ABSTRACT
The surface compositions and structure of oil bodies (OBs) are dependent on the oil crop, and these factors affect in vitro gastrointestinal digestion behaviors. Herein, a comparative study was conducted to examine the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion characteristics of two natural emulsions prepared with soybean seeds and rapeseed OBs during gastrointestinal digestion process. The average particle size of soybean OBs and rapeseed OBs emulsions was 0.46 and 5.02 µm, respectively. The droplet size of soybean seed and rapeseed OBs emulsions was large with relatively low zeta-potentials at 30 min digestion time in simulated gastric fluid condition. The droplet size of two natural OBs emulsions decreased with increasing digestion time in simulated gastric fluid condition. The average droplet size of both emulsions gradually decreased with increasing digestion time in simulated intestinal fluid conditions. The zeta-potential of the two emulsions increased with increasing digestion time in simulated intestinal fluid conditions. The extent of free fatty acids of soybean OBs emulsions was significantly higher than rapeseed after 20 min digestion time in simulated intestinal fluid conditions. The obtained results suggested that plant OBs could be useful as natural emulsifiers in the development of functional food and achieve controlled release of bioactive compounds from emulsions during gastrointestinal digestion.
Subject(s)
Digestion/physiology , Emulsifying Agents , Gastric Juice/metabolism , Gastrointestinal Tract/physiology , Rapeseed Oil/metabolism , Soybean Oil/metabolism , Emulsions , Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/metabolism , Functional Food , Gastrointestinal Tract/metabolism , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , In Vitro Techniques , Particle Size , Time FactorsABSTRACT
A series of novel 4-ferrocenylchroman-2-one derivatives were designed and synthesised to discover potent anti-inflammatory agents for treatment of arthritis. All the target compounds had been screened for their anti-inflammatory activity by evaluating the inhibition effect of LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Among them, 4-ferrocenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[g]chromen-2-one (3h) was found to be the most potent compound in inhibiting the productions of NO with low toxicity. This compound also exhibited significant inhibition of the productions of IL-6 and TNF-α in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Preliminary mechanism studies indicated that compound 3h could inhibit the activation of LPS-induced NF-κB and MAPKs signalling pathways. The in vivo anti-inflammatory effect of this compound was determined in the rat adjuvant-induced arthritis model.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology , Arthritis/drug therapy , Chromones/pharmacology , Interleukin-6/antagonists & inhibitors , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , NF-kappa B/antagonists & inhibitors , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/chemical synthesis , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/chemistry , Arthritis/metabolism , Cell Survival/drug effects , Chromones/chemical synthesis , Chromones/chemistry , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Freund's Adjuvant , Interleukin-6/biosynthesis , Lipopolysaccharides/antagonists & inhibitors , Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology , Male , Mice , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism , Molecular Structure , NF-kappa B/metabolism , RAW 264.7 Cells , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Structure-Activity Relationship , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesisABSTRACT
Breast cancer is the most common cancer suffered by female, and the second highest cause of cancer-related death among women worldwide. At present, hormone therapy is still the main treatment route and can be divided into three main categories: selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), selective estrogen receptor downregulators (SERDs), and aromatase inhibitors (AIs). However, breast cancer is difficult to cure even after several rounds of anti-estrogen therapy and most drugs have serious side-effects. Here, we review the literature published over the past five years regarding the isolation and synthesis of analogs and their derivatives.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Aromatase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy , Estrogen Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology , Estrogen Receptor Modulators/pharmacology , Estrogen Receptor alpha/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/isolation & purification , Aromatase Inhibitors/chemistry , Aromatase Inhibitors/isolation & purification , Breast Neoplasms/metabolism , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Estrogen Receptor Antagonists/chemistry , Estrogen Receptor Antagonists/isolation & purification , Estrogen Receptor Modulators/chemistry , Estrogen Receptor Modulators/isolation & purification , Estrogen Receptor alpha/metabolism , Female , Humans , Molecular StructureABSTRACT
The title compound, C(35)H(35)ClN(4)O(3), resulted from a spiro-lactam ring closure of rhodamine B dye. The xanthene ring system is approximately planar [r.m.s. deviation = 0.050â (9)â Å for the xanthene ring]. The dihedral angles formed by the spiro-lactam and 5-chloro-2-hy-droxy-benzene rings with the xanthene ring system are 87.9â (7) and 79.1â (7)°, respectively.
ABSTRACT
Since the ability to degrade lignin with one kind of white-rot fungi or bacteria was very limited, superior mixed flora's ability to degrade lignin was investigated by an orthogonal experiment in this paper. The results showed that superior mixed flora reinforced the ability to degrade lignin, the degradation rates of both sample 9 and 10 were beyond 80% on the day 9. The cooperation between lignin peroxidase (LiP), Mn-dependent peroxidase (MnP) and laccase (Lac) for lignin degradation was also studied. By examining the activities of three enzymes produced by superior mixed flora, it was found that Lac was a key enzyme in the process of biological degradation of lignin but Lip was not; the enzyme activity ratios of Lac/MnP and Lac/LiP were significantly correlative with the degradation rate of lignin at the 0.01 level; and the ratio of MnP/LiP was an important factor affecting the degradation rate of lignin.
