Air pollution, greenspace exposure and risk of Parkinson's disease: a prospective study of 441,462 participants.

BACKGROUND: The current understandings of the relationship between air pollution (AP), greenspace exposure and Parkinson's Disease (PD) remain inconclusive. METHODS: We engaged 441,462 participants from the UK Biobank who were not diagnosed with PD. Utilizing Cox proportional hazard regression model, relationships between AP [nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOX), particulate matter < 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter(PM2.5), coarse particulate matter between 2.5 µm and 10 µm in aerodynamic diameter(PM2.5-10), particulate matter < 10 µm in aerodynamic diameter(PM10)], greenspace exposure, and PD risk were determined independently. Our analyses comprised three models, adjusted for covariates, and affirmed through six sensitivity analyses to bolster the robustness of our findings. Moreover, mediation analysis was deployed to discern the mediating effect of AP between greenspaces and PD. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 12.23 years (5,574,293 person-years), there were 3,293 PD events. Each interquartile (IQR) increment in NO2 and PM10 concentrations were associated with 10% and 8% increase in PD onset risk, while the increases in NOX, PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 were not associated with PD risk. Additionally, greenspace may safeguard by reducing NO2 and PM10 levels, with the effect mediated by NO2 and PM10 in greenspace-PD relationship. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that an IQR increase in ambient NO2 and PM10 concentrations was associated with risk of PD development, while other pollutants (NOX, PM2.5 and PM2.5-10) were not associated with PD risk. Firstly, we find that augmented exposure to greenspace was associated with the lower PD risk by reducing NO2 and PM10 levels.

The impact of peer effect of industrial robot application on enterprise carbon emission reduction.

The application of intelligent technology, such as industrial robots, is related to the environmental governance effectiveness of enterprises and the realization of the goal of "carbon peak and carbon neutrality". Due to their similar external environments, driven by economic rationality, peer enterprises will mimic the robotics applications of other enterprises, which in turn will affect the enterprises' carbon emissions. However, little literature has explored the impact of industrial robot application on enterprise carbon emissions from the perspective of peer effect. Based on the data of Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share manufacturing listed enterprises in China from 2011 to 2021, this paper explores the impact of industrial robot application on carbon emission reduction of manufacturing enterprises from the perspective of peer effect. It is found that the industry peer effect and regional peer effect brought by the application of industrial robots are conducive to promoting the carbon emission reduction of enterprises. Among them, the industry peer effect of industrial robot applications promotes carbon emission reduction by enhancing the green innovation ability of enterprises, while the regional peer effect promotes carbon emission reduction by improving the service level of enterprises. It is further found that the degree of industry competition and the level of environmental regulation have inverted U-shaped moderating effects on the industrial robot application industry peer effect, regional peer effect, and enterprises' carbon emission reduction, respectively. The results enrich the research on the impact of industrial robot application on carbon emission reduction of manufacturing enterprises and provide policy implications for improving the environmental performance of enterprises.

Association between irritable bowel syndrome and Parkinson's disease by Cohort study and Mendelian randomization analysis.

This study aimed to investigate the association between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and Parkinson's disease (PD) utilizing prospective cohort study and Mendelian randomization. The dataset contained a substantial cohort of 426,911 participants from the UK Biobank, discussing the association between IBS and PD with Cox proportional hazards models and case-control analysis while adjusting for covariates such as age, gender, ethnicity and education level. In univariate Cox regression model, the risk of PD was reduced in IBS patients (HR: 0.774, 95%CI: 0.625-0.956, P = 0.017), but the statistical significance diminished in the three models after adjusting for other variables. In a few subgroup analyses, IBS patients are less likely to develop into PD, and patients diagnosed with IBS after 2000 also had a lower risk (HR: 0.633, 95%CI: 0.403-0.994, P = 0.047) of subsequently developing PD. In addition, we matched five healthy control participants based on gender and age at the end of the study for each IBS patient diagnosed during the follow-up period, and logistic regression results (OR:1.239, 95%CI: 0.896-1.680, P = 0.181) showed that IBS was not associated with the risk of PD. Mendelian randomization did not find significant evidence of the causal relationship between IBS and Parkinson's disease (OR: 0.801, 95%CI: 0.570-1.278, P = 0.204). Overall, we suggest that IBS status is not associated with the risk of developing PD, and that these findings provide valuable insights into the clinical management and resource allocation of patients with IBS.

