Case report: Long-term intracranial effect of zimberelimab monotherapy following surgical resection of high PD-L1-expressing brain metastases from NSCLC.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounted for the majority of lung cancer cases worldwide. Brain metastases (BM) frequently complicate NSCLC and portend a dismal prognosis. To control neurological symptoms, surgical resection is commonly followed by brain radiotherapy (RT). However, RT is often complicated by neurotoxicity. For patients with tumors that harbor positive driver genes, tyrosine kinase inhibitors are considered the standard of care. Nevertheless, treatment options for those without driver gene mutations are still debated. Programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1)/ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibition has emerged as a novel therapeutic strategy for NSCLC patients with PD-L1-positive tumors, as well as for those with asymptomatic BM. However, the effect of anti-PD-1 antibodies on active BM within such specific populations is undetermined. Herein we present a case of a 65-year-old patient with NSCLC and high PD-L1-expressing BM. The patient underwent surgical resection of BM followed by first-line monotherapy with 31 cycles of zimberelimab, a novel anti-PD-1 antibody, and has already achieved 24 months of progression-free survival and intracranial recurrence-free survival. To our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the intracranial effect of zimberelimab on BM from primary lung cancer. This case report might facilitate an understanding of the intracranial effects of different anti-PD-1 antibodies for such populations.

Endophytic Streptomyces hygroscopicus OsiSh-2-Mediated Balancing between Growth and Disease Resistance in Host Rice.

Plants fine-tune the growth-defense trade-off to survive when facing pathogens. Meanwhile, plant-associated microbes, such as the endophytes inside plant tissues, can benefit plant growth and stress resilience. However, the mechanisms for the beneficial microbes to increase stress resistance with little yield penalty in host plants remain poorly understood. In the present study, we report that endophytic Streptomyces hygroscopicus OsiSh-2 can form a sophisticated interaction with host rice, maintaining cellular homeostasis under pathogen-infection stress, and optimize plant growth and disease resistance in rice. Four-year field trials consistently showed that OsiSh-2 could boost host resistance to rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae while still maintaining a high yield. The integration of the proteomic, physiological, and transcriptional profiling analysis revealed that OsiSh-2 induced rice defense priming and controlled the expression of energy-consuming defense-related proteins, thus increasing the defense capability with the minimized costs of plant immunity. Meanwhile, OsiSh-2 improved the chloroplast development and optimally maintained the expression of proteins related to plant growth under pathogen stress, thus promoting the crop yield. Our results provided a representative example of an endophyte-mediated modulation of disease resistance and fitness in the host plant. The multilayer effects of OsiSh-2 implicate a promising future of using endophytic actinobacteria for disease control and crop yield promotion. IMPORTANCE Under disease stress, activation of defense response in plants often comes with the cost of a reduction in growth and yield, which is referred as the growth-defense trade-off. The microorganisms which can be recruited by plants to mitigate the growth-defense trade-off are of great value in crop breeding. Here, we reported a rice endophytic actinomycetes Streptomyces hygroscopicus OsiSh-2, which can improve host performances on resistance to rice blast while still sustaining high yield in the 4-year field trials. The proteomic, physiological, and transcriptional profiling data offer insights into the molecular basis underlying the balancing between defense and growth in OsiSh-2-rice symbiont. The findings provide an example for the endophyte-mediated modulation of growth-defense trade-offs in plants and indicated the promising application of endophytic actinobacterial strains in agriculture to breed "microbe-optimized crops."

Construction of CuO/In2S3/ZnO heterostructure arrays for enhanced photocatalytic efficiency.

Novel one-dimensional (1D) heterostructure arrays composed of CuO nanowire cores, intermediate In2S3 nanostructures, and ZnO nanorod sheaths (i.e. CuO/In2S3/ZnO heterostructure arrays) have been successfully synthesized by a multi-step process. First, single-crystalline CuO nanowires were directly grown on flexible Cu mesh substrates using a one-step annealing process under ambient conditions. Second, In2S3 nanostructures and ZnO nanorods were sequentially grown on the CuO nanowires by a two-step hydrothermal method at low reaction temperature. The morphology, crystal structures, and optical properties of the CuO/In2S3/ZnO heterostructure arrays were studied by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The resultant ternary CuO/In2S3/ZnO heterostructure arrays exhibit excellent photocatalytic activity in the photodegradation of rhodamine 6G (R6G) under 10 W UV light irradiation, which is much higher than that of single-component (CuO nanowire arrays) or two-component systems (CuO/In2S3 heterostructure arrays). Furthermore, the reusability test demonstrates that the CuO/In2S3/ZnO heterostructure arrays on the Cu mesh still maintain high photocatalytic activity in the degradation of three kinds of organic pollutants even after five cycles, without any significant decline. These findings provide an insight into the design and synthesis of new CuO-based composites to effectively improve their photocatalytic performance.