 por ciento al año, sin correlación con alteraciones clínicas. CONCLUSIONES: Alteraciones en el alineamiento fisiológico sagital de la columna y el agravamiento de éstas, predisponen al desarrollo del síndrome. No fueron observados casos del síndrome en casos de pseudoartrosis o utilización de metacrilato, por lo tanto donde no hubo la fusión. La utilización de descompresión y fusión, por vía anterior están asociadas a la posibilidad del desarrollo de un nuevo cuadro de mielorradiculopatía en el periodo postoperatorio. Una fusión en un nivel incluyendo la quinta y sexta vértebra cervical, fijación con placas y preexistiendo la evidencia radiológica ...