Widely targeted metabolomics analysis of Sanghuangporus vaninii mycelia and fruiting bodies at different harvest stages.

Sanghuangprous vaninii is a medicinal macrofungus cultivated extensively in China. Both the mycelia and fruiting bodies of S. vaninii have remarkable therapeutic properties, but it remains unclear whether the mycelia may serve as a substitute for the fruiting bodies. Furthermore, S. vaninii is a perennial fungus with therapeutic components that vary significantly depending on the growing year of the fruiting bodies. Hence, it is critical to select an appropriate harvest stage for S. vaninii fruiting bodies for a specific purpose. With the aid of Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP), metabolomics based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QQQ-MS) was used to preliminarily determine 81 key active metabolites and 157 active pharmaceutical metabolites in S. vaninii responsible for resistance to the six major diseases. To evaluate the substitutability of the mycelia and fruiting bodies of S. vaninii and to select an appropriate harvest stage for the fruiting bodies of S. vaninii, we analyzed the metabolite differences, especially active metabolite differences, among the mycelia and fruiting bodies during three different harvest stages (1-year-old, 2-year-old, and 3-year-old). Moreover, we also determined the most prominent and crucial metabolites in each sample of S. vaninii. These results suggested that the mycelia show promise as a substitute for the fruiting bodies of S. vaninii and that extending the growth year does not necessarily lead to higher accumulation levels of active metabolites in the S. vaninii fruiting bodies. This study provided a theoretical basis for developing and using S. vaninii.

Gerhardtia tomentosa and Ossicaulis borealis (Agaricales, Lyophyllaceae)-Two new species from northeast China.

Background: Gerhardtia and Ossicaulis are two genera within the family Lyophyllaceae, which show an apparently poor species diversity worldwide. During the field investigation on wild macrofungi, six interesting collections within Gerhardtia and Ossicaulis genera are discovered in the northeastern China. Methods: To identify whether these collections of Gerhardtia and Ossicaulis are novel species, we performed phylogenetic analyzes using the following DNA regions: the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA (nrLSU) region. Moreover, a traditional morphological method also be conducted based on both the macro-morphological and micro-morphological features. Results: The results indicated that these collections tested formed two independent lineages in each genus with a high support. In addition, they can easily be separated from all other taxa of the two genera in morphology. Based on the combination of morphological and molecular data, Gerhardtia tomentosa and Ossicaulis borealis, are confirmed as two new species to science. Discussions: This study provided a theoretical basis is for the two lyophylloid genera and indicated that the biodiversity resources of northeastern China might be underestimated.

Corrigendum: Detection and homology analysis of carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii resistance gene.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.987260.].

Continuous positive airway pressure for treating hypoxemia due to pulmonary vein injury: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Vascular injury during thoracoscopic surgery for esophageal cancer is a rare but life-threatening complication that can lead to severe hypotension and hypoxemia. Anesthesiologists need to provide rapid and effective treatment to save patients' lives. CASE SUMMARY: A 54-year-old male patient was scheduled to undergo a thoracoscopic-assisted radical resection of esophageal cancer through the upper abdomen and right chest. While dissociating the esophagus from the carina through the right chest, unexpected profuse bleeding occurred from a suspected pulmonary vascular hemorrhage. While the surgeon attempted to achieve hemostasis, the patient developed severe hypoxemia. The anesthesiologist implemented continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) using a bronchial blocker (BB), which effectively improved the patient's oxygenation and the operation was completed successfully. CONCLUSION: CPAP using a BB can resolve severe hypoxemia caused by accidental injury of the left inferior pulmonary vein during surgery.

Melanoleuca subgriseoflava and M. substridula-two new Melanoleuca species (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) described from China.

