Decreased serum levels of SETD1A protein in patients with schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: SET domain-containing protein 1A (SETD1A) histone lysine N-methyltransferase may serve as a biomarker for the auxiliary diagnosis and treatment assessment of schizophrenia (SCZ). The aim of this study was to compare serum levels of SETD1A protein between patients with SCZ and health controls. METHODS: Patients with SCZ and health controls were recruited from the Sixth Hospital of Changchun and the 'Survey on Chronic Diseases and Risk Factors among Adults in Jilin Province', respectively. The quantifications of lysine N-methyltransferase in peripheral serum were conducted by the ELISA method, and data was analyzed using the R software. RESULTS: Forty patients with SCZ (mean age: 33.97 ± 5.99 years) and forty healthy controls (mean age: 39.07 ± 4.62 years) were included. There was significantly lower concentration of SETD1A protein in the SCZ group compared with the control group (P < 0.001). This significant difference still exists after stratification by sex (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that decreased levels of serum SETD1A protein may be utilized as a possible peripheral biomarker for schizophrenia.

Copy number deletion of PLA2G4A affects the susceptibility and clinical phenotypes of schizophrenia.

Phospholipase A2(PLA2) superfamily is recognized as being involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia by affecting lipid homeostasis in cell membranes. We hypothesized that PLA2 gene copy number variation (CNV) may affect PLA2 enzyme expression and be associated with schizophrenia risk. This study indicated that in the discovery stage, an increased copy number of PLA2G6 and the deletion of PLA2G3, PLA2G4A, PLA2G4F and PLA2G12F was associated with increased risk of schizophrenia. CNV segments involving six PLA2 genes were detected in publicly available datasets, including two deletion segments specific to the PLA2G4A gene. The relationship between the deletion of PLA2G4A and susceptibility to schizophrenia was then reaffirmed in the validation group of 806 individuals. There was a significant correlation between PLA2G4A deletion and the symptoms of poverty of thought in male patients and erotomanic delusion in females. Furthermore, ELISA results demonstrate a significant decrease in peripheral blood cytosolic PLA2(cPLA2) levels in patients with the PLA2G4A deletion genotype compared to those with normal and copy number duplicate genotypes. These data suggest that the functional copy number deletion in the PLA2G4A gene is associated with the risk of schizophrenia and clinical phenotypes by reducing the expression of cPLA2, which may be an indicator of susceptibility to schizophrenia.

Different effects of pea protein on the properties and structures of starch gel at low and high solid concentrations.

In the context of starch-protein composite gels, the influence of protein on gel formation significantly shapes the textural attributes of starch gels, leading to distinct outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate how different ratios of pea protein (PP) affect the properties and structures of starch-protein composite gels at low (10 wt%) and high (40 wt%) solid concentrations. The addition of PP had opposite effects on the two gels. Compared to the pure starch gel, the low-concentration composite gel (LCG) with 20 % PP experienced a 48.90 ± 0.33 % reduction in hardness, and the storage modulus (G') decreased from 14,100 Pa to 5250 Pa, indicating a softening effect of PP on LCG. Conversely, the hardness of the high-concentration composite gel (HCG) with 20 % PP exhibited a 62.19 ± 0.03 % increase in hardness, and G' increased from 12,100 Pa to 41,700 Pa, highlighting the enhancing effect of PP on HCG. SEM and fluorescence microscopy images showed that PP induced uneven network sizes in LCG, while HCG with a PP content of 20 %, PP, together with starch, formed a three-dimensional network. This study provides valuable insights and guidance for the design and production of protein-enriched starch gel products with different textural properties.

miR-92a-3p regulates ethanol-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyocytes.

