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1.
Farm Hosp ; 37(5): 351-7, 2013.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24128096

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence of severe infections in patients treated with anti-TNF-??drugs, during the first year of treatment with these drugs. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Retrospective observational study carried out at a general hospital from a sample of patients receiving their first anti-TNF-??drug, according to approved indications, to treat a rheumatic disease. Each patient follow-up lasted for 2 years: the year before receiving the drug and the year after starting on this therapy. We considered those severe infectious events requiring hospital admission. A cohort study was performed before-after. The incidence rates of number of events (infections) per 100,000 inhabitants/year for the first treatment year and the previous year (control period) were calculated. The relative risk was calculated. RESULTS: We included 196 patients. Twelve severe infectious events were recorded during the first treatment year, with a relative risk of 2.4. The biological drug most frequently associated to infection was Adalimumab. All patients having an infection had been previously or concomitantly treated with Methotrexate, and 90.6% with glucocorticosteroids. The main location of the infection was the respiratory system (58.3%), and the gram-positive microorganisms were the most frequent (58.3%). CONCLUSIONS: The use of anti-TNF-??drugs, and mainly Adalimumab, represents a risk factor for suffering severe infections, mainly at the respiratory tract, produced by gram-positive microorganisms. The use of immunosuppressive drugs such as Methotrexate and glucocorticosteroids seems to increase the risk for such events.


Objetivo: Evaluar la incidencia de infecciones graves en pacientes tratados con fármacos antiTNF?, durante el primer año de tratamiento con dichos fármacos. Material y método: Estudio observacional restrospectivo, realizado en un hospital general, de una muestra de pacientes que recibieron su primer anti- TNF?, dentro de las indicaciones autorizadas, para tratar una enfermedad reumática. El seguimiento de cada paciente se realizó durante 2 años: el año previo a recibir el fármaco y el primer año tras iniciar la terapia con el mismo. Se consideraron los procesos infecciosos graves que ocasionaron hospitalización. Se realizó un estudio de cohortes antesdespués. Se calculó la tasa de incidencia como el número de eventos (infecciones) por cada 100 habitantes/ año en el primer año de tratamiento y en el año previo (período control). Se calculó el riesgo relativo. Resultados: Fueron incluidos 196 pacientes. Se documentaron 12 procesos infecciosos graves durante el primer año de tratamiento, con un riesgo relativo de 2,4. El agente biológico más relacionado con la infección fue adalimumab. Todos los pacientes que sufrieron infección habían sido tratados de forma previa o concomitante con metotrexato y el 90,6% con glucocorticoides. La principal localización de la infección fue el aparato respiratorio (58,3%), y los gérmenes, los gram positivos (58,3%). Conclusiones: El uso de anti-TNF?, principalmente adalimumab, lleva asociado un riesgo de sufrir procesos infecciosos graves, principalmente a nivel de tracto respiratorio, producidos por gérmenes gram (+). El uso de otros tratamientos inmunosupresores tales como metotrexato y glucocorticoides parece incrementar la predisposición a sufrir procesos infecciosos.


Subject(s)
Antirheumatic Agents/adverse effects , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Immunocompromised Host , Immunosuppressive Agents/adverse effects , Opportunistic Infections/epidemiology , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors , Adult , Aged , Antirheumatic Agents/therapeutic use , Comorbidity , Cross Infection/etiology , Drug Therapy, Combination , Escherichia coli Infections/epidemiology , Escherichia coli Infections/etiology , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Glucocorticoids/administration & dosage , Glucocorticoids/adverse effects , Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/epidemiology , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/etiology , Herpes Zoster/epidemiology , Herpes Zoster/etiology , Hospitals, General , Humans , Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use , Incidence , Male , Methotrexate/adverse effects , Methotrexate/therapeutic use , Middle Aged , Mycobacterium Infections/epidemiology , Mycobacterium Infections/etiology , Opportunistic Infections/etiology , Postoperative Complications/epidemiology , Postoperative Complications/etiology , Retrospective Studies , Risk , Spain/epidemiology
2.
Farm. hosp ; 37(5): 351-357, sept.-oct. 2013. tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-120989