Two new Melanoleuca species, Melanoleuca subgriseoflava and M. substridula, are originally reported and described in China based on both morphological and molecular methods. Melanoleuca subgriseoflava, collected in Liaoning province, is mainly characterized by its greyish-brown to yellowish-grey pileus, creamy to light orange lamellae, greyish-yellow context, round and warted basidiospores and fusiform hymenial cystidia. Melanoleuca substridula, discovered in Sichuan province, is mainly characterized by its light brown to dark brown pileus, whitish lamellae, light brown to greyish-brown stipe, round and warted basidiospores and lack of any forms of cystidia. The phylogenetic relationships as well as divergence-time estimation were analyzed using the combined data set (ITS-nrLSU-RPB2), and the results showed that the two Melanoleuca species formed two distinct lineages. Based on the combination of morphological and molecular data, M. subgriseoflava and M. substridula are confirmed as two new species to science. A theoretical basis is provided for the species diversity of Melanoleuca.

Transcriptome analysis of genes associated with autolysis of Coprinus comatus.

Coprinus comatus, widely known as "Jituigu", is an important commodity and food in China. The yield of C. comatus, however, is substantially reduced by the autolysis of the fruiting bodies after harvest. To gain insight into the molecular mechanism underlying this autolysis, we divided the growth of C. comatus fruiting bodies into four stages: infant stage (I), mature stage (M), discolored stage (D), and autolysis stage (A). We then subjected these stages to de novo transcriptomic analysis using high-throughput Illumina sequencing. A total of 12,946 unigenes were annotated and analyzed with the Gene Ontology (GO), Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins (COG), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). We analyzed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between stages I and M, M and D, and D and A. Because the changes from M to D are thought to be related to autolysis, we focused on the DEGs between these two stages. We found that the pathways related to metabolic activity began to vary in the transition from M to D, including pathways named as autophagy-yeast, peroxisome, and starch and sucrose metabolism. This study also speculates the possible process of the autolysis of Coprinus comatus. In addition, 20 genes of interest were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR to verify their expression profiles at the four developmental stages. This study, which is the first to describe the transcriptome of C. comatus, provides a foundation for future studies concerning the molecular basis of the autolysis of its fruiting bodies.

Detection and homology analysis of carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii resistance gene.

Objective: To explore the carrying status and homology of carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) in our hospital. Methods: From January 2015 to December 2017, 52 strains of acinetobacter baumannii isolated from the bacteria room of the clinical laboratory of Baogang hospital in Inner Mongolia were selected as the research object. K-B disk diffusion method and Vitek-2 were used to determine the drug sensitivity of Acinetobacter baumannii. The drug resistance gene was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its homology was analyzed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results: Except for Cefoperazone/sulbactam, other antibiotics were resistant to ab. The detection rate of drug resistance gene class C ß-lactamases (ADC) was 100%, and the higher detection rates of other drug resistance genes were class D ß-lactamases (OXA)-51 (36 strains, 90.0%),disinfectant gene qacE△1-sull (32 strains, 80.0%), and klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) gene was not detected. 2-8 drug resistance genes were detected in each CRAB strain, and the strains with 6 drug resistance genes were the most (15 strains, 37.5%); Among the detected drug-resistant gene combinations, ADC+OXA-23 + OXA-51 gene was detected at the same time (29 strains, 72.5%), followed by ADC+ intl1 + qacE △ 1-sull gene (26 strains, 65.0%), ADC + qacE △ 1-sull + ant (3 '') -i gene (19 strains, 47.5%), and 11 strains (27.5%). There were 19 different types in PFGE homology test, each type was 1-9 strains, including 9 strains of A5 type and 8 strains of A18 type, mainly from intensive care unit. Conclusion: CRAB in the hospital is highly resistant to common clinical antibiotics. OXA-23 and OXA-51 genes are most likely to be the main factors causing drug resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii in the hospital. Homology analysis showed that there was CRAB nosocomial infection transmission in different wards of the hospital.

Three new Melanoleuca species (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) from north-eastern China, supported by morphological and molecular data.

