ABSTRACT
The prevalence of pediatric obesity has been increasing during the last 30 years, and the subsequent metabolic consequences of obesity, which were mainly seen in adults, are now presenting in childhood. Type 2 diabetes, prediabetes, metabolic syndrome, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are serious metabolic ramifications of pediatric obesity; pediatricians need to be familiar in screening and treatment of these metabolic issues. This review will discuss the inflammation and insulin resistance involved in obesity that can lead to these conditions. We will explore the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and prediabetes, metabolic syndrome, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and review screening and treatment modalities. Finally, we will highlight other important endocrine related comorbidities in pediatric obesity, including polycystic ovary syndrome, precocious puberty, and early accelerated growth. [Pediatr Ann. 2023;52(2):e62-e67.].
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Insulin Resistance , Metabolic Syndrome , Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease , Pediatric Obesity , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome , Prediabetic State , Female , Child , Adult , Humans , Metabolic Syndrome/diagnosis , Metabolic Syndrome/etiology , Metabolic Syndrome/therapy , Pediatric Obesity/diagnosis , Pediatric Obesity/etiology , Pediatric Obesity/therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy , Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/epidemiology , Risk Factors , Insulin Resistance/physiology , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/diagnosis , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/etiology , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/therapyABSTRACT
Zika virus infection during pregnancy can lead to congenital Zika syndrome. Implementation of screening programs and interpretation of test results can be particularly challenging during ongoing local mosquitoborne transmission. We conducted a retrospective chart review of 2,327 pregnant women screened for Zika virus in Miami-Dade County, Florida, USA, during 2016. Of these, 86 had laboratory evidence of Zika virus infection; we describe 2 infants with probable congenital Zika syndrome. Delays in receipt of laboratory test results (median 42 days) occurred during the first month of local transmission. Odds of screening positive for Zika virus were higher for women without health insurance or who did not speak English. Our findings indicate the increase in screening for Zika virus can overwhelm hospital and public health systems, resulting in delayed receipt of results of screening and confirmatory tests and the potential to miss cases or delay diagnoses.
