[The patterns of seasonal outbreaks of acute respiratory diseases].

The COVID-19 epidemic cause is considered to be "patient zero" contaminated by coronavirus infection in December 2019 in China. However, accumulated facts dispute this version of events. The first infected patient appeared in September in the United States, in December - in France. in November-December pneumonia of similar severity raged in Russia. It is difficult to explain numerous outbreaks of simultaneous contagions in isolated staffs, including military garrisons. In most of healthy adults' antibodies to coronavirus are found. The most of infected patients have no symptoms of disease. To explain these paradoxes ecological hypothesis is proposed - humanity and coronaviruses have been interacting evolutionarily for thousands years in system of biogeocenosis, periodically confronting under influence of cyclical ecological processes. The purpose of study is to investigate relationship between mortality of acute out-of-hospital pneumonia, coronavirus ones included, and cyclical fluctuations of environmental conditions. The primary material was obtained from data of Rosstat, international information bases, results of scientific studies. The classic methods of medical statistics were applied. The summer solstice (June) was used as reference point for estimating dynamics of monthly mortality in 2015-2020. The analysis of dynamics of mortality of pneumonia averaged for 2015-2020 revealed three epidemic waves with peaks in October, January, and March. Such cyclical pattern was consistently reproduced for particular years in 2015-2020. The first wave always was the lowest one. When the second wave exceeds the third one, increase in mortality in February and March was the smallest one. The greatest epidemic losses were established at the plateau. In 2020, the rate of coronavirus infection in the world coincides with the established cyclicity. The stable reproducibility of three peaks of mortality in same months testifies their regular character. The cause of all this may be the cyclicity of ecological interactions between coronaviruses and human population.

[On motivations of adolescents to promote a healthy lifestyle].

There was studied the motivation of modern adolescents to promote healthy lifestyle. There were observed two arrays, including adolescent-schoolchildren aged 16-17 and 13-14 years in Moscow. The results showed that health occupied one of the first places among the positive motivations, being stable dominant in the period of 13-17 years. The real motivation for a healthy lifestyle coincides with the perspective and informed choice coincides with the life goals. In this, almost all of the identified negative motivation are "manageable", available to be modified or eliminated.

[Clinical and hemodynamic characteristics of ischemic heart disease in patients with deficient body mass]. / Klinicheskie i gemodinamicheskie osobennosti ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa u lits s nedostatochnoi massoi tela.

AIM: To elucidate clinical and hemodynamic characteristics of patients with ischemic heart disease and low body mass. MATERIAL: Patients with stable angina (n=162) divided into 3 groups according to body mass index (below 25, 25-27 kg/m2 and above 27 kg/m2). RESULTS: Patients with low body mass index compared with those with intermediate values had worse clinical (arrhythmias, derangements of conduction, recurrent myocardial infarctions, cases with heart failure), hemodynamic (lower stroke volume and cardiac index, higher total peripheral resistance), and cardiometric (lower ejection fraction, larger diastolic volumes, greater relative myocardial mass) characteristics. CONCLUSION: These findings constitute a pathophysiological substrate for increased risk of death in patients with ischemic heart disease and deficient body mass.

[Study of regional differences in the population morbidity and mortality from the standpoint of geographical latitude syndrome]. / Izuchenie regional'nykh razlichii v zabolevaemosti i smertnosti naseleniia s pozitsii sindroma geograficheskoi shiroty.

Based on a large material of international and Soviet investigations as well as on the data of official statistics, the authors analyze the main characteristics of the population morbidity and mortality depending on the geographic latitude. It has been demonstrated that with the moving away from the equator, the intensive growth of the general mortality is observable both in the USSR and in the countries of Europe and America as is of the lethality due to malignant neoplasms, circulatory diseases together with an increase of the lethality because of suicides. At the same time there is a dramatic lowering of the infantile death rate and of the mortality from infectious and parasitic diseases. It has been revealed that the incidence of arterial hypertension, alcoholism and drug addiction associated with the geographic latitude. Different factors that may underlie the regularities established are under analysis. An idea is advanced of the geographic latitude syndrome which is of paramount methodological importance for preventive medicine.

[Characteristics of cerebral hemodynamics and the resistance to major cardiovascular diseases based on the data of an epidemiologic survey]. / Osobennosti mozgovoi gemodinamiki i ustoichivost k osnovnym serdechno-sosudistym zabolevaniiam po dannym épidemiologiches- kogo issledovaniia.

In the cross-sectional population study of 411 subjects aged 35-64 years and longitudinal 5.5-year follow-up of 157 aged 20-54 years, a relationship was examined between pulse blood flow to the cerebral vessels, their tone as assessed by rheoencephalography and resistance to arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, and brain vascular lesions. The proportion of healthy persons (without the above-mentioned diseases) was shown to be larger if the pulse blood flow to the cerebral vessels was higher and their tone was lower. In the longitudinal study, the probability to remain healthy was demonstrated to be increased with elevated pulse flow to the cerebral vessels.

[A new approach to evaluating the prevalence of electro- cardiographic high-amplitude R and S waves during mass screening]. / Novyi podkhod k otsenke rasprostranennosti vysokoamplitudnykh zubtsov R i S EKG pri massovykh obsledovaniiakh.

