Discovery of TK-642 as a highly potent, selective, orally bioavailable pyrazolopyrazine-based allosteric SHP2 inhibitor.

Src homology-2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) is a promising therapeutic target for cancer therapy. In this work, we presented the structure-guided design of 5,6-fused bicyclic allosteric SHP2 inhibitors, leading to the identification of pyrazolopyrazine-based TK-642 as a highly potent, selective, orally bioavailable allosteric SHP2 inhibitor (SHP2WT IC50 = 2.7 nmol/L) with favorable pharmacokinetic profiles (F = 42.5%; t 1/2 = 2.47 h). Both dual inhibition biochemical assay and docking analysis indicated that TK-642 likely bound to the "tunnel" allosteric site of SHP2. TK-642 could effectively suppress cell proliferation (KYSE-520 cells IC50 = 5.73 µmol/L) and induce apoptosis in esophageal cancer cells by targeting the SHP2-mediated AKT and ERK signaling pathways. Additionally, oral administration of TK-642 also demonstrated effective anti-tumor effects in the KYSE-520 xenograft mouse model, with a T/C value of 83.69%. Collectively, TK-642 may warrant further investigation as a promising lead compound for the treatment of esophageal cancer.

Discovery of WS-384, a first-in-class dual LSD1 and DCN1-UBC12 protein-protein interaction inhibitor for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.

Abnormally high expression of lysine-specific demethylase 1 A (LSD1) and DCN1 plays a vital role in the occurrence, development, and poor prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Accumulating evidence has shown that the development of small-molecule inhibitors dually targeting LSD1 and the DCN1-UBC12 interaction probably have therapeutic promise for cancer therapy. This work reported that WS-384 dually targeted LSD1 and DCN1-UBC12 interactions and evaluated its antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, WS-384 inhibited A549 and H1975 cells viability and decreased colony formation and EdU incorporation. WS-384 could also trigger cell cycle arrest, DNA damage, and apoptosis. Moreover, WS-384 significantly decreased tumor weight and volume in A549 xenograft mice. Mechanistically, WS-384 increased the gene and protein level of p21 by suppressing the neddylation of cullin 1 and decreasing H3K4 demethylation at the CDKN1A promoter. The synergetic upregulation of p21 contributed to cell cycle arrest and the proapoptotic effect of WS-384 in NSCLC cells. Taken together, our proof of concept studies demonstrated the therapeutic potential of dual inhibition of LSD1 and the DCN1-UBC12 interaction for the treatment of NSCLC. WS-384 could be used as a lead compound to develop new dual LSD1/DCN1 inhibitors for the treatment of human diseases in which LSD1 and DCN1 are dysregulated.

The G2-Like gene family in Populus trichocarpa: identification, evolution and expression profiles.

The Golden2-like (GLK) transcription factors are plant-specific transcription factors (TFs) that perform extensive and significant roles in regulating chloroplast development. Here, genome-wide identification, classification, conserved motifs, cis-elements, chromosomal locations, evolution and expression patterns of the PtGLK genes in the woody model plant Populus trichocarpa were analyzed in detail. In total, 55 putative PtGLKs (PtGLK1-PtGLK55) were identified and divided into 11 distinct subfamilies according to the gene structure, motif composition and phylogenetic analysis. Synteny analysis showed that 22 orthologous pairs and highly conservation between regions of GLK genes across P. trichocarpa and Arabidopsis were identified. Furthermore, analysis of the duplication events and divergence times provided insight into the evolutionary patterns of GLK genes. The previously published transcriptome data indicated that PtGLK genes exhibited distinct expression patterns in various tissues and different stages. Additionally, several PtGLKs were significantly upregulated under the responses of cold stress, osmotic stress, and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and gibberellic acid (GA) treatments, implying that they might take part in abiotic stress and phytohormone responses. Overall, our results provide comprehensive information on the PtGLK gene family and elucidate the potential functional characterization of PtGLK genes in P. trichocarpa.