Three new Melanoleuca species, M. chifengense, M. griseoflava and M. pallidorosea, were discovered in the northeast of China. Melanoleuca chifengense is morphologically characterised by its grey to yellowish-grey pileus, decurrent lamellae, grey to yellowish-brown stipe, yellowish-grey context, ellipsoid basidiospores with irregular warts and lack of hymenial cystidia. Melanoleuca griseoflava is mainly characterised by its greyish-brown pileus, adnexed to adnate lamellae, greyish-yellow context, fusiform cystidia and almost reticulate basidiospores. Melanoleuca pallidorosea is characterised by its pinkish-white pileus, white and decurrent lamellae, ellipsoid basidiospores with round and scattered warts and lack of hymenial cystidia. The phylogenetic relationship of the three species was determined by the analyses of the ITS region and the combined data matrix (ITS-nrLSU-RPB2), respectively. The results showed that the three species formed three independent lineages. Based on the combination of both morphological and molecular data, M. chifengense, M. griseoflava and M. pallidorosea were confirmed to be new species. The morphological similarities of the three new species is also discussed.

Microstructure Dependence of Effective Thermal Conductivity of EB-PVD TBCs.

Microstructure dependence of effective thermal conductivity of the coating was investigated to optimize the thermal insulation of columnar structure electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD coating), considering constraints by mechanical stress. First, a three-dimensional finite element model of multiple columnar structure was established to involve thermal contact resistance across the interfaces between the adjacent columnar structures. Then, the mathematical formula of each structural parameter was derived to demonstrate the numerical outcome and predict the effective thermal conductivity. After that, the heat conduction characteristics of the columnar structured coating was analyzed to reveal the dependence of the effective thermal conductivity of the thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) on its microstructure characteristics, including the column diameter, the thickness of coating, the ratio of the height of fine column to coarse column and the inclination angle of columns. Finally, the influence of each microstructural parameter on the mechanical stress of the TBCs was studied by a mathematic model, and the optimization of the inclination angle was proposed, considering the thermal insulation and mechanical stress of the coating.

[Screening and verification of proteins of Salvia miltiorrhiza polyphenol oxidase interaction].

Polyphenol oxidase(PPO) is an important antioxidant enzyme in plants. It has the functions of scavenging active oxygen and synthesizing phenols, lignin, and plant protection factors, and can enhance the plant's resistance to stress and resistance to pests and diseases. Our previous research found that Salvia miltiorrhiza PPO gene can positively regulate salvianolic acid B synthesis. In order to further explore the mechanism, a pGBKT7-PPO bait vector was constructed using the cloned S. miltiorrhiza polyphenol oxidase gene(SmPPO, GenBank accession number: KF712274.1), and verified that it had no self-activation and no toxicity. The titer of S. miltiorrhiza cDNA library constructed by our laboratory was 4.75 × 107 cfu·mL~(-1), which met the requirements for library construction. Through yeast two-hybrid test, 22 proteins that could interact with SmPPO were screened. Only yeast PAL1 and TAT interacted with SmPPO through yeast co-transformation verification. Further verification was performed by bimolecular fluorescence complementary detection(BiFC). Only TAT and SmPPO interacted, so it meant that TAT and SmPPO interacted. TAT and SmPPO were truncated according to the domain, respectively. The first 126 amino acids of SmPPO and tyrosine amino transferase(TAT) were obtained to interact on the cell membrane and chloroplast. SmPPO was obtained by subcellular localization test, which was mainly loca-lized on the nucleus and cell membrane; TAT was localized on the cell membrane. Real-time quantitative PCR results showed that the SmPPO gene was mainly expressed in roots and stems; the TAT gene was expressed in roots, and the expression level in stems and flowers was low. This article lays a solid foundation for the in-depth study of the molecular mechanism of the interaction of S. miltiorrhiza SmPPO and TAT to regulate the synthesis of phenolic substances.

Indium Zinc Oxide Thin-Film Transistors with Ultraviolet Post-Annealing Treatment.

Ultraviolet treatment (UV) light was performed for indium zinc oxide thin-film transistors (TFTs) for different time so as to study the effects of post-annealing on electrical characteristic of TFTs. Electrical characteristic results proved that the value of high mobility after UV post-annealing process (2 mW/cm². for 30 s was obviously enhanced, and it had an acceptable on/off ratio, reasonable threshold voltage, and subthreshold swing. Among them, the value of the electronic mobility is 2.41 cm²/Vs, the threshold voltage value is 8.31 V, the on/off current ratio value is 2×2 × 105, and the subthreshold swing value is 1.13 V/dec.