Relationships between the prevalence of electrocardiographic high-amplitude R and S waves, the stroke index, mean hemodynamic arterial BP and left-ventricular myocardial thickness (MT) were examined in a population of 411 individuals, aged 35-64 years. The prevalence of those waves is shown to have independent functional relationships with the stroke index and mean hemodynamic BP, irrespective of left-ventricular myocardial morphology. This functional approach is used to explain the causes of low sensitivity of electrocardiographic signs of left-ventricular myocardial hypertrophy when used for diagnostic purposes at population screenings.

[The identification of persons with excess body weight by means of a mail survey]. / Vyiavlenie lits s izbytochnoi massoi tela metodom pochtovogo oprosa.

The data of postal questionnaire were compared to those obtained as a result of examination (anthropometry) of a random sample (n-806) of persons working at one of the Moscow industrial enterprises. It has been shown that the postal questionnaire makes it possible to assess the body weight with an accuracy of up to +/- 3 kg in 67 percent of men and in 69 percent of women. Meanwhile the height could be assessed with an accuracy of up to +/- 3 cm in 93 percent of men and in 80 percent of women. The relationship was established between the error made in the subjective assessment of the body weight and the genuine magnitude of the body weight. The possibilities of correcting the data obtained have been also demonstrated. The postal questionnaire permits the identification of excess body weight (Quetelet's index over 28) in 68 percent of men and in 78 percent of women and can be used for studying the prevalence of excess body weight among the population without employment of additional manpower for examinations.

[Cerebral circulatory characteristics in arterial hypertension]. / Osobennosti mozgovogo krovoobrashcheniia pri arterial'noi gipertonii.

A study was made of the peculiarities of the cerebral circulation with regard to the central hemodynamics in 326 men and 410 women aged 20 to 54 with normal and raised arterial pressure (AP) by the methods of bipolar rheoencephalography and tetrapolar chest rheography. In the groups with raised AP men (women) demonstrated a decrease in the blood pulse inflow in the cerebral arteries up to 57% (36%), in the stroke volume cerebral fraction up to 69% (53%), an increase in the vascular tone up to 137% (161%), an increase in the total blood-filling up to 157% (176%), inhibition of the rate of the maximum blood-filling up to 54% (37%) as compared to that in normal. With the transition of an AP borderline level to arterial hypertension the frequency and intensity of rheoencephalographic pathology was on an increase.

[Express-method of assessing the status of hypertension control]. / Ekspress-metod otsenki sostoianiia bor'by s arterial'noi gipertoniei.

The authors describe a method for evaluating arterial hypertension control among the unorganized population visiting polyclinics and organized population taken care of at the medical centers. The method was tried in the city of Chelyabinsk as applicable to a randomized population sample of a medical territorial district and to a randomized sample (8%) of the workers from 9 shops of the steel plant. The method lies in the study of the population health status (arterial hypertension prevalence and knowledge, treatment coverage and efficacy) and of the documentation available at the treatment and prophylactic institutions concerning arterial hypertension control (coverage, registration, scope of examinations, and so forth). It is shown that the method is unsophisticated and feasible for examination of the population and documentation requires 5 days. It is suggested that the method should be used in the study of the situation concerning arterial hypertension control as well as in the study of the problems in the control of other non-infectious diseases.

[Possibilities, difficulties and prospects for mass prevention of arterial hypertension]. / Vozmozhnosti, trudnosti i perspektivy massovoi profilaktiki arterial'noi gipertonii.

The article reflects the results of five-year secondary and primary prevention of arterial hypertension among the workers of a large automobile plant. Secondary prevention of arterial hypertension is an important means of reducing arterial hypertension complications and mortality (the overall mortality went down by 20%, and brain stroke morbidity was 70% lower in the intervention population than in the comparison one). Besides, the search and implementation of the methods of primary prevention of arterial hypertension constitutes the main perspective of the scientific and practical solution of the problem on the population level, as non-drug intervention normalized arterial blood pressure in 70% of subjects with mild hypertension. Thus, arterial hypertension is a complex medico-social problem, the solution of which depends on the fulfillment of equally important medical and socio-cultural tasks.

[Differential approach to the development of physiologic standards and its significance for preventive cardiology]. / Differentsirovannyi podkhod k razrabotke fiziologicheskikh normativov i ego znachenie dlia profilakticheskoi kardiologii.

A new approach to the assessment of physiological standards involving the specification in health of three groups of parameters, namely constant, variant and unique is described. A statistical analysis of variant parameters is to be conducted considering their division into types (strata) which are normally characterized by the typical mean values. It is recommended that in carrying out programmes of the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, the susceptibility of different physiological types to the development of corresponding diseases be identified and taken into account.

[Diagnostic criteria of the variants of central hemodynamics in normal individuals and in those with high arterial pressure]. / Diagnosticheskie kriterii variantov tsentral'noi gemodinamiki v norme i u lits s povyshennym arterial'nym davleniem.

By using tetrapolar impedance cardiography and tachooscillography some central hemodynamic indices were studied in 200 healthy males and females, aged 15-49 years, in 40 males with borderline blood pressure, aged 35-49 years, in 50 males with labile arterial hypertension, aged 35-49 years. The central hemodynamic heterogeneity associated with age, sex and different variants of normal blood circulation was revealed in healthy subjects. While comparing the same circulation variants in healthy subjects and in those with borderline blood pressure and labile arterial hypertension, simultaneous increase in a number of subjects with hyperkinetic and hypokinetic variants and intensification of their hemodynamic "vividness" in the groups of patients with elevated blood pressure compared to the group with normal blood pressure were revealed.