Case report: Neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease presenting with acute encephalopathy.

Neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID), a neurodegenerative disease previously thought to be rare, is increasingly recognized despite heterogeneous clinical presentations. NIID is pathologically characterized by ubiquitin and p-62 positive intranuclear eosinophilic inclusions that affect multiple organ systems, including the brain, skin, and other tissues. Although the diagnosis of NIID is challenging due to phenotypic heterogeneity, a greater understanding of the clinical and imaging presentations can improve accurate and early diagnosis. Here, we present three cases of pathologically proven adult-onset NIID, all presenting with episodes of acute encephalopathy with protracted workups and lengthy time between symptom onset and diagnosis. Case 1 highlights challenges in the diagnosis of NIID when MRI does not reveal classic abnormalities and provides a striking example of hyperperfusion in the setting of acute encephalopathy, as well as unique pathology with neuronal central chromatolysis, which has not been previously described. Case 2 highlights the progression of MRI findings associated with multiple NIID-related encephalopathic episodes over an extended time period, as well as the utility of skin biopsy for antemortem diagnosis.

KDM1A/LSD1 as a promising target in various diseases treatment by regulating autophagy network.

Epigenetics refers to alterations in gene expressions that are reversible and stable, but do not involve changes in DNA sequences. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have shown that epigenetics plays a critical role in autophagy, which can be schematized as a biological process comprising of the following steps: autophagy signal activation, autophagic vesicle elongation, autophagosome maturation and autophagosome-lysosome fusion. As previously reported, autophagy can maintain intracellular homeostasis and autophagy dysfunction will lead to various diseases. For instance, the abnormal expression of genes involved in autophagy can result in the occurrence of many cancers and atherosclerosis. It is also well known that epigenetic modifications can affect autophagy related genes expressions and modulate other signaling molecular involved in autophagy. As an important epigenetic enzyme, LSD1 (lysine specific demethylase 1) plays an essential role in modulating autophagy. On one hand, LSD1 directly regulates autophagy-related genes expressions, including ATGs, Beclin-1, LC3 and SQSTM1/p62. On the other hand, inhibition of LSD1 can activate autophagy through regulating the activities of some other proteins such as p53, SESN2, mTORC1 and PTEN. Since autophagy activation is tightly related to the occurrence of various diseases and can be induced by LSD1 inhibition, development of LSD1 inhibitors will provide a new direction to treat such diseases. In this review, we described the mechanisms by which LSD1 regulates autophagy in different manners and how autophagic dysfunction leads to diseases occurrence. In addition, some LSD1 inhibitors used to treat diseases through modulating autophagy are also summarized in our review.

Adaptive Method to Reduce Thermal Deformation of Ball Screws Based on Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics.

Abstract: In high-speed precision machining, thermal deformation caused by temperature rise affects the accuracy stability of the machine tool to a significant extent. In order to reduce the thermal deformation of ball screws and improve the accuracy, a new adaptive method based on carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) was proposed in this study and the thermal deformation of ball screws was determined. By using the sequential coupling method, the thermal-structural coupling analysis of a ball screw was conducted based on the finite element method (FEM). The analysis results were verified through a comparison with the experimental results. Based on the verification, an FE model of the improved ball screw was established to study its thermal characteristics. The key design parameters of the improved ball screw were optimized based on the Kriging model and genetic algorithm (GA). The thermal reduction effect of the improved ball screw was validated through the experimental results. The results indicate that the adaptive method proposed in this research is effective in reducing the thermal deformation of ball screws.

Coronary periarteritis in a patient with multi-organ IgG4-related disease.

Immunoglobulin G4-related disease is a recently described systemic clinicopathological entity characterized by immunoglobulin G4-producing plasmacytic infiltration of tissue and frequently by elevated serum immunoglobulin G4 concentration. Manifestations of this disease have been documented in nearly all organs and locations, but coronary artery involvement is not widely recognized. We report the coronary findings of a patient with multi-organ immunoglobulin G4-related disease. Non-electrocardiogram-gated computed tomography of the chest demonstrated nodular and rind-like periarterial soft tissue thickening along the proximal coronary artery segments with improvement following steroid therapy.

