ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Microalbuminuria is the earliest clinical evidence of diabetic nephropathy. However, prevalence and associated factors with microalbuminuria among type 2 diabetic patients has been understudied area of research in Nepalese context. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with microalbuminuria among type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: This study was a hospital-based cross-sectional study. Blood samples for serum creatinine, Hemoglobin A1C, Fasting blood sugar and urine sample for microalbumin and urine creatinine were collected and analyzed using validated and standardized tools from a total of 400 Type 2 diabetic patients in Devdaha Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Rupandehi, Nepal from August 2014 to September 2017. Microalbuminuria was defined as urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio greater than 30 and less than300 µg /mg of creatinine Results: Of 400 type 2 diabetic patients, 186 (46.5%) had microalbuminuria. The mean values of FBS, HbA1C, serum creatinine, microalbumin, microalbumin/urine creatinine ratio were higher in microalbuminuria group. Microalbuminuria was significantly positively correlated with duration of diabetes, FBS, HbA1C, serum creatinine, microalbumin, microalbumin/ urine creatinine, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure (P< 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that nearly half of the type 2 diabetic patients had microalbuminuria. Our results emphasize to increase to accessibility to microalbuminuria testing for all the type 2 diabetic patients and bring them under medical supervision to reduce the unwanted complications of diabetes mellitus.
Subject(s)
Albuminuria , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Diabetic Nephropathies , Albuminuria/diagnosis , Albuminuria/epidemiology , Blood Pressure Determination/statistics & numerical data , Creatinine/blood , Cross-Sectional Studies , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology , Diabetic Nephropathies/diagnosis , Diabetic Nephropathies/epidemiology , Female , Glycated Hemoglobin/analysis , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Needs Assessment , Nepal/epidemiology , Prevalence , Preventive Health Services/methods , Preventive Health Services/standards , Reproducibility of Results , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) transports in plasma, phospholipids, cholesterol, and triacylglycerol. The cholesterol associated with HDL (HDLc) is cholesterol that is scavenged from peripheral tissues back to liver. The liver converts this cholesterol into bile acids, bile salts, and esterifies the rest and secretes them into bile. Low HDLc is a risk factor for atherogenesis. Higher levels of HDLc in plasma are therefore an index of safety from coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis. Regular physical exercise, and changes in life style like cessation of smoking, lowered alcohol consumption, modified dietary fat intake and certain medications can improve the level of HDLc in plasma.