Non-Faradaic optoelectrodes for safe electrical neuromodulation.

Nanoscale optoelectrodes hold the potential to stimulate optically individual neurons and intracellular organelles, a challenge that demands both a high-density of photoelectron storage and significant charge injection. Here, we report that zinc porphyrin, commonly used in dye-sensitized solar cells, can be self-assembled into nanorods and then coated by TiO2. The J-aggregated zinc porphyrin array enables long-range exciton diffusion and allows for fast electron transfer into TiO2. The formation of TiO2(e-) attracts positive charges around the neuron membrane, contributing to the induction of action potentials. Far-field cranial irradiation of the motor cortex using a 670 nm laser or an 850 nm femtosecond laser can modulate local neuronal firing and trigger motor responses in the hind limb of mice. The pulsed photoelectrical stimulation of neurons in the subthalamic nucleus alleviates parkinsonian symptoms in mice, improving abnormal stepping and enhancing the activity of dopaminergic neurons. Our results suggest injectable nanoscopic optoelectrodes for optical neuromodulation with high efficiency and negligible side effects.

Joint analysis of proteome, transcriptome, and multi-trait analysis to identify novel Parkinson's disease risk genes.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified multiple risk variants for Parkinson's disease (PD). Nevertheless, how the risk variants confer the risk of PD remains largely unknown. We conducted a proteome-wide association study (PWAS) and summary-data-based mendelian randomization (SMR) analysis by integrating PD GWAS with proteome and protein quantitative trait loci (pQTL) data from human brain, plasma and CSF. We also performed a large transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) and Fine-mapping of causal gene sets (FOCUS), leveraging joint-tissue imputation (JTI) prediction models of 22 tissues to identify and prioritize putatively causal genes. We further conducted PWAS, SMR, TWAS, and FOCUS using a multi-trait analysis of GWAS (MTAG) to identify additional PD risk genes to boost statistical power. In this large-scale study, we identified 16 genes whose genetically regulated protein abundance levels were associated with Parkinson's disease risk. We undertook a large-scale analysis of PD and correlated traits, through TWAS and FOCUS studies, and discovered 26 casual genes related to PD that had not been reported in previous TWAS. 5 genes (CD38, GPNMB, RAB29, TMEM175, TTC19) showed significant associations with PD at both the proteome-wide and transcriptome-wide levels. Our study provides new insights into the etiology and underlying genetic architecture of PD.

Shared Genetic Architecture between Parkinson's Disease and Brain Structural Phenotypes.

BACKGROUND: Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) have consistently demonstrated brain structure abnormalities, indicating the presence of shared etiological and pathological processes between PD and brain structures; however, the genetic relationship remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the extent of shared genetic architecture between PD and brain structural phenotypes (BSPs) and to identify shared genomic loci. METHODS: We used the summary statistics from genome-wide association studies to conduct MiXeR and conditional/conjunctional false discovery rate analyses to investigate the shared genetic signatures between PD and BSPs. Subsequent expression quantitative trait loci mapping in the human brain and enrichment analyses were also performed. RESULTS: MiXeR analysis identified genetic overlap between PD and various BSPs, including total cortical surface area, average cortical thickness, and specific brain volumetric structures. Further analysis using conditional false discovery rate (FDR) identified 21 novel PD risk loci on associations with BSPs at conditional FDR < 0.01, and the conjunctional FDR analysis demonstrated that PD shared several genomic loci with certain BSPs at conjunctional FDR < 0.05. Among the shared loci, 16 credible mapped genes showed high expression in the brain tissues and were primarily associated with immune function-related biological processes. CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed the polygenic overlap with mixed directions of allelic effects between PD and BSPs and identified multiple shared genomic loci and risk genes, which are likely related to immune-related biological processes. These findings provide insight into the complex genetic architecture associated with PD. © 2023 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Identifying causal genes for migraine by integrating the proteome and transcriptome.