Capacitance-Voltage Characteristics Analysis of Indium Zinc Oxide Thin Film Transistors Based Ultraviolet Light Irradiation.

The mechanism of solution-processed indium zinc oxide (IZO) thin film transistors (TFTs) made by simultaneous spin coating and ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation was investigated by capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurement. The application of UV light on the IZO TFTs was found to improve the thin film surface structure, and pledge to receive low degree of roughness. Meanwhile, electrical characteristics indicated that the TFT prepared at the UV light irradiation with 90 s exhibits the best performance with field-effect mobility 5.6 cm²/Vs, threshold voltage ═ -0.13 V, subthreshold gate swing 0.64 V/decade and on/off ratio ═ 1.7 × 106. In the C-V contrastive analysis with different UV light irradiation time by 60 s and 90 s, the frequency was varied from 100 Hz to 10 kHz to investigate low as well as high frequency C-V.

Genetic diversity of Lepista nuda (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) in Northeast China as indicated by SRAP and ISSR markers.

Lepista nuda is a popular wild edible mushroom that grows in China. In this study, we used ISSR and SRAP molecular markers to analyze the genetic diversity of 72 samples of L. nuda from eight populations in Northeast China. In total, six ISSR primers and five pairs of SRAP primers that produced clear and polymorphic banding profiles were selected for assessing L. nuda genetic diversity. The results revealed a high level of genetic variation among the 72 samples (94.4% polymorphism) but a low degree of gene flow among the populations. Among L. nuda populations, genetic distance was not correlated significantly with geographic distance. The antioxidant activity of the samples from each population was also tested and the result showed that all the selected samples had more than 60% DPPH scavenging activities. Nonetheless, the antioxidant activity diversity is not coincident with both the genetic diversity and the geographic distribution. The results indicate that ISSR and SRAP molecular markers are useful for studying the genetic diversity of L. nuda. The results also suggest that L. nuda populations in Northeast China require protection.

MiR-29c reduces the cisplatin resistance of non-small cell lung cancer cells by negatively regulating the PI3K/Akt pathway.

In previous studies, miR-29s showed tumor suppressor properties against lung cancer, which improved the survival of patients upon the administration of chemotherapy via an unknown mechanism. Here, we investigated the regulatory effects of miR-29s on the cisplatin resistance of NSCLC cells. The expression of miR-29s was assessed in 130 clinical patients and in cisplatin-treated NSCLS cell lines. MiR-29c expression was decreased in 77% of NSCLC patients. Cisplatin treatment increased the expression of miR-29c and decreased the expression of its oncogenic target AKT2 in NSCLC cell lines. A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that higher miR-29c levels led to a longer disease-free survival. In particular, patients who experienced cancer recurrences after cisplatin chemotherapy exhibited a lower level of miR-29c expression, suggesting that miR-29c activation may contribute to the chemotherapeutic efficiency of cisplatin. The enforced expression of miR-29c enhanced the cisplatin sensitivity of NSCLC cells, while the knocking down of miR-29c led to cisplatin resistance. MiR-29c amplified the therapeutic effects of cisplatin in vivo. Rescue experiments suggested that miR-29c regulates the cisplatin resistance of NSCLS cells by negatively regulating the PI3K/Akt pathway. Overall, our results demonstrated that miR-29c enhances the sensitivity of NSCLC cells to cisplatin by targeting the PI3K/Akt pathway.

Carrier-free, self-assembled pure drug nanorods composed of 10-hydroxycamptothecin and chlorin e6 for combinatorial chemo-photodynamic antitumor therapy in vivo.