The role of miR-92a-3p in the ethanol-induced apoptosis of H9c2 cardiomyocytes remains unclear. In this study, we explored the role of miR-92a-3p in the ethanol-induced apoptosis of H9c2 cardiomyocytes and identified its target genes and signaling pathways. H9c2 cells were cultured with or without 100 mM ethanol for 24 h. The differential expression of miR-92a-3p was verified in H9c2 cells through reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). To manipulate the expression of miR-92a-3p, both a mimic and an inhibitor were transfected into H9c2 cells. An Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide apoptosis detection kit and apoptosis-related antibodies were used for apoptosis detection through flow cytometry and Western blotting, respectively. Target genes were verified through RT-qPCR, Western blotting, and double luciferase reporter gene assays. miR-92a-3p was significantly overexpressed in ethanol-stimulated H9c2 cardiomyocytes (P < 0.001). After ethanol stimulation, H9c2 myocardial cells exhibited increased apoptosis. The apoptosis rate was higher in the miR-92a-3p mimic group than in the control group. However, the apoptosis rate was lower in the miR-92a-3p inhibitor group than in the control group, indicating that miR-92a-3p promotes the ethanol-induced apoptosis of H9c2 myocardial cells. RT-qPCR and Western blotting revealed that the miR-92a-3p mimic and inhibitor significantly regulated the mRNA and protein expression levels of mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 2 and cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 (CREB3L2), suggesting that miR-92a-3p promotes the apoptosis of H9c2 cardiomyocytes by inhibiting the MSK2/CREB/Bcl-2 pathway. Therefore, the apoptosis of H9c2 cardiomyocytes increases after ethanol stimulation, and miR-92a-3p can directly target MSK2 and CREB3L2, thereby promoting the ethanol-induced apoptosis of H9c2 myocardial cells.

The effect of short-term remote ischemic preconditioning on endothelial function of patients with chronic kidney disease: A randomized pilot study.

AIM: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are more susceptible to endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease (CV). Remote ischemic preconditioning (rIPC) has been proven efficient in improving endothelial function and lowering the risk of CV. However, the safety and effect of rIPC on endothelial function in patients with CKD have not been effectively assessed. METHODS: 45 patients with CKD (average estimated glomerular filtration rate: 48.4 mL/min/1.73 m2) were randomly allocated to either 7-day daily upper-arm rIPC (4 × 5 min 200 mmHg, interspaced by 5-min reperfusion) or control (4 × 5 min 60 mmHg, interspaced by 5-min reperfusion). Vascular endothelial function was assessed by natural log-transformed reactive hyperemia index (LnRHI) before and after a 7-day intervention. Arterial elasticity was assessed by augmentation index (AI). RESULTS: The results showed that LnRHI could be improved by rIPC treatment (Pre = 0.57 ± 0.04 vs. Post = 0.67 ± 0.04, p = .001) with no changes relative to control (Pre = 0.68 ± 0.06 vs. Post = 0.64 ± 0.05, p = .470). Compared with the control group, the improvement of LnRHI was greater after rIPC treatment (rIPC vs. Control: 0.10 ± 0.03 vs. -0.04 ± 0.06, between-group mean difference, -0.15 [95% CI, -0.27 to -0.02], p = .027), while there was no significant difference in the change of AI@75 bpm (p = .312) between the two groups. CONCLUSION: RIPC is safe and well tolerated in patients with CKD. This pilot study suggests that rIPC seems to have the potential therapeutic effect to improve endothelial function. Of note, further larger trials are still warranted to confirm the efficacy of rIPC in improving endothelial function in CKD patients.

COVID-19 vaccination willingness among people living with HIV in Shijiazhuang, China: a cross-sectional survey.

Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic imposed an enormous disease and economic burden worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is essential to containing the pandemic. People living with HIV (PLWH) may be more vulnerable to severe COVID-19 outcomes; thus, understanding their vaccination willingness and influencing factors is helpful in developing targeted vaccination strategies. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between 15 June and 30 August 2022 in Shijiazhuang, China. Variables included socio-demographic characteristics, health status characteristics, HIV-related characteristics, knowledge, and attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination and COVID-19 vaccination status. Multivariable logistic regression was used to confirm factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination willingness among PLWH. Results: A total of 1,428 PLWH were included, with a 90.48% willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccination. PLWH were more unwilling to receive COVID-19 vaccination for those who were female or had a fair/poor health status, had an allergic history and comorbidities, were unconvinced and unsure about the effectiveness of vaccines, were unconvinced and unsure about the safety of vaccines, were convinced and unsure about whether COVID-19 vaccination would affect ART efficacy, or did not know at least a type of domestic COVID-19 vaccine. Approximately 93.00% of PLWH have received at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine among PLWH, and 213 PLWH (14.92%) reported at least one adverse reaction within 7 days. Conclusion: In conclusion, our study reported a relatively high willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccination among PLWH in Shijiazhuang. However, a small number of PLWH still held hesitancy; thus, more tailored policies or guidelines from the government should be performed to enhance the COVID-19 vaccination rate among PLWH.