BACKGROUND: While previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified multiple risk variants for migraine, there is a lack of evidence about how these variants contribute to the development of migraine. We employed an integrative pipeline to efficiently transform genetic associations to identify causal genes for migraine. METHODS: We conducted a proteome-wide association study (PWAS) by combining data from the migraine GWAS data with proteomic data from the human brain and plasma to identify proteins that may play a role in the risk of developing migraine. We also combined data from GWAS of migraine with a novel joint-tissue imputation (JTI) prediction model of 17 migraine-related human tissues to conduct transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) together with the fine mapping method FOCUS to identify disease-associated genes. RESULTS: We identified 13 genes in the human brain and plasma proteome that modulate migraine risk by regulating protein abundance. In addition, 62 associated genes not reported in previous migraine TWAS studies were identified by our analysis of migraine using TWAS and fine mapping. Five genes including ICA1L, TREX1, STAT6, UFL1, and B3GNT8 showed significant associations with migraine at both the proteome and transcriptome, these genes are mainly expressed in ependymal cells, neurons, and glial cells, and are potential target genes for prevention of neuronal signaling and inflammatory responses in the pathogenesis of migraine. CONCLUSIONS: Our proteomic and transcriptome findings have identified disease-associated genes that may give new insights into the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets for migraine.

LncTUG1 contributes to the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma via the miR-144-3p/RRAGD axis and mTOR/S6K pathway.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a symptomatic disease involed multi-stage program. Here, we elucidated the molecular mechanism of LncTUG1 in the regulation of HCC evolvement. And that may in all likelyhood supply a innovative latent target for HCC's diagnoses and prognosis. LncRNA TUG1, miR-144-3p, RRAGD and mTOR signaling pathway were screened as target genes in the database, and their expression levels at the cytological level were verified utilized qRT-PCR, Western Blot and immunohistochemistry. Then, we adopted CCK-8, Transwell and flow cytometry assays to estimate cell proliferation, invasion and apoptosis. By use of luciferase reporter assay, the relationships of LncRNA TUG1, miR-144-3p and RRAGD was confirmed. In addition, the LncRNA TUG1-miR-144-3p-RRAGD-mTOR signaling pathway in HCC cells was verified adopted rescue experiment and confirmed by xenotransplantation animal experiment. LncTUG1 in HCC tissues from three databases were identified and further verified through qRT-PCR in HCC cells (Huh7, Hep3B). Knockdown the LncTUG1 could increase apoptosis and inhibite invasion and proliferation in HCC cells. Using inhibitors and activators of the mTOR/S6K pathway, LncTUG1 was confirmed to regulate HCC progression by the mTOR/S6K pathway. Luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that TUG1 negatively regulates miR-144-3p. Furthermore, miR-144-3p negativly regulates RRAGD by way of interacting with the 3'UTR of the RRAGD mRNA in HCC utilized luciferase reporter assay. In vivo, we also discovered that neoplasm weight and tumor volume reduced significantly in subcutaneous xenograft nude mouse models derived from sh-LncTUG1-expressing Huh7 cells. And the expressions of p-mTOR, p-S6K and RRAGD were decreased obviously while the miR144-3p increased in subcutaneous xenograft nude mouse models. In a word, the research suggests that LncTUG1 targets miR-144-3p while miR-144-3p binds to RRAGD mRNA, which induces mTOR/S6K pathway activation and promotes the progression of HCC.

GGC repeat expansion in NOTCH2NLC induces dysfunction in ribosome biogenesis and translation.

GGC repeat expansion in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of NOTCH2NLC is associated with a broad spectrum of neurological disorders, especially neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID). Studies have found that GGC repeat expansion in NOTCH2NLC induces the formation of polyglycine (polyG)-containing protein, which is involved in the formation of neuronal intranuclear inclusions. However, the mechanism of neurotoxicity induced by NOTCH2NLC GGC repeats is unclear. Here, we used NIID patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived 3D cerebral organoids (3DCOs) and cellular models to investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms of NOTCH2NLC GGC repeat expansion. IPSC-derived 3DCOs and cellular models showed the deposition of polyG-containing intranuclear inclusions. The NOTCH2NLC GGC repeats could induce the upregulation of autophagic flux, enhance integrated stress response and activate EIF2α phosphorylation. Bulk RNA sequencing for iPSC-derived neurons and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) for iPSC-derived 3DCOs revealed that NOTCH2NLC GGC repeats may be associated with dysfunctions in ribosome biogenesis and translation. Moreover, NOTCH2NLC GGC repeats could induce the NPM1 nucleoplasm translocation, increase nucleolar stress, impair ribosome biogenesis and induce ribosomal RNA sequestration, suggesting dysfunction of membraneless organelles in the NIID cellular model. Dysfunctions in ribosome biogenesis and phosphorylated EIF2α and the resulting increase in the formation of G3BP1-positive stress granules may together lead to whole-cell translational inhibition, which may eventually cause cell death. Interestingly, scRNA-seq revealed that NOTCH2NLC GGC repeats may be associated with a significantly decreased proportion of immature neurons while 3DCOs were developing. Together, our results underscore the value of patient-specific iPSC-derived 3DCOs in investigating the mechanisms of polyG diseases, especially those caused by repeats in human-specific genes.

