ABSTRACT
The proteolytic enzyme ß-secretase (BACE1) plays a central role in the synthesis of the pathogenic ß-amyloid in Alzheimer's disease. SAR studies of the S2' region of the BACE1 ligand binding pocket with pyrazolyl and thienyl P2' side chains are reported. These analogs exhibit low nanomolar potency for BACE1, and demonstrate >50- to 100-fold selectivity for the structurally related aspartyl proteases BACE2 and cathepsin D. Small groups attached at the nitrogen of the P2' pyrazolyl moiety, together with the P3 pyrimidine nucleus projecting into the S3 region of the binding pocket, are critical components to ligand's potency and selectivity. P2' thiophene side chain analogs are highly potent BACE1 inhibitors with excellent selectivity against cathepsin D, but only modest selectivity against BACE2. The cell-based activity of these new analogs tracked well with their increased molecular binding with EC(50) values of 0.07-0.2 µM in the ELISA assay for the most potent analogs.
Subject(s)
Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/antagonists & inhibitors , Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/antagonists & inhibitors , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Hydantoins/pharmacology , Pyrazoles/chemistry , Thiophenes/chemistry , Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/metabolism , Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/metabolism , Crystallography, X-Ray , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Humans , Hydantoins/chemical synthesis , Hydantoins/chemistry , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
The identification of small molecule aminohydantoins as potent and selective human beta-secretase inhibitors is reported. These analogues exhibit low nannomolar potency for BACE1, show comparable activity in a cell-based (ELISA) assay, and demonstrate >100x selectivity for the other structurally related aspartyl proteases BACE2, cathepsinD, renin, and pepsin. On the basis of the cocrystal structure of the HTS-hit 2 in the BACE1 active site and by use of a structure-based drug design approach, we methodically explored the comparatively large binding pocket of the BACE1 enzyme and identified key interactions between the ligand and the protein that contributed to the affinity. One of the more potent compounds, (S)-55, displayed an IC(50) value for BACE1 of 10 nM and exhibited comparable cellular activity (EC(50) = 20 nM) in the ELISA assay. Acute oral administration of (S)-55 at 100 mg/kg resulted in a 69% reduction of plasma A beta(40) at 8 h in a Tg2576 mouse (p < 0.001).
Subject(s)
Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/antagonists & inhibitors , Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/antagonists & inhibitors , Drug Design , Hydantoins/chemistry , Protease Inhibitors/chemistry , Protease Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Animals , CHO Cells , Cricetinae , Cricetulus , Crystallography, X-Ray , Humans , Hydrogen Bonding , Mice , Mitochondria/drug effects , Models, Chemical , Molecular Structure , Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
The identification of small molecule aminoimidazoles as potent and selective human beta-secretase inhibitors is reported. These analogues demonstrate low nannomolar potency for BACE1 in a FRET assay, exhibit comparable activity in a cell-based (ELISA) assay, and show >100x selectivity for the other structurally related aspartyl proteases BACE2, cathepsin D, renin, and pepsin. Our design strategy was supported by molecular modeling studies based on the cocrystal structure of the HTS-hit 3 in the BACE1 active site. These strategies enabled us to integrate pyridine and pyrimidine groups on 3 extending deep into the S3 region of the BACE1 binding pocket and enhancing the ligand's potency. Compound (R)-37 displayed an IC50 value for BACE1 of 20 nM, cellular activity of 90 nM, and >100-fold selectivity over related aspartyl proteases. Acute oral administration of (R)-37 at 30 mg/kg resulted in a significant 71% reduction of plasma Abeta40 measured at the 6 h time point in a Tg2576 mouse model (p < 0.001).
Subject(s)
Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/antagonists & inhibitors , Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/antagonists & inhibitors , Imidazoles/chemistry , Imidazoles/pharmacology , Protease Inhibitors/chemistry , Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology , Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/chemistry , Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism , Animals , Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/chemistry , CHO Cells , Cricetinae , Cricetulus , Crystallography, X-Ray , Drug Design , Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer , Humans , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Ligands , Mice , Models, Molecular , Molecular Conformation , Peptide Fragments/metabolism , Structure-Activity Relationship , Substrate SpecificityABSTRACT
New diphenolic azoles as highly selective estrogen receptor-beta agonists are reported. The more potent and selective analogues of these series have comparable binding affinities for ERbeta as the natural ligand 17beta-estradiol but are >100-fold selective over ERalpha. Our design strategy not only followed a traditional SAR approach but also was supported by X-ray structures of ERbeta cocrystallized with various ligands as well as molecular modeling studies. These strategies enabled us to take advantage of a single conservative residue substitution in the ligand-binding pocket, ERalpha Met(421) --> ERbeta Ile(373), to optimize ERbeta selectivity. The 7-position-substituted benzoxazoles (Table 5) were the most selective ligands of both azole series, with ERB-041 (117) being >200-fold selective for ERbeta. The majority of ERbeta selective agonists tested that were at least approximately 50-fold selective displayed a consistent in vivo profile: they were inactive in several models of classic estrogen action (uterotrophic, osteopenia, and vasomotor instability models) and yet were active in the HLA-B27 transgenic rat model of inflammatory bowel disease. These data suggest that ERbeta-selective agonists are devoid of classic estrogenic effects and may offer a novel therapy to treat certain inflammatory conditions.
