ABSTRACT
AIM: This research was planned descriptively and analytically to determine the diabetes knowledge of patients with low level of education diabetes. METHODS: This study has been performed with 200 patients diagnosed with diabetes at least 3 months ago who were able to communicate, volunteered to participate in the study, had less than highschool education, and were at least 18 years of age. Data were collected through questionnaire and SKILLD (Individual Knowledge Scale), and is evaluated using ANOVA, chi-square and t-test. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 54 ± 15.104. There was difference between the time passed for the diagnosis of the diabetes and total SKILLD score averages (p = .009). SKILLD scores decreased as age and number of children increased (p = .003). SKILLD scores increased as education levels and diabetes duration increased (p < .0001). More patients with moderate level of education knew normal ranges of blood sugar and HbA1C compared to those with lower level of education (p < .0001). Besides, more patients with moderate level of education were aware of the optimum frequency to exercise, with a significant difference between the two groups (p < .0001). CONCLUSION: Diabetes knowledge increased with higher level education and younger ages, while the elderly and individuals with low level of education had insufficient knowledge on diabetes.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus , Educational Status , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
The changes in nitrifying bacterial population under cadmium loading were monitored and evaluated in a laboratory scale continuous-flow enriched nitrification system. For this purpose, the following molecular microbiological methods were used: slot-blot hybridization, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), real-time PCR followed by melting curve analysis, cloning and sequence analysis. The initial cadmium concentration was incrementally increased from 1 to 10mg/l which led to a drop in ammonia removal efficiency from 99 to 10%. Inhibition was recovered when cadmium loading was stopped. During the second application of cadmium, nitrifying population became more tolerant. Even at 15mg/l Cd, only a minor inhibition was observed. To investigate the variations in ammonia and nitrite oxidizing bacteria populations in a period of 483 days, ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) and 16S rRNA genes-based molecular techniques were used. An obvious shift was experienced in the diversity of ammonia oxidizers after the first application of 10mg/l Cd. Metal-tolerant ammonia oxidizing species became dominant and the microbial diversity sharply shifted from Nitrosomonas and Nitrosococcus sp. to Nitrosospira sp. which were observed to tolerate higher cadmium loadings. This result indicated that the extent of nitrification inhibition was not only related to the metal concentration and quantity of microorganisms but also depended on the type of species.
Subject(s)
Cadmium/analysis , Nitrogen/metabolism , Population Dynamics , Water Microbiology , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Ammonia/chemistry , Ammonia/metabolism , Bacteria/genetics , Bacteria/metabolism , Cloning, Molecular , DNA, Bacterial/biosynthesis , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field , In Situ Hybridization , Oxidoreductases/genetics , RNA, Bacterial/biosynthesis , RNA, Bacterial/genetics , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
In this study, methanogenic Archaea diversity in an aerated landfill bioreactor filled with co-disposed incineration bottom ashes and shredded incombustible wastes was monitored and analyzed as a function of time using molecular techniques. Besides, the effects of insufficient air injection on the bioreactor performance and methanogenic diversity were evaluated thoroughly. Results indicated that rapid bio-stabilization of solid waste are possible with aerated landfill bioreactor at various oxygen and oxidation reduction potential levels. Slot-blot hybridization results of leachate samples collected from aerated landfill bioreactor showed that archaeal and bacterial activities increased as stabilization accelerated and bacterial populations constituted almost 95% of all microorganisms. The results of slot-blot hybridization and phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene revealed that Methanobacteriales and Methanomicrobiales were dominant species at the beginning while substituted by Methanosarcina-related methanogens close to the end of the operation of bioreactor.
