Current concepts in clinical features and diagnosis of thoracic outlet syndrome.

The diagnosis and clinical features of thoracic outlet syndrome have long confounded clinicians, owing to heterogeneity in symptom presentation and many overlapping competing diagnoses that are "more common." Despite the advent and prevalence of high-resolution imaging, along with the increasing awareness of the syndrome itself, misdiagnoses and untimely diagnoses can result in significant patient morbidity. The authors aimed to summarize the current concepts in the clinical features and diagnosis of thoracic outlet syndrome.

The supraclavicular approach to decompression of the thoracic outlet.

Surgical decompression of the thoracic outlet, along with treatment of the involved nerve or vessel, is the accepted treatment modality when indicated. Although neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is often operated via the axillary approach and venous TOS via the paraclavicular approach, arterial TOS is almost always operated via the supraclavicular approach. The supraclavicular approach provides excellent access to the artery, brachial plexus, phrenic nerve, and the cervical and/or first ribs, along with any bony or fibrous or muscular abnormality that may be causing compression of the neurovascular structures. Even for neurogenic TOS, for which the axillary approach offers good cosmesis, the supraclavicular approach helps with adequate decompression while preserving the first rib. This approach may also be sufficient for thin patients with venous TOS. For arterial TOS, a supraclavicular incision usually suffices for excision of bony abnormality and repair of the subclavian artery.

Practice Patterns and Barriers to Vascular Genetic Testing Among Vascular Surgeons.

INTRODUCTION: Engaging patients living with or at risk of aortic dissection via the Aortic Dissection Collaborative, physician education in vascular genetics was identified as a research priority. We surveyed vascular surgeons to characterize practice patterns, motivations, and barriers regarding aortopathy genetic testing. METHODS: An anonymous 27-question survey was distributed on social media platforms between November and December 2022. Domains included demographics, vascular genetic education, testing attitudes and utilization, and experience in treating patients with genetic vascular aortopathies. The analysis included summary statistics and unpaired t-test to compare responses by interest in incorporating testing and practice type. RESULTS: A total of 171 vascular surgeons from 15 countries responded to the survey (23% trainees). Over half received vascular genetics education during training (59%), and most (86%) were interested in incorporating genetic testing into their practice. Academic surgeons were more likely to have cared for a patient with a known genetic aortopathy over the past year than surgeons in hospital-based and private practices (83% vs. 56% vs. 27%; P < 0.01), to have ever made a referral to a medical geneticist (78% vs. 51% vs. 9%; P < 0.01), and have access to genetic counselors or geneticists (66% vs. 46% vs. 0%; P < 0.01). Barriers to genetic testing were rated as more significant by surgeons in nonacademic practices, with top barriers being insurance coverage of testing, cost of genetic testing, and access to genetic counselors. Evidence-based professional society guidelines were the strongest rated motivating factor for testing incorporation among respondents. CONCLUSIONS: Vascular surgeon attitudes are not major barriers to incorporating genetic testing for patients with aortopathies; however, practical challenges regarding genetic testing and counseling are barriers to implementation especially for vascular surgeons in nonacademic practices. Future efforts should focus on evidence-based society guidelines, continuing medical education to increase adoption, and facilitating access to genetic counseling.

High TNF-alpha and low IL-2 producing T cells characterize active disease in Takayasu's arteritis.

We have investigated intracellular production by T cells and plasma levels of TNF-alpha, IL-2 and IFN-gamma in 12 active and 10 inactive Takayasu's arteritis (TA) patients and 12 healthy controls. The active TA compared to inactive TA and controls had higher TNF-alpha (52.7 +/- 22.3% vs. 32.9 +/- 14.2% and 35.2 +/- 14.5%, respectively; P = 0. 020), lower IL-2 (19.6 +/- 13.2% vs. 36.1 +/- 10.1% and 31.2 +/- 10.3%, respectively; P = 0.010) and comparable IFN-gamma (38.6 +/- 13.9% vs. 34.2 +/- 12.4% and 34.9 +/- 11.1%, respectively; P = 0.581) producing CD3+ T cells. There was no difference in the plasma levels of the cytokines between active TA, inactive TA and controls (TNF-alpha: 79.1 +/- 94.5 vs. 72.9 +/- 120.0 and 9.5 +/- 6.7 pg/ml, P = 0.110; IL-2: 4.3 +/- 4.8 vs. 6.6 +/- 4.7 and 8.6 +/- 4.5 pg/ml, P = 0.094 and IFN-gamma: 10.1 +/- 11.3 vs. 8.8 +/- 8.7 and 8.2 +/- 6.5 pg/ml, P = 0.871, respectively). The data show an important role of these high TNF-alpha and low IL-2 producing T cells in TA.