Matrine Attenuates Lung Injury by Modulating Macrophage Polarization and Suppressing Apoptosis.

INTRODUCTION: Persistent lung inflammation is a characteristic of sepsis-induced lung injury. Matrine, the active ingredient from Sophora flavescens, has exhibited anti-inflammatory activities. This study investigated the effects of prophylactic administration of matrine on macrophage polarization, apoptosis, and tissue injury in a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced murine lung injury model. METHODS: Mice were randomly allocated into four groups: Sham, CLP, Sham + Matrine, and CLP + Matrine. Lung tissues were collected at 24 h post-CLP. Histopathology and immunofluorescence analysis were performed to evaluate lung injury and macrophage infiltration in the lung, respectively. Caspase-3 activities, TUNEL staining, and anti-apoptotic proteins were examined to assess apoptosis. To determine the mechanism of action of matrine, protein levels of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), p53 and the messenger RNA levels of p53-mediated proapoptotic genes were examined to elucidate the associated signaling pathways. RESULTS: Histopathological evaluation showed that matrine prophylaxis attenuated sepsis-induced lung injury. Matrine prophylaxis attenuated sepsis-induced infiltration of the total population of macrophages in the lung. Matrine inhibited M1 macrophage infiltration, but increased M2 macrophage infiltration, thus resulting in a decrease in the proportion of M1 to M2 macrophages in septic lung. Sepsis-induced lung injury was associated with apoptotic cell death as evidenced by increases in caspase-3 activity, TUNEL-positive cells, and decreases in antiapoptotic proteins, all of which were reversed by matrine prophylaxis. Matrine restored sepsis-induced downregulation of SIRT1 and deacetylation of NF-κB p65 subunit and p53, thus inactivating NF-κB pathway and suppressing p53-induced proapoptotic pathway in septic lung. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, this study demonstrated that matrine exhibited pro-M2 macrophage polarization and antiapoptotic effects in sepsis-induced lung injury, which might be, at least partly, due to the modulation of SIRT1/NF-κB and SIRT1/p53 pathways.

Human blood metabolites and lacunar stroke: A Mendelian randomization study.

BACKGROUND: Lacunar stroke accounts for a quarter of all strokes, but little is known about the underlying pathological mechanisms. Analysis of serum metabolites may allow better understanding of the underlying biological processes. Mendelian randomization (MR) can provide information on the causality of associations. AIMS: To identify causal relationships between serum metabolites and lacunar stroke. METHODS: We applied a two-sample MR analysis to evaluate relationships between 486 serum metabolites and lacunar stroke. The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was used to estimate the causal relationship of the exposure on the outcome, while sensitivity analyses were performed using MR-Egger, weighted median, and MR-PRESSO to eliminate the pleiotropy. We also performed a metabolic pathway analysis to identify potential metabolic pathways. RESULTS: We identified 15 known (8 risk and 7 protective) and 14 unknown serum metabolites associated with lacunar stroke. Among the known risk metabolites, two were lipids (1-linoleoylglycerophosphoethanolamine and dihomo-linolenate (20:3n3 or n6)), five amino acids (kynurenine, isobutyrylcarnitine, aspartate, trans-4-hydroxyproline, and 3-methyl-2-oxovalerate), and one peptide (ADSGEGDFXAEGGGVR). The known protective metabolites included four lipids (4-androsten-3beta,17beta-diol disulfate 1, 1-palmitoleoylglycerophosphocholine, adrenate (22:4n6), and glycodeoxycholate), one amino acid (methionine), and two exogenous metabolites (homostachydrine and 2-methoxyacetaminophen sulfate). Metabolic pathway analysis identified several pathways that might be involved in the disease. CONCLUSION: We identified eight risk and seven protective human serum metabolites associated with lacunar stroke. Isobutyrylcarnitine was positively associated with an increased risk of lacunar stroke. In addition, 3-methyl-2-oxovalerate and aspartate may be involved in the disease pathogenesis through metabolic pathways.