Omicron BA.4/5 neutralization and cell-mediated immune responses in relation to baseline immune status and breakthrough infection among PLWH: A follow-up cohort study.

There is a paucity of data on hybrid immunity (vaccination plus breakthrough infection [BI]), especially cell-mediated responses to Omicron among immunosuppressed patients. We aim to investigate humoral and cellular responses to Omicron BA.4/5 among people living with HIV (PLWH) with/without BIs, the most prevalent variant of concern after the reopening of China. Based on our previous study, we enrolled 77 PLWH with baseline immune status of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 specific antibodies after inactivated vaccination. "Correlates of protection," including serological immunoassays, T cell phenotypes and memory B cells (MBC) were determined in PLWH without and with BI, together with 16 PLWH with reinfections. Higher inhibition rate of neutralizing antibodies (NAb) against BA.4/5 was elicited among PLWH with BI than those without. Omicron-reactive IL4+ CD8+ T cells were significantly elevated in PLWH experienced postvaccine infection contrasting with those did not. NAb towards wild type at baseline was associated with prolonged negative conversion time for PLWH whereas intermediate MBCs serve as protecting effectors. We uncovered that hybrid immunity intensified more protection on BA.4/5 than vaccination did. Strengthened surveillance on immunological parameters and timely clinical intervention on PLWH deficient in protection would reduce the severity and mortality in the context of coexistence with new Omicron subvariants.

Characteristics of hospitalized elderly patients with CKD: a comparison between elderly and non-elderly CKD based on a multicenter cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: We undertook a multicenter epidemiological survey among hospitalized patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), aiming to reveal the characteristics of elderly CKD by comparing it with non-elderly CKD. METHODS: Medical records were obtained from 18 military hospitals across China from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2011. The characteristics of chronic kidney disease in the elderly were analyzed through comparing with those in younger patients with chronic kidney disease. RESULTS: A total of 380,461 hospitalized patients were included in the database, with 25,826 (6.8%) diagnosed with CKD. Unlike non-elderly, the top-three causes of chronic kidney disease among elderly patients were diabetic nephropathy (24.1%), hypertension-related renal impairment (20.9%), and primary glomerular disease (11.1%). 71.6% of the elderly patients with CKD had more than one comorbidities and the number of morbidities increased with age. In-hospital mortality of the elderly was significantly higher than those of younger patients (3.3% vs. 1.0%). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that age, CKD 5 stage, acidosis, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, infection disease, neoplasm, and dementia were independent risk factors for death from CKD in the elderly. The median length of stay (LOS) was similar between elderly and younger CKD patients. The median cost was higher for elderly CKD patients than for younger CKD patients. Among elderly individuals with CKD, LOS, and hospitalization costs also increased with an increase in the number of coexisting diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetic nephropathy,  and hypertension-related kidney injury were the leading causes of chronic kidney disease in elderly patients, which is different from the non-elderly. Elderly patients with chronic kidney disease were more likely to have a higher burden of comorbidities, which were associated with worse in-hospital outcomes.

Long-term trends of nasopharyngeal carcinoma mortality in China from 2006 to 2020 by region and sex: an age-period-cohort analysis.

BACKGROUND: China has a high mortality from nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The NPC mortality trends in China from 2006 to 2020 were described and analyzed to understand its epidemiological characteristics by region and sex and to explore age, period, and cohort effects. METHODS: This study utilized NPC mortality data from the China Health Statistical Yearbook. A joinpoint regression model was used to fit the standardized NPC mortality and age-specific mortality. The age-period-cohort model was applied to investigate age, period, and cohort effects on NPC mortality risk. RESULTS: The results showed that the NPC mortality rate in China has been declining steadily. From 2006 to 2020, the standardized NPC mortality rate in most age groups showed a significant downward trend. The annual percentage change was smaller in rural areas than in urban areas. The mortality risks of rural males and rural females from 2016 to 2020 were 1.139 times and 1.080 times those from 2011 to 2015, respectively. Both urban males born in 1984-1988 and rural males born in 1979-1983 exhibited an increasing trend in NPC mortality risk. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirmed the effectiveness of NPC prevention and treatment strategies in China from 2006 to 2020. However, it underscored the urgent need for targeted interventions in rural areas to further reduce NPC mortality rates.

