[Exercise for depression treatment. Exercise modalities and types]. / Fizicheskaia nagruzka pri lechenii depressii. Rezhimy i vidy nagruzki.

The risk of metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, is increased in depression, there is a decrease in life expectancy by 8-10 years. Pharmacotherapy is the first-line method in the treatment of depression. However, pharmaceutical-related side-effects and resistance to antidepressant pharmacotherapy create serious problems in treatment. Regular exercise not only weakens the symptoms of depression, increases aerobic capacity and muscle strength, but also has a positive effect on comorbid diseases. The purpose of this review is to answer the question, on which parameters of exercise the antidepressant effect depends. The review highlights the results of clinical studies of different types of exercises, intensities and modalities for the treatment of depression over the past 10 years. Because of the contradictory results of the studies, it is impossible to make final conclusions regarding the parameters of exercise. It is possible to say with high probability that in the treatment of depression, moderate and intense aerobic exercises with elements of strength exercises and a variety of coordination exercises more often lead to a positive effect than monotonous exercises with low intensity. It is possible that regular patient adherence to the prescribed exercise regimen is more important than the specific exercise type.

[Exercise for depression treatment. Physiological mechanisms]. / Fizicheskaia nagruzka pri lechenii depressii. Fiziologicheskie mekhanizmy.

This literature review considers meta-analyzes, systematic reviews and original research over the last decade addressing a comprehensive analysis of the antidepressant effect of targeted physical exercise and physical activity in general. Exercise is a promising non-pharmacological treatment for depression, showing effects that are comparable or may even exceed other first-line treatments of depression. The article introduces modern ideas about the mechanisms of depression and mechanisms of exercise effects on depression manifestations. The structures of the central nervous system, changing with the effective exercise-based treatment of depression, are indicated. Physical activity stimulates the secretion of growth factors, maintenance of angio-, synapto-, and neurogenesis. The regulation of antioxidant protection of neuronal mitochondria, a decrease in pro-inflammatory reactions and stress reactivity are also observed in response to regular exercise. Physical activity has a multimodal effect that stimulates biochemical pathways and restores neuronal structures disturbed in depression.

Seasonal variations in respiratory system in healthy inhabitants of west Siberia.

The aim of this work was to investigate seasonal variations in oxygen consumption, ventilation, lung volumes and their relationships in healthy adult inhabitants of West Siberia. The investigations were performed in Novosibirsk. Thirty healthy male adult volunteers were studied 4 times during a year: in summer (mean monthly temperature +20 degrees C), autumn (+2 degrees C), winter (-18 degrees C), and spring (degrees C) under the same conditions in a room at rest. Oxyspirography, pneumotachography and the helium dilution method were used. Oxygen consumption (VO2), breathing frequency, vital capacity (VC) and inspiratory capacity were adjusted to be the same during the year. Minute ventilation (Ve), VO2-Ve ratio, residual volume (RV) and expiratory reserve volume (ERV) to RV ratio had dynamics concurrent with seasonal temperature dynamics. Tidal volume, ERV, functional residual capacity, forced 1-s expired volume (FEV1) and FEV1/VC also changed, but their dynamics were different from the previous parameters. The minimum value of these parameters was found in the spring and the maximum--in the autumn, or summer and autumn. Correlations between respiratory parameters also changed during the year. We conclude that oxygen consumption is provided by reorganisation of pulmonary tissue in winter.