Intelligence, education level, and risk of Parkinson's disease in European populations: A Mendelian randomization study.

Background: A high level of education or intelligence (IQ) is reported to be a risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). The purpose of this study was to systematically examine the causal relationships between IQ, educational attainment (EA), cognitive performance, and PD. Methods: We used summary statistics from genome-wide association studies on IQ, EA, cognitive performance, and PD. Four genome-wide association study (GWAS) data for PD were used to comprehensively explore the causal relationship, including PD GWAS (regardless of sex), age at onset of PD GWAS, male with PD GWAS, and female with PD GWAS data. We conducted a two sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study using the inverse-variance weighted (IVW), weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode methods to evaluate the causal association between these factors. MR-Egger and MR-PRESSO were used for sensitivity analysis to test and correct horizontal pleiotropy. Multivariate MR (MVMR) was also used to account for the covariation between IQ, EA, and cognition, as well as to explore potential mediating factors. Results: Genetically predicted higher IQ was associated with an increased risk of PD in the entire population, regardless of gender. In the analyses using the IVW method, the odds ratio was 1.37 (p = 0.0064). Men with a higher IQ, more years of education, or stronger cognitive ability are more likely to develop PD compared to women. MVMR showed that adjusting for education and cognition largely attenuated the association between IQ and PD, suggesting that education and cognition may mediate the effect of IQ on PD. Conclusion: This study provides genetic support for the causal link between higher IQ and an increased risk of PD.

Depletion and Reversal of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Inducing CTL through ER Stress-Dependent PERK-CHOP Signaling Pathway.

Aims: In this report, it was investigated that hepatoma cells can cause downregulation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) function and tea polyphenols (TPs) can reverse downregulation of CTL function. Methods: The expression of GRP78, PD-1, and TIM-3 was detected by western blotting in CTLL-2 cocultured with Hepa1-6 cells. Moreover, perforin (PRF1) and granzyme B (GzmB) protein levels and ER morphology were examined by ELISA and TEM, respectively. After 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) or tunicamycin (TM) treatment, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3), PRF1, and GzmB were measured by western blotting and ELISA. After sh-CHOP or GSK2656157 (PERK inhibitor) stimulation, the activation of the PERK-CHOP pathway was detected in CTLL-2 cells. Finally, changes in PD-1, TIM-3, PRF1, and GzmB levels were detected to verify the reversal of CTL depletion by TP. Results: The expression of GRP78, PD-1, and TIM-3 clearly increased, and swelling was observed for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in CTLL-2 cells cocultured with hepatoma cells. Concurrently, the levels of PRF1 and GzmB decreased. CTLL-2 depletion was induced after stimulation with TM and differed from 4-PBA stimulation. Treatment with sh-CHOP or GSK2656157 caused a decrease in PD-1 and TIM-3 expression, whereas the expression of PRF1 and GzmB clearly increased. After adding TP, the function of CTLs increased markedly. Conclusion: Hepatoma cells induced the depletion of CTLs through the ER stress PERK-CHOP pathway, and TP reversed this depletion by downregulating ER stress.

Evaluation of high-risk factors and the diagnostic value of alpha-fetoprotein in the stratification of primary liver cancer.

BACKGROUND: Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is one of the diagnostic standards for primary liver cancer (PLC); however, AFP exhibits insufficient sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing PLC. AIM: To evaluate the effects of high-risk factors and the diagnostic value of AFP in stratified PLC. METHODS: In total, 289 PLC cases from 2013 to 2019 were selected for analysis. First, the contributions of high-risk factors in stratifying PLC were compared according to the following criteria: Child-Pugh score, clinical stage of liver cirrhosis, tumor size, and Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage. Then, the diagnostic value of AFP was evaluated in different stratifications of PLC by receiver operating characteristic curves. For PLC cases in which AFP played little role, the diagnostic values of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and AFP were analyzed. RESULTS: The roles of high-risk factors differed in stratified PLC. The incidence of smoking and drinking history was higher in PLC with Child-Pugh scores of C (P < 0.0167). The hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection rate in PLC with cirrhosis was more than in PLC without cirrhosis (P < 0.0167). Small tumors were more prone to cirrhosis than large tumors (P < 0.005). BCLC stage D PLC was more likely to be associated with HBV infection and cirrhosis (P < 0.0083). AFP levels were higher in PLC with cirrhosis, diffuse tumors, and BCLC stage D disease. In diagnosing PLC defined as Child-Pugh A, B, and C, massive hepatoma, diffuse hepatoma, BCLC stage B, C, and D, and AFP showed significant diagnostic value [all area under the curve (AUC) > 0.700]. However, these measures were meaningless (AUC < 0.600) in small hepatomas and BCLC A stage PLC, but could be replaced by the combined detection of CEA, CA 19-9, GGT, and AFP (AUC = 0.810 and 0.846, respectively). CONCLUSION: Stratification of PLC was essential for precise diagnoses and benefited from evaluating AFP levels.