Carrier-free nanodrugs formulated from the supramolecular self-assembly of pure drug molecules have emerged as an innovative and promising strategy for tumor therapy. We report herein a new and simple method to directly assemble a small hydrophobic anticancer drug, 10-hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT), with a photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6) to form stable, discrete nanorods (NRs), which not only circumvent the extreme hydrophobicity of HCPT but also incorporate two different modalities into one delivery system for combination therapy. Different ratios of HCPT to Ce6 were evaluated to afford the optimal nanoformulation. The as-prepared HCPT/Ce6 NRs were fully characterized, indicating a relatively uniform size of about 360 nm in length and 135 nm in width, and a surface charge of about -33 mV. Efficient internalization of the NRs by cancer cells was observed by using a confocal microscope and the generation of singlet oxygen species arising from the NRs under 655 nm laser irradiation was detected by DCFH-DA. As a result, very potent in vitro efficacy against several kinds of cancer cell lines was achieved through chemo-photodynamic dual therapy. The in vivo tumor suppression effect of HCPT/Ce6 NRs was verified on a subcutaneous xenograft mouse model, achieving almost complete inhibition of the tumor growth, which may benefit from the superiority of nanomedicine and combination therapy. The rationale of this facile and green strategy for carrier-free nanodrug formulation via the self-assembly approach might provide new opportunities for the development of combinatorial therapeutics for tumors.

[Screening of different AFLP fragments between near-isogenic lines of male sterile and fertile Salvia miltiorrhiza and their comparison analysis].

There is distinctive advantage of using male sterile lines to breed new cultivar and produce hybrids, when compared with general breeding method on yield and quality. In our previous work, near-isogenic lines (NILs) of male sterile and fertile Salvia miltiorrhiza have been obtained through continuous hybridization in many years. In this investigation, 378 primer combination were screened by using AFLP and BSA technique, in which 26 markers amplified from seven primers were found to tightly link to male sterile gene. Based on these markers, two linkage genetic maps were constructed. A 2 027,2 028 bp fragment was amplifed from NILs of fertile and sterile S. miltiorrhiza, respectively, using genome walking technique and previous E11/M4-208 marker as template. Four base mutations were found in intron when comparing both fragments. Among all different markers between NILs of male sterile and fertile S. miltiorrhiza, four was found to have 100% identities to chromosome 1, 3 and 5 of Arabidopsis, namely, E01/M09-418, E05/M13-308, E05/M04-750 and E01/M01-204. The E01/M09-418 marker was very close to male sterile gene of S. miltiorrhiza with distance of 2.1 cM, which also had 100% identities to male sterile gene MS2 in Arabidopsis. Both were distributed in chromosome 3 of Arabidopsis. The 2 028 bp fragment also had 100% identities to MS2 gene. Another E05/M04-750 marker that had 100% identities to chromosome 5 of Arabidopsis was found to have high identities to POP085-M05 gene of poplars and low affinity calcium antiporter CAX2 of Arabidopsis with very low E-value. The constructed genetic map and differential fragments with potential functions found in this study provide a solid foundation to lock male sterile genes in S. miltiorrhiza genome and to discover their functions.

[Correlation analysis between meteorological factors, biomass, and active components of Salvia miltiorrhiza in different climatic zones].

In this study, the growth and accumulation of active components of Salvia miltiorrhiza in twenty two experimental sites which crossing through three typical climate zones. The S. miltiorrhiza seedlings with the same genotype were planted in each site in spring, which were cultivated in fields with uniform management during their growing seasons till to harvest. The diterpene ketones (dihydrotanshinone, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I and tanshinone II(A)) in S. miltiorrhiza root samples were determined by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The biomass of root (root length, number of root branches, root width and dry weight) was also measured. The results showed that tanshinone II(A) in all samples of each site were higher than the standards required by China Pharmacopoeia. It has been found there is a relationship between root shape and climate change. The correlation analysis between active components and meteorological factors showed that the accumulation of tanshinones were effected by such meteorological factors as average relative humidity from April to October > average vapor pressure from April to October > average temperature difference day and night from April to October > annual average temperature and so on. The correlation analysis between root biomass and meteorological factors exhibited that root shape and accumulation of dry matter were affected by those factors, such as average annual aboveground (0-20 cm) temperature from April to October > annual average temperature > average vapor pressure from April to October > annual active accumulated temperature > annual average temperature > average vapor pressure from April to October. The accumulation of tanshinones and biomass was increased with the decrease of latitude. At the same time, the dry matter and diameter of root decreased if altitude rises. In addition, S. miltiorrhiza required sunlight is not sophisticated, when compared with humid and temperature. To sum up, S. miltiorrhiza can adapt to a variety of climatic conditions and the southern warm humid climate is more conducive to its growth and accumulation of active components.