Survey of the Prosthogonimus spp. metacercariae infection in the second intermediate host dragonfly in Heilongjiang Province, China.

Prosthogonimiasis poses a threat to the reproductive system of poultry and wild birds, which are the definitive hosts of the parasite causing this disease. However, the parasite infection of the second intermediate host (dragonfly), the primary vector of this pathogen, is rarely reported. In this study, the prevalence of Prosthogonimus infection in dragonflies was investigated from June 2019 to October 2022 in Heilongjiang Province, northeast China. The species of metacercariae isolated from dragonfly were identified by morphological characteristics, molecular biology techniques, and animal infection experiments. The results showed that 11 species of dragonflies and one damselfly were identified and among six of the dragonflies infected by Prosthogonimus metacercariae, Sympetrum depressiusculum (28.53%) had the highest infection rate among all positive dragonflies, followed by Sympetrum vulgatum (27.86%) and Sympetrum frequens (20.99%), which are preferred hosts, and the total prevalence was 20.39% (2061/10,110) in Heilongjiang Province. Three species of Prosthogoniumus metacercariae were isolated, including Prosthogonimus cuneatus, Prosthogonimus pullucidus, and Prosthogonimus sp., among which P. cuneatus was the dominant species in dragonflies in Heilongjiang Province. This is the first report on the prevalence of Prosthogonimus in dragonflies in China, which provides baseline data for the control of prosthogonimiasis in Heilongjiang Province and a reference for the prevention of prosthogonimiasis in other areas of China.

SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Uptake among Patients with Chronic Liver Disease: A Cross-Sectional Analysis in Hebei Province, China.

Chronic liver disease (CLD) patients have higher mortality and hospitalization rates after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This study aimed to explore SARS-CoV-2 vaccine perceptions, side effects, factors associated with nonvaccination and attitudes toward fourth-dose vaccine among CLD patients. The differences between vaccinated and unvaccinated groups among 1491 CLD patients and the risk factors associated with nonvaccination status were analyzed. In total, 1239 CLD patients were immunized against SARS-CoV-2. CLD patients have a high level of trust in the government and clinicians and were likely to follow their recommendations for vaccination. Reasons reported for nonvaccination were mainly concerns about the vaccines affecting their ongoing treatments and the fear of adverse events. However, only 4.84% of patients reported mild side effects. Risk factors influencing nonvaccination included being older in age, having cirrhosis, receiving treatments, having no knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine considerations and not receiving doctors' positive advice on vaccination. Furthermore, 20.6% of completely vaccinated participants refused the fourth dose because they were concerned about side effects and believed that the complete vaccine was sufficiently protective. Our study proved that SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were safe for CLD patients. Our findings suggest that governments and health workers should provide more SARS-CoV-2 vaccination information and customize strategies to improve vaccination coverage and enhance vaccine protection among the CLD population.

Single-cell dissection of cellular and molecular features underlying mesenchymal stem cell therapy in ischemic acute kidney injury.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exert beneficial therapeutic effects in acute kidney injury (AKI), while the detailed repair mechanism remains unclear. Herein, we probed the underlying mechanisms of MSC therapy in AKI by performing unbiased single-cell RNA sequencing in IRI model with/without MSC treatment. Our analyses uncovered the tubular epithelial cells (TECs) and immune cells transcriptomic diversity and highlighted a repair trajectory involving renal stem/progenitor cell differentiation. Our findings also suggested that profibrotic TECs expressing pro-fibrotic factors such as Zeb2 and Pdgfb promoted the recruitment of inflammatory monocytes and Th17 cells to injured kidney tissue, inducing TGF-ß1 secretion and renal fibrosis. Finally, in addition to activating the repair properties of renal progenitor/stem cells, we uncovered a role for MSC-derived miR-26a-5p in mediating the therapeutic effects of MSCs by inhibiting Zeb2 expression and suppressing pro-fibrotic TECs and its subsequent recruitment of immune cell subpopulations. These findings may help to optimize future AKI treatment strategies.

