ABSTRACT
Left coronary artery divides into anterior interventricular branch and circumflex branch. As both the arteries run in their corresponding grooves, an arteriovenous trigone is formed between conus arteriosus and left auricle called triangle of Brocq and Mouchet. The triangle base is formed by great cardiac vein. This study aims to describe the frequency of triangle and its type and relationship between various boundaries and content of triangle and to supplement the existing knowledge of clinicians. This observational and descriptive study was conducted on 40 formalin fixed cadaveric hearts in department of anatomy, Kalpana chawla government medical college. The triangle was found in 92.5% of specimen with most common type being closed (51.3%) which is followed by inferiorly open in 35.1%, superiorly open in 8.1% and completely open in 5.4% hearts. Most frequent content of triangle was median artery followed by diagonal branches of anterior interventricular and circumflex branches. The mean area of the triangle was 246.3 mm2. Relationship of vein with two arterial branches was either superficial or deep. The knowledge of different patterns of existence will be required for angiographic procedures. Further the triangle is a potential epicardial access route to left fibrous ring. Thus detailed knowledge of variations will help cardiologist to achieve better outcome in interventional procedures with minimal complications.
ABSTRACT
Second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is a sexually dimorphic biometric marker. Regarding indirect evidence, there have been several studies that link the waist-tohip ratio (WHR) with the 2D:4D ratio. If the 2D:4D ratio is associated with testosterone and estrogen levels, it may be correlated with a risk of myocardial infarction (MI). The aim of the present study is to find out the correlation between anthropometric risk factors for cardiovascular disease and the 2D:4D ratio in 250 young females of the state of Haryana in Northern India. The present study was conducted on 250 females of the Haryana population aged between 17 and 35 years old. A series of 8 anthropometric measurements was obtained from the participants: height, weight, 2D:4D ratio, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), neck circumference (NC), and WHR. The data was collected, tabulated and subjected to statistical computation using SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 13.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Strong positive associations between the NC and the WHR confirm that both measures are indicative of body fat. Also, a positive correlation between the 2D:4D ratio and the WHR suggests that low androgen levels in women are associated with a greater risk of obesity.Moreover, this result, as well as the positive correlation between 2D:4D ratios and NC, suggest that the digit ratio is indicative for being overweight in women and suggest a predisposition toward cardiovascular disease however, these correlations of body measurements with digit ratios are not significant.
ABSTRACT
During the evolution from the lower animals to man, the upper limbs have acquired a great mobility, but at the cost of their stability. The reverse is true for the lower limbs. The muscular anomalies which are common in the upper limbs are largely explainable on a phylogenetic basis. The same is true for the vascular anomalies. However, such anomalies are usually seen singly and they are never together in the same limb or in two limbs of the same body. The upper limbs which are being reported here had multiple musculovascular anomalies and some of these were bilateral. These include the superficial brachial artery, the accessory head of the biceps brachii, the accessory muscular slips which arose from the common flexor origin and went to the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus and the flexor pollicis longus separately, bifurcation of the tendon of insertion of the brachioradialis and bifurcated (split) insertion of the third lumbrical on the adjacent fingers. Though all these variations have been described in the standard text books of Anatomy, their occurrence, together in one limb and the bilateral presentations of some of these, have never been encountered. Almost all these variations have been explained phylogenically, thus supporting the dictum, "The ontogeny repeats the phylogeny." Furthermore, their clinical significance has also been discussed.
