ABSTRACT
Diabetic renal injury is a microvascular complication associated with inflammation and oxidative stress, culminating in renal dysfunction. Conventionally, it is treated with hypoglycemic agents to address metabolic perturbations. However, the way to mitigate immunological, inflammation, and oxidative stress have seldom been studied. Hence, in the present study, the nephroprotective role of immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory drugs, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in combination with the oral hypoglycemic agent glibenclamide, on streptozotocin (STZ)- induced diabetic renal damage was studied. Bodyweight, fasting blood glucose, and glycosylated hemoglobin levels were altered in the diabetic rats. Furthermore, renal injury was indicated by abnormal levels of urinary protein and creatinine and serum markers of renal function in diabetic rats. Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and inflammation were also observed in the diabetic rats. The combination of MMF and glibenclamide treatment significantly attenuated the abnormal effects of hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation-induced renal injury in diabetic rats. Histopathological studies confirmed the nephroprotective role of MMF and glibenclamide by reversing renal injury in diabetic rats. The present study suggests that MMF and glibenclamide have a protective role in STZ-induced diabetic renal damage.
Subject(s)
Blood Glucose , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental , Diabetic Nephropathies , Glyburide , Hypoglycemic Agents , Kidney , Mycophenolic Acid , Oxidative Stress , Rats, Wistar , Animals , Glyburide/pharmacology , Glyburide/therapeutic use , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy , Mycophenolic Acid/pharmacology , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Male , Diabetic Nephropathies/prevention & control , Diabetic Nephropathies/drug therapy , Kidney/drug effects , Kidney/pathology , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Blood Glucose/drug effects , Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology , Streptozocin , Drug Therapy, Combination , Rats , Biomarkers/blood , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Piper was used to cure certain human afflictions. It has various biological processes in literary works. Our work aims to identify and to explain the molecular base in silico in phytoderived anti-viral compounds in Piper nigrum against the major protease enzyme COVID-19. The thesis includes docking and molecular dynamic modelling review of 8 phenolic compounds from Piper extracted from the PubMed database. Docking analysis with Autodock programme was conducted. Our analysis reveals that the two Piper phytochemicals are very susceptible to the COVID-19 major protease enzyme. These phyto-compounds from piper may use contemporary techniques to create a stable drug or help the detection of lead. In order to assess their efficacy against COVID-19, identified hit compounds can be taken further in vitro and in vivo tests.