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Evaluar la incidencia de infecciones graves en pacientes tratados con fármacos antiTNFα, durante el primer año de tratamiento con dichos fármacos. Material y método: Estudio observacional restrospectivo, realizado en un hospital general, de una muestra de pacientes que recibieron su primer antiTNFα, dentro de las indicaciones autorizadas, para tratar una enfermedad reumática. El seguimiento de cada paciente se realizó durante 2 años: el año previo a recibir el fármaco y el primer año tras iniciar la terapia con el mismo. Se consideraron los procesos infecciosos graves que ocasionaron hospitalización. Se realizó un estudio de cohortes antes después. Se calculó la tasa de incidencia como el número de eventos (infecciones) por cada 100 habitantes/año en el primer año de tratamiento y en el año previo (período control). Se calculó el riesgo relativo. Resultados: Fueron incluidos 196 pacientes. Se documentaron 12 procesos infecciosos graves durante el primer año de tratamiento, con un riesgo relativo de 2,4. El agente biológico más relacionado con la infección fue adalimumab. Todos los pacientes que sufrieron infección habían sido tratados de forma previa o concomitante con metotrexato y el 90,6% con glucocorticoides. La principal localización de la infección fue el aparato respiratorio (58,3%), y los gérmenes, los gram positivos (58,3%).Conclusiones: El uso de anti-TNFα, principalmente adalimumab, lleva asociado un riesgo de sufrir procesos infecciosos graves, principalmente a nivel de tracto respiratorio, producidos por gérmenes gram (+). El uso de otros tratamientos inmunosupresores tales como metotrexato y glucocorticoides parece incrementar la predisposición a sufrir procesos infecciosos (AU)


Objective: To assess the incidence of severe infections in patients treated with anti-TNF-α drugs, during the first year of treatment with these drugs. Materials and method: Retrospective observational study carried out at a general hospital from a sample of patients receiving their first anti-TNF-α drug, according to approved indications, to treat a rheumatic disease. Each patient follow-up lasted for 2 years: the year before receiving the drug and the year after starting on this therapy. We considered those severe infectious events requiring hospital admission. A cohort study was performed before-after. The incidence rates of number of events (infections) per 100,000 inhabitants/year for the first treatment year and the previous year (control period) were calculated. The relative risk was calculated. Results: We included 196 patients. Twelve severe infectious events were recorded during the first treatment year, with a relative risk of 2.4. The biological drug most frequently associated to infection was Adalimumab. All patients having an infection had been previously or concomitantly treated with Methotrexate, and 90.6% with glucocorticosteroids. The main location of the infection was the respiratory system (58.3%), and the gram-positive microorganisms were the most frequent (58.3%).Conclusions: The use of anti-TNF-α drugs, and mainly Adalimumab, represents a risk factor for suffering severe infections, mainly at the respiratory tract, produced by gram-positive microorganisms. The use of immunosuppressive drugs such as Methotrexate and glucocorticosteroids seems to increase the risk for such events (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Tumor Necrosis Factors/antagonists & inhibitors , Infections/chemically induced , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/epidemiology , Risk Factors , Retrospective Studies , Methotrexate/adverse effects , Glucocorticoids/adverse effects
3.
Farm. hosp ; 36(2): 97-108, mar.-abr. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-107819