Dysfunction of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Induced by Hepatoma Cells through the Gln-GLS2-Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic activities of tumor cells lead to a depletion of nutrients within the tumor microenvironment, which results in the dysfunction of infiltrating T cells. Here, we explored how glutamine (gln) metabolism, which is essential for biosynthesis and cellular function, can affect the functions of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). METHODS: Activated CTLs were co-cultured with hepatoma cells. Western blot was used to analyze changes of proteins and ELISA was used to analyze changes of effector. RNA-sequencing was used to detect differentially expressed genes in CTLs. The status of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was investigated using transmission electron microscopy experiments. RESULTS: Co-culturing CTLs and hepatoma cells revealed that CTLL-2 cells in the co-culture group expressed high levels of PD-1 (Programmed cell death protein 1), TIM-3 (T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein-3), GRP78 (Glucose regulated protein 78), and P-PERK (phosphorylated protein kinase RNA-activated-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase) and secreted low levels of Granzyme B and perforin. Additionally, the substructure of the ER was severely damaged. When CTLs were treated with an inhibitor of ER stress, their functions were restored. Next, complete medium without Gln was used to culture cells, causing CTLs to display dysfunction and ER stress. WB results revealed decreased expression levels of GLS2 and SLC1A5 (Solute carrier family 1 member 5) in CTLs in the co-culture group. Subsequently, glutaminase (GLS) inhibitors were added to the cultures. As expected, CTLs treated with a GLS2 inhibitor had increased protein content of PD-1 and TIM-3, decreased secretion of Granzyme B and perforin, and an enhanced ER stress response. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, CTLs are functionally downregulated induced by hepatoma cells through the Gln-GLS2-ERS pathway.

Glutamine deprivation impairs function of infiltrating CD8+ T cells in hepatocellular carcinoma by inducing mitochondrial damage and apoptosis.

BACKGROUND: The functions of infiltrating CD8+ T cells are often impaired due to tumor cells causing nutrient deprivation in the tumor microenvironment. Thus, the mechanisms of CD8+ T cell dysfunction have become a hot research topic, and there is increased interest on how changes in metabolomics correlate with CD8+ T cell dysfunction. AIM: To investigate whether and how glutamine metabolism affects the function of infiltrating CD8+ T cells in hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS: Immunohistochemical staining and immunofluorescence were performed on surgically resected liver tissues from patients. Differentially expressed genes in infiltrating CD8+ T cells in hepatocellular carcinoma were detected using RNA sequencing. Activated CD8+ T cells were co-cultured with Huh-7 cells for 3 d. The function and mitochondrial status of CD8+ T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and transmission electron microscopy. Next, CD8+ T cells were treated with the mitochondrial protective and damaging agents. Functional alterations in CD8+ T cells were detected by flow cytometry. Then, complete medium without glutamine was used to culture cells and their functional changes and mitochondrial status were detected. RESULTS: There were a large number of infiltrating PD-1+CD8+ T cells in liver cancer tissues. Next, we co-cultured CD8+ T cells and Huh-7 cells to explore the regulatory effect of hepatoma cells on CD8+ T cells. Flow cytometry results revealed increased PD-1 expression and decreased secretion of perforin (PRF1) and granzyme B (GZMB) by CD8+ T cells in the co-culture group. Meanwhile, JC-1 staining was decreased and the levels of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis were increased in CD8+ T cells of the co-culture group; additionally, the mitochondria of these cells were swollen. When CD8+ T cells were treated with the mitochondrial protective and damaging agents, their function was restored and inhibited, respectively, through the mitochondrial damage and apoptotic pathways. Subsequently, complete medium without glutamine was used to culture cells. As expected, CD8+ T cells showed functional downregulation, mitochondrial damage, and apoptosis. CONCLUSION: Glutamine deprivation impairs the function of infiltrating CD8+ T cells in hepatocellular carcinoma through the mitochondrial damage and apoptotic pathways.