24-h Urinary Calcium Excretion and Renal Outcomes in Hospitalized Patients with and without Chronic Kidney Disease.

This study investigated the impact of 24-h urinary calcium excretion (UCaE) on renal function decline in hospitalized patients with and without chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study enrolled 3815 CKD patients in stages 1-4 and 1133 non-CKD patients admitted to the First Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital between January 2014 and July 2022. The primary outcome for CKD patients was a composite of CKD progression, defined as a 40% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or end-stage kidney disease. Annual eGFR change was the secondary outcome. For non-CKD patients, the primary outcome was an eGFR decline of ≥20% or CKD incidence, while annual eGFR change was the secondary outcome. The association between UCaE and kidney function decline was assessed using Cox proportional hazards and generalized linear models. Primary outcomes were observed in 813 CKD patients and 109 non-CKD patients over a median follow-up of 3.0 and 4.1 years, respectively. For CKD patients, every 1-mmol/d increase in UCaE was associated with a 15% decreased risk of CKD progression. The hazard ratio (HR) was 0.85, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.77-0.93. For non-CKD patients, the risk of renal function decline decreased by 11%. The multivariate models indicated that there was an annual decrease in eGFR in both CKD and non-CKD patients, with a reduction of 0.122 mL/min/1.73 m2/year (p < 0.001) and 0.046 mL/min/1.73 m2/year (p = 0.004), respectively, for every 1-mmol/d increase in UCaE. CKD experiences a decrease in 24-h UCaE as early as stage 1, with a significant decline in stage 4. CKD and non-CKD patients with lower UCaE levels are at an increased risk of renal decline, regardless of other variables.

Association between sarcopenia and frailty in elderly patients with chronic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: Frailty and sarcopenia are prevalent in chronic kidney disease (CKD) populations and could increase the risk for adverse health outcomes. Few studies assess the correlation between frailty, sarcopenia and CKD in non-dialysis patients. Therefore, this study aimed to determine frailty-associated factors in elderly CKD stage I-IV patients, expected to early identify and intervene in the frailty of elderly CKD patients. METHODS: A total of 774 elderly CKD I-IV patients (>60 years of age) recruited from 29 clinical centers in China between March 2017 and September 2019 were included in this study. We established a Frailty Index (FI) model to evaluate frailty risk and verified the distributional property of FI in the study population. Sarcopenia was defined according to the criteria of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to assess the associated factors for frailty. RESULTS: Seven hundred seventy-four patients (median age 67 years, 66.0% males) were included in this analysis, with a median estimated glomerular filtration rate of 52.8 mL/min/1.73 m2 . The prevalence of sarcopenia was 30.6%. The FI exhibited a right-skewed distribution. The age-related slope of FI was 1.4% per year on a logarithmic scale (r2  = 0.706, 95% CI 0.9, 1.8, P < 0.001). The upper limit of FI was around 0.43. The FI was related to mortality (HR = 1.06, 95% CI 1.00, 1.12, P = 0.041). Multivariate multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that sarcopenia, advanced age, CKD stage II-IV, low level of serum albumin and increased waist-hip ratio were significantly associated with high FI status, while advanced age and CKD stage III-IV were significantly associated with for median FI status. Moreover, the results from the subgroup were consistent with the leading results. CONCLUSIONS: Sarcopenia was independently associated with an increased risk for frailty in elderly CKD I-IV patients. Patients with sarcopenia, advanced age, high CKD stage, high waist-hip ratio and low serum albumin level should be assessed for frailty.

Evaluating Efficacy and Safety of Tacrolimus Treatment in Membranous Nephropathy: Results of a Retrospective Study of 182 Patients.