ABSTRACT

Objetivo Actualmente existen seis estatinas comercializadas en España y una en proceso de comercialización. La elección de la más adecuada y de su dosis habitualmente viene determinada por el objetivo terapéutico; es decir, en el descenso de c-LDL. Se aceptan como dosis equivalentes de las distintas estatinas aquellas que consiguen el mismo porcentaje de descenso en c-LDL, sin embargo, se trata de fármacos que difieren no sólo en su potencia, sino también en sus propiedades farmacocinéticas. Una evaluación de las peculiaridades farmacocinéticas de cada estatina permite disponer de criterios para su elección, ayudando a determinar qué estatina puede ser más apropiada para un paciente en función de sus características individuales y de los medicamentos que son coadministrados. Métodos Se revisaron las características farmacocinéticas de cada estatina y las interacciones medicamentosas que de ello se derivan. Resultados El CYP3A4 es responsable del metabolismo de atorvastatina, simvastatina y lovastatina; el CYP2C9 de fluvastatina; la P-gp favorece la eliminación de atorvastina, pravastatina, simvastatina y lovastatina; y la actividad del transportador OATP1B1, que favorece el acceso al hepatocito de todas las estatinas excepto fluvastatina, es especialmente importante con rosuvastatina y pravastatina. Estas circunstancias son responsables de que aquellos fármacos que afectan a la actividad de estos isoenzimas o transportadores, bien por inhibición bien por inducción, no afecten por igual a la actividad de las diferentes estatinas. Conclusión A la hora de seleccionar una estatina o de intercambiar una por otra, deben tomarse en consideración las características farmacocinéticas de cada una de ellas(AU)


Objective The pharmaceutical industry currently offers six different statins in Spain and there is one more soon to be available. Choosing the most appropriate drug and dose is determined by the therapeutic target (reduction in LDL-C levels). Statin doses that decrease LDL-C at the same percentage are considered equivalent. Evaluating the pharmacokinetic characteristics of each statin can be useful when setting selection criteria, helping to determine which statin may be more appropriate for a patient based on their individual characteristics and on the other co-administered drugs. Methods We reviewed the pharmacokinetics properties of each statin and its possible involvement in drug interactions.ResultsCYP3A4 was responsible for the metabolism of lovastatin, simvastatin and atorvastatin; fluvastatin depends on CYP2C9; P-glycoprotein is responsible for decreased atorvastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin and lovastatin concentrations. The OATPA1B1 transporter involved in all statins’ access to the hepatocyte, except for fluvastatin, is essential for rosuvastatin and pravastatin. These circumstances cause those drugs inhibiting or inducing isoenzymes or transporters’ activity not to have the same effect on the different statins. Conclusion The pharmacokinetics is important when choosing the best statin and could be a limitation in the use of interchange therapeutic programmes when other drugs are present (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Drug Prescriptions/statistics & numerical data , Interchange of Drugs , Drug Utilization/statistics & numerical data , Simvastatin/pharmacokinetics , Drug Interactions , Lovastatin/pharmacokinetics
4.
Farm Hosp ; 36(2): 97-108, 2012.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21820929

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The pharmaceutical industry currently offers six different statins in Spain and there is one more soon to be available. Choosing the most appropriate drug and dose is determined by the therapeutic target (reduction in LDL-C levels). Statin doses that decrease LDL-C at the same percentage are considered equivalent. Evaluating the pharmacokinetic characteristics of each statin can be useful when setting selection criteria, helping to determine which statin may be more appropriate for a patient based on their individual characteristics and on the other co-administered drugs. METHODS: We reviewed the pharmacokinetics properties of each statin and its possible involvement in drug interactions. RESULTS: CYP3A4 was responsible for the metabolism of lovastatin, simvastatin and atorvastatin; fluvastatin depends on CYP2C9; P-glycoprotein is responsible for decreased atorvastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin and lovastatin concentrations. The OATPA1B1 transporter involved in all statins' access to the hepatocyte, except for fluvastatin, is essential for rosuvastatin and pravastatin. These circumstances cause those drugs inhibiting or inducing isoenzymes or transporters' activity not to have the same effect on the different statins. CONCLUSION: The pharmacokinetics is important when choosing the best statin and could be a limitation in the use of interchange therapeutic programmes when other drugs are present.