Routine repeat head CT may not be indicated in patients on anticoagulant/antiplatelet therapy following mild traumatic brain injury.

INTRODUCTION: Evaluation recommendations for patients on anticoagulant and antiplatelet (ACAP) therapy that present after mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) are controversial. At our institution, an initial noncontrast head computed tomography (HCT) is performed, with a subsequent HCT performed six hours later to exclude delayed intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). This study was performed to evaluate the yield and advisability of this approach. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of subjects undergoing evaluation for ICH after mild TBI in patients on ACAP therapy between January of 2012 and April of 2013. We assessed for the frequency of ICH on both the initial noncontrast HCT and on the routine six-hour follow-up HCT. Additionally, chart review was performed to evaluate the clinical implications of ICH, when present, and to interrogate whether pertinent clinical and laboratory data may predict the presence of ICH prior to imaging. We used multivariate generalized linear models to assess whether presenting Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), loss of consciousness (LOC), neurological or physical examination findings, international normalized ratio, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, platelet count, or specific ACAP regimen predicted ICH. RESULTS: 144 patients satisfied inclusion criteria. Ten patients demonstrated initial HCT positive for ICH, with only one demonstrating delayed ICH on the six-hour follow-up HCT. This patient was discharged without any intervention required or functional impairment. Presenting GCS deviation (p<0.001), LOC (p=0.04), neurological examination findings (p<0.001), clopidogrel (p=0.003), aspirin (p=0.03) or combination regimen (p=0.004) use were more commonly seen in patients with ICH. CONCLUSION: Routine six-hour follow-up HCT is likely not indicated in patients on ACAP therapy, as our study suggests clinically significant delayed ICH does not occur. Additionally, presenting GCS deviation, LOC, neurological examination findings, clopidogrel, aspirin or combination regimen use may predict ICH, and, in the absence of these findings, HCT may potentially be forgone altogether.

MRI of the epididymis: can the outcome of vasectomy reversal be predicted preoperatively?

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to describe the MRI findings seen with tubular ectasia of the epididymis and investigate whether MRI may predict vasal/epididymal tubular occlusion before vasectomy reversal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: First, we compared epididymal T1 signal intensity (measured as percentage change relative to ipsilateral testis) in 24 patients with sonographically established tubular ectasia compared with 22 control patients (sonographically normal epididymides). Second, in a subset of patients with tubular ectasia who subsequently underwent surgery to restore fertility (n = 10), we examined the relationship between epididymal T1 signal intensity and surgical outcome. Vasovasostomy (simple vas deferens reanastomosis with high success rate) was possible when viable sperm were detected in the vas deferens intraoperatively. When no sperm were detected, vasal/epididymal tubular occlusion was inferred and vasoepididymostomy (vas deferens to epididymal head anastomosis, a technically challenging procedure with poorer outcome) was performed. RESULTS: In tubular ectasia, we found increased epididymal T1 signal intensity (0-77%) compared with normal epididymides (-27 to 20%) (p < 0.0001). In patients with tubular ectasia who underwent surgery (n = 10), we found higher T1 epididymal signal intensity in cases of vasal/epididymal occlusion (0-70%) relative to cases in which vasal/epididymal patency was maintained (0-10%) (p = 0.01). By logistic regression, relative epididymal T1 signal intensity increase above 19.4% corresponded to greater than 90% probability of requiring vasoepididymostomy. CONCLUSION: Increased epididymal T1 signal intensity (likely due to proteinaceous material lodged within the epididymal tubules) at preoperative MRI in patients undergoing vasectomy reversal suggests vasal/epididymal tubular occlusion and requirement for vasoepididymostomy rather than vasovasostomy.