Purpose: Tacrolimus is recommended by KDIGO Clinical Practice Guidelines as an initial therapy for the treatment of membranous nephropathy (MN). However, little is known about the factors that influence response and recurrence of the disease after tacrolimus therapy, and there are limited data regarding the duration of tacrolimus treatment. Here, we present a real-world retrospective cohort study of 182 MN patients treated with tacrolimus, aiming to assess the efficacy and safety of tacrolimus in the treatment of MN. Patients and Methods: The clinical data of 182 patients with MN treated with tacrolimus and followed up for at least one year were analyzed retrospectively for the efficacy and safety of tacrolimus. Results: The mean follow-up period was 27.3 (19.3-41.6) months. A total of 154 patients (84.6%) achieved complete or partial remission, and 28 patients (15.4%) did not. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that male and higher baseline BMI were independently associated with lower, while higher serum albumin was associated with higher probability of remission. Among the responders, 56 patients (36.4%) relapsed. After adjustments for age and sex, Cox regression analysis revealed that the longer period of full-dose tacrolimus was administered, the lower the incidence of relapse. However, high levels of serum creatinine and proteinuria at the onset of tacrolimus discontinuation were risk factors for relapse. During the treatment of tacrolimus, a decline in renal function (≥50% increase in serum creatinine after the onset of tacrolimus treatment) was the most common adverse reaction, observed in 20 (11.0%) patients, followed by elevated blood glucose and infection, but the latter two occurred mostly during treatment with tacrolimus plus corticosteroids. Conclusion: Tacrolimus is effective in the treatment of MN, but the relapse rate is high. Clinical studies with larger sample sizes are needed to further explore the use of tacrolimus in the treatment of membranous nephropathy.

The association between schizophrenia and white blood cells count: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

BACKGROUND: Positive associations between the risk of schizophrenia and the level of white blood cells (WBC) count have been suggested by observational studies. However, the causality of this association is still unclear. METHODS: We used a group of bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to estimate the causal relationship between schizophrenia and WBC count traits (i.e., WBC count, lymphocyte count, neutrophil count, basophil count, eosinophil count, and monocyte count). The threshold of FDR-adjusted P < 0.05 was considered as showing potential evidence of a causal effect. Instrument variables were included based on the genome-wide significance threshold (P < 5 × 10- 8) and linkage disequilibrium (LD) clumping (r2 < 0.01). In total, 81, 95, 85, 87, 76, and 83 schizophrenia-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used as genetic instruments from Psychiatric Genomics Consortium for six WBC count traits, respectively. And in reverse MR analysis, 458, 206, 408, 468, 473, and 390 variants extracted from six WBC count traits were utilized as genetic instruments, which were obtained from a recent large-scale Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS). RESULTS: Genetically predicted schizophrenia was positively associated with the level of WBC count [odds ratio (OR) 1.017, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.008-1.026; P = 7.53 × 10- 4], basophil count (OR 1.014, 95%CI 1.005-1.022; P = 0.002), eosinophil count (OR 1.021, 95%CI 1.011-1.031; P = 2.77 × 10- 4), monocyte count (OR 1.018, 95%CI 1.009-1.027; P = 4.60 × 10- 4), lymphocyte count (OR 1.021, 95%CI 1.012-1.030; P = 4.51 × 10- 5), and neutrophil count (OR 1.013, 95%CI 1.005-1.022; P = 0.004). WBC count traits are not associated with the risk of schizophrenia in our reverse MR results. CONCLUSION: Schizophrenia is associated with elevated levels of WBC count (i.e., higher WBC count, lymphocyte count, neutrophil count, basophil count, eosinophil count, and monocyte count).

Association of the malnutrition-inflammation score with physical function and functional disability in elderly patients with chronic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To describe nutritional status and inflammation of elderly patients with chronic kidney disease and to confirm the association between a Malnutrition-Inflammation Score and physical func-tion and functional disability. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: A total of 221 chronic kidney disease patients (aged ≥60 years) were included. A Malnutrition-Inflammation Score was used to assess malnutrition and inflammation. Physical function was assessed using the SF-12. Functional status was evaluated using basic activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living. RESULTS: Thirty percent of participants had a Malnutrition-Inflammation Score ≥6, which denoted poor nutritional status. Participants with a Malnutrition-Inflammation Score ≥6 had decreased concentration of hemoglobin, albumin, prealbumin, handgrip strength and walking speed and increased concentration of inflammatory markers, including CRP, IL-6 and fibrinogen. Physical function and physical component summary were lower and basic activities of daily living dependence and instrumental activities of daily living dependence were higher among patients with higher Malnutrition-Inflammation Score than those with a lower Malnutrition-Inflammation Score. The Malnutrition-Inflammation Score was an independent risk factor for physical function and instrumental activities of daily living dependence. CONCLUSIONS: The elderly chronic kidney disease patients with a high Malnutrition-Inflammation Score had a decreased physical function and an increased risk of functional instrumental activities of daily living dependence.