Subject(s)
Anticholesteremic Agents/therapeutic use , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Hypercholesterolemia/drug therapy , ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism , Anticholesteremic Agents/adverse effects , Anticholesteremic Agents/pharmacokinetics , Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/genetics , Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/metabolism , Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 , Drug Industry , Drug Interactions , Drug Prescriptions , Humans , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/adverse effects , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Liver/metabolism , Liver-Specific Organic Anion Transporter 1 , Organic Anion Transporters/metabolism , Spain
5.
Nutr Hosp ; 25(3): 443-8, 2010.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20593128

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The Group on Nutrition of the Spanish Society of Hospital Pharmacy (SEFH) recently published the practice standards for the pharmacist regarding specialized nutritional support. One of these standards includes the parameters that should be monitored for a correct follow-up of the adult patient on parenteral nutrition (PN.) OBJECTIVES: to assess the level of monitoring of PN patients according to the practices recommended by SEFH. MATERIALS AND METHOD: a prospective observational study was designed. Data were gathered from all adult patients with PN admitted to the Xeral-Calde Hospital Complex (Lugo) for a 3-month period. The standards were applied and their implementation was assessed by means of a numerical scale with values ranging 1 to 5. RESULTS: Of the 171 episodes of PN, the monitoring level is higher among critically ill patients (3.5) than among stable patients (2.7-2.8). CONCLUSIONS: The use of standards is a useful tool to objectively assess the items to be improved in order to provide a quality, safe, and efficient nutritional support. Although the monitoring level is higher in critically ill patients than in stable ones, according to the standards, in both cases it may be improved.


Subject(s)
Parenteral Nutrition/standards , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Monitoring, Physiologic , Prospective Studies
8.
Nutr. hosp ; 25(3): 443-448, mayo-jun. 2010. tab, ilus, graf
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-84724

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Recientemente el Grupo de Nutrición de la Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria (SEFH) publicó los estándares de práctica para el farmacéutico en el soporte nutricional especializado. Uno de dichos estándares recoge los parámetros a monitorizar para un correcto seguimiento del paciente adulto con nutrición parenteral (NP). Objetivos: Valorar el grado de seguimiento a los pacientes con NP de acuerdo con las prácticas recomendadas por la SEFH. Materiales y método: Se diseñó un estudio observacional prospectivo. Se recogieron datos de todos los pacientes adultos hospitalizados en el Complexo Hospitalario Xeral-Calde (Lugo) con NP durante un período de 3 meses. Se aplicaron los estándares y se evaluó el desarrollo de los mismos mediante una escala numérica con valoresde 1 al 5. Resultados: En los 171 episodios de NP, el grado de monitorización es mayor en pacientes críticos (3,5) que enpacientes estables (2,7-2,8). Conclusiones: La utilización de los estándares es una herramienta útil para valorar de forma objetiva los aspectos a mejorar para ofrecer un soporte nutricional de calidad, seguro y eficiente. Aunque el grado de monitorización de acuerdo a los estándares es mayor en el paciente crítico que en el estable, en ambos casos es mejorable (AU)


Introduction: The Group on Nutrition of the Spanish Society of Hospital Pharmacy (SEFH) recently published the practice standards for the pharmacist regarding specialized nutritional support. One of these standards includes the parameters that should be monitored for a correct follow-up of the adult patient on parenteral nutrition (PN.) Objectives: to assess the level of monitoring of PN patients according to the practices recommended by SEFH. Materials and method: a prospective observational study was designed. Data were gathered from all adult patients with PN admitted to the Xeral-Calde Hospital Complex (Lugo) for a 3-month period. The standards were applied and their implementation was assessed by means of a numerical scale with values ranging 1 to 5. Results: Of the 171 episodes of PN, the monitoring level is higher among critically ill patients (3.5) than among stable patients (2.7-2.8). Conclusions: The use of standards is a useful tool to objectively assess the items to be improved in order to provide a quality, safe, and efficient nutritional support. Although the monitoring level is higher in critically ill patients than in stable ones, according to the standards, in both cases it may be improved (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Parenteral Nutrition/standards , Monitoring, Physiologic , Prospective Studies
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