The HIF-2alpha dependent induction of PAP and adenosine synthesis regulates glioblastoma stem cell function through the A2B adenosine receptor.

Glioblastomas are lethal tumors characterized by malignant proliferation and recurrence promoted partly by glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). GSCs are known to be regulated by hypoxia, but the mechanisms involved in this regulation are not fully understood. We now demonstrate that hypoxia-inducible factor HIF2α and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) are preferentially expressed in hypoxic GSCs in comparison with non-stem tumor cells and normal neural stem cells and that PAP is regulated by HIF2α. Targeting PAP in hypoxic GSCs inhibits self-renewal and proliferation in vitro and attenuates tumor initiation potential of GSCs in vivo. Using specific adenosine receptor antagonists, we further find that the pro-proliferative role of PAP is stemmed from stimulated A2B adenosine receptors. Moreover, selective blockage of A2B receptor or knockdown of PAP or A2B on hypoxic GSCs results in significant reduction of phosphorylation of Akt and Erk-1/2. Our results demonstrate that PAP may play a pro-proliferative role in hypoxic GSCs with a HIF2α-induction pattern, which may be ascribed to stimulated A2B receptors and activated Akt and Erk-1/2 pathways. Therefore, we propose that these identified molecular regulators of GSCs in the hypoxic niche might represent promising targets for antiglioblastoma therapies.

[Association factors analysis of diarrhea in patients receiving kidney transplantation].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the factors in association with colorectal disorders in adult renal transplant recipients. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was carried out with clinical, microbiological and management data regarding diarrhea in 513 renal transplant recipients from Jan. 2007 to Dec. 2012. RESULTS: Of the 513 patients, 118(23.00%) with no history of ulcerative colitis, were found to have diarrhea after kidney transplantation. In the 118 patients, diarrhea was probably caused by administration of immunosuppressive agents in 65 cases (55.08%), in 30 cases (25.42%) diarrhea was antibiotics associated, and in 23 cases (19.49%) it was due to infections, including bacterial, fungal and viral infections. Diarrhea occurred soon after transplantation in most cases. Of the 118 patients, the symptom of diarrhea occurred in the first 1 month in 84 cases (71.19%), and in the next 5 months in 16 cases (13.56%), and the other 18 cases (15.05%) occurred after 180 days after transplantation. Of the 118 patients, 84 cases (71.19%) were relieved or cured after proper diets, the symptomatic therapy or the adjust meat of the doses of immunosuppressive agents: 18 cases (15.25%) needed to use or adjust the antibiotics , 16 cases (13.56%) had to stop mycophenolate mofetil and convert to other drugs. CONCLUSION: Immunosuppressive agents, antibiotics and infection are the common causes of diarrhea after kidney transplantation. The outcome is good with appropriate conservative management.

[Urothelial carcinoma accompanied with other malignant tumor after renal transplantation: 9 cases report].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the patterns and control measures of the multiple malignancy occurring with urothelial carcinoma (UC) in patients after renal transplantation. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was made of 3 370 renal transplant recipients. Of all the subjects, 169 developed malignancy, of whom 9 patients developed other multiple malignant tumors occurring with UC, 8 patients were female and 1 male. The median age was 55 years (49-67 years), and the median diagnosis time of tumor after surgery was 38 months (8-80 months). All of them received operation as therapy. RESULTS: In 9 patients other multiple malignancy occurred with UC: 2 urothelial squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 2 sarcoma, 2 colon adenocarcinoma, 1 skin SCC, 1 poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma combined with micro-papillary carcinoma of bladder and 1 renal chromophobe cell carcinoma. Of the 9 patients, 7 were alive in postoperative follow-ups for 32-172 months, of whom 2 received hemodialysis after the removal of dysfunctional allograft, and 5 were alive with functioned allograft. Two patients died of tumor metastasis in 6 months after operations. CONCLUSION: The multiple accompanying malignancy can happen in patients who have developed UC after renal transplantation. The possibility of multiple malignancy occurrences should be regarded among renal transplant recipients, since early diagnosis and treatment are essential to the improvement in the survival of the patients.