Clinical Factors Associated with Arterial Stiffness in Chronic Kidney Disease.

BACKGROUND: Arterial stiffness influences the prognosis of patients with end-stage kidney disease; however, the factors that promote arterial stiffness in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients remain unknown. We aimed to explore the clinical factors associated with arterial stiffness in CKD. METHODS: Between September 2017 and September 2022, all CKD patients treated at the Department of Nephrology, General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, excluding dialysis patients, were screened and their medical records within the last month were collected. Arterial stiffness was measured by the augmentation index (AIx). The correlative clinical factors with arterial stiffness were explored in different linear regression models. RESULTS: 559 patients were included in the study. AIx@75 increased as the deterioration of CKDG1-CKDG5, with values of 1 (-9, 11), 5.5 (-4, 13.25), 9 (0, 16), 12 (1.5, 23.5), and 22 (13, 28), respectively (Z = 63.03, p < 0.001). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that AIx@75 was positively associated with female sex (ß = 8.926, 95% confidence interval (CI) 6.291, 11.562, p < 0.001), age (ß = 0. 485, 95% CI 0.39, 0.58, p < 0.001), mean arterial pressure (MAP) (ß = 0.255, 95% CI 0.159, 0.35, p < 0.001), and was negatively associated with ACEI/ARB (ß = -4.466, 95% CI -6.963, -1.969, p < 0.001) and glucocorticoid (ß = -3.163, 95% CI -6.143, -0.183, p = 0.038). Smoking, eGFR, hemoglobin, and cause of disease were associated with AIx@75 in multivariate linear regression models when considering factors partly. CONCLUSIONS: Female, age, smoking, MAP, eGFR, cause of disease, ACEI/ARB, and glucocorticoid were found to be associated with atherosclerosis in CKD patients.

Endothelial function, arterial stiffness and Framingham risk score in chronic kidney disease: A prospective observational cohort study.

The aim of this study was to assess the role of endothelial function measured by the reactive hyperemia index (RHI), arterial stiffness measured by the augmentation index (AIx), and Framingham's cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk score (FRS) in kidney function decline in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The RHI and AIx@75 (adjusted for 75 heart beats per minute), both derived from peripheral arterial tonometry (EndoPAT), were measured in 428 CKD patients aged 18 years old and older during hospitalization. We evaluated kidney function and its decline (incident ≥40% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] or initiation of renal replacement therapy) associated with the RHI, AIx@75, and FRS during follow-up for a median of 36 months. The mean age of the participants was 56 years old, and 63.8% were men. In Spearman correlation analysis, the FRS, AIx@75, and RHI levels inversely correlated with eGFR. Over a median follow-up of 36 months, 122 participants experienced kidney function decline. In multivariate Cox analysis, only the FRS remained independently associated with the progression of kidney function (HR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.64; P = 0.001). Multivariable-adjusted spline regression models showed a positive linear relationship between the FRS and the risk of kidney function decline (P-overall = 0.001, P-nonlinear = 0.701). However, adding the FRS to a model containing kidney function markers did not improve risk prediction for kidney outcome (category-free net reclassification improvement index [cf-NRI] = 0.179, P = 0.084; integrated discrimination improvement [IDI] = 0.017, P = 0.128). Additionally, the increased risk of the outcome associated with an elevated FRS was particularly evident among CKD patients with eGFR ≥60 ml/min/1.73 m2 (eGFR ≥ 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 vs.< 60 ml/min/1.73 m2, P for interaction = 0.022). Participants with higher FRS levels were at increased risk of kidney function decline, emphasizing the important role of traditional CVD risk factors in the progression of CKD.