Rare KCND3 Loss-of-Function Mutation Associated With the SCA19/22.

Spinocerebellar ataxia 19/22 (SCA19/22) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations of the KCND3 gene, which encodes the Kv4. 3 protein. Currently, only 22 KCND3 single-nucleotide mutation sites of SCA19/22 have been reported worldwide, and detailed pathogenesis remains unclear. In this study, Sanger sequencing was used to screen 115 probands of cerebellar ataxia families in 67 patients with sporadic cerebellar ataxia and 200 healthy people to identify KCND3 mutations. Mutant gene products showed pathogenicity damage, and the polarity was changed. Next, we established induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from SCA19/22 patients. Using a transcriptome sequencing technique, we found that protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum was significantly enriched in SCA19/22-iPS-derived neurons and was closely related to endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and apoptosis. In addition, Western blotting of the SCA19/22-iPS-derived neurons showed a reduction in Kv4.3; but, activation of transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and C/EBP homologous protein was increased. Therefore, the c.1130 C>T (p.T377M) mutation of the KCND3 gene may mediate misfold and aggregation of Kv4.3, which activates the ERS and further induces neuron apoptosis involved in SCA19/22.

GIPC1 CGG Repeat Expansion Is Associated with Movement Disorders.

OBJECTIVE: CGG/GGC repeat expansion in FMR1 and NOTCH2NLC is reportedly associated with movement disorders; therefore, we hypothesized that the CGG repeat expansion in LRP12, NUTM2B-AS1, and GIPC1, which was previously identified in myopathy, might also be associated with movement-disorder phenotypes. Here, we investigated whether CGG repeat expansion in LRP12, NUTM2B-AS1, and GIPC1 presents in a cohort of patients with movement disorders. METHODS: We screened for the CGG repeat expansion in LRP12, NUTM2B-AS1, and GIPC1 in 1,346 movement-disorder patients and 1,451 matched healthy controls. RESULTS: No patients or controls harbored expanded CGG repeats in LRP12 or NUTM2B-AS1, whereas 16 patients harbored >40 CGG repeats in GIPC1, with 11 of these patients harboring >60 CGG repeats. One control individual harbored an expanded GIPC1 allele (83 CGG units), suggesting that approximately 1% of patients affected by movement disorders in our population might harbor GIPC1 CGG repeat expansion, with this likely extremely rare in healthy controls (<0.001). The clinical phenotypes of the GIPC1 CGG repeat-positive patients strongly resembled those in patients displaying NOTCH2NLC GGC repeat-positive movement disorders. Additionally, the GIPC1 CGG repeat-positive patients presented white-matter hyperintensities but without typical NOTCH2NLC-related high-intensity signals in the corticomedullary junction. Furthermore, 44% of the GIPC1 CGG repeat-positive patients showed a cognitive deficit, and skin biopsies in 2 patients revealed deposition of intranuclear inclusions. INTERPRETATION: The CGG repeat expansion in GIPC1 might be associated with movement-disorder phenotypes and lead to diseases related to intranuclear inclusions. ANN NEUROL 2022;91:704-715.

Four Simple Biomimetic Mineralization Methods to Improve the Thermostability and Immunogenicity of Virus-like Particles as a Vaccine against Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

The need for a cold chain system during storage and transport substantially increases the cost of vaccines. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are among the best countermeasures against foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV). However, VLPs are composed of pure proteins, and thus, are susceptible to heat. To address this problem, four simple biomimetic mineralization methods with the use of calcium phosphate were developed to improve heat tolerance via biomineralization. The results showed that biomineralization can significantly improve the heat resistance of VLPs. The biomineralized VLPs can be stored at low as 25 °C for eight days, and 37 °C for four days. Animal experiments showed that biomineralization had no effect on the immunogenicity of VLPs or the expression of specific antibodies (Abs) and neutralizing Abs. Even after heat treatment at 37 °C for four days, the biomineralized VLPs remained immunogenic and produced highly specific and neutralizing Abs with a high rate of protection. These results suggest that these biomineralization approaches can promote the thermal stability of VLPs against and significantly reduce dependence on cold storage and delivery systems.