A novel accessory muscle in the flexor compartment of anterior forearm inserting into the tenosynovium of the flexor pollicis longus.

A common variant of accessory muscles in the anterior forearm is the Gantzer's muscle (GM). GM arises as a muscle belly from flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) or ulnar coronoid process to merge distally with the flexor pollicis longus (FPL) muscle. In the present case report, we describe a novel accessory muscle in the flexor compartment of the forearm. The proximal attachment was tendinous and came from three sources: FDS muscle, ulnar coronoid process, and the medial aspect of the proximal radius. The distal tendon of the novel accessory muscle ran parallel to FPL, passed through the carpal tunnel, and entered the palmar aspect of the hand. In the hand, the tendon thinned out and blended with the tenosynovium of the FPL, contributing to the sheath around the FPL tendon. This accessory muscle of the FPL is comparable to the frequently documented GM; however, the present case exhibited fundamental nuances that distinguish it from the previously described iterations of the GM in the following ways: 1) The novel accessory muscle is tendinous from its proximal origin and throughout the upper one-third of the forearm, and one component of its origin arose from the medial aspect of the radius. GMs with an origin on the radius have not been previously reported. 2) In the middle one-third, the tendinous proximal attachment transitioned to a muscle belly that passed through the carpal tunnel and entered the hand. 3) In the hand, the novel tendon widened, thinned, and merged with the tenosynovium of the FPL. Accessory muscles are a common finding in the anterior forearm during cadaveric dissection. In patients, they can be the cause of neuropathies due to compression of the anterior interosseous nerve. Awareness of variations is also important for clinicians who examine the forearm and hand, as well as hand surgeons.

Neuropsychiatric disease relevance of circulating anti-NMDA receptor autoantibodies depends on blood-brain barrier integrity.

In 2007, a multifaceted syndrome, associated with anti-NMDA receptor autoantibodies (NMDAR-AB) of immunoglobulin-G isotype, has been described, which variably consists of psychosis, epilepsy, cognitive decline and extrapyramidal symptoms. Prevalence and significance of NMDAR-AB in complex neuropsychiatric disease versus health, however, have remained unclear. We tested sera of 2817 subjects (1325 healthy, 1081 schizophrenic, 263 Parkinson and 148 affective-disorder subjects) for presence of NMDAR-AB, conducted a genome-wide genetic association study, comparing AB carriers versus non-carriers, and assessed their influenza AB status. For mechanistic insight and documentation of AB functionality, in vivo experiments involving mice with deficient blood-brain barrier (ApoE(-/-)) and in vitro endocytosis assays in primary cortical neurons were performed. In 10.5% of subjects, NMDAR-AB (NR1 subunit) of any immunoglobulin isotype were detected, with no difference in seroprevalence, titer or in vitro functionality between patients and healthy controls. Administration of extracted human serum to mice influenced basal and MK-801-induced activity in the open field only in ApoE(-/-) mice injected with NMDAR-AB-positive serum but not in respective controls. Seropositive schizophrenic patients with a history of neurotrauma or birth complications, indicating an at least temporarily compromised blood-brain barrier, had more neurological abnormalities than seronegative patients with comparable history. A common genetic variant (rs524991, P=6.15E-08) as well as past influenza A (P=0.024) or B (P=0.006) infection were identified as predisposing factors for NMDAR-AB seropositivity. The >10% overall seroprevalence of NMDAR-AB of both healthy individuals and patients is unexpectedly high. Clinical significance, however, apparently depends on association with past or present perturbations of blood-brain barrier function.

Chromatic refraction with global ozone monitoring by occultation of stars. I. Description and scintillation correction.

We describe refractive and chromatic effects, both regular and random, that occur during star occultations by the Earth's atmosphere. The scintillation that results from random density fluctuations, as well as the consequences of regular chromatic refraction, is qualitatively described. The resultant chromatic scintillation will produce random features on the Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars (GOMOS) spectrometer, with an amplitude comparable with that of some of the real absorbing features that result from atmospheric constituents. A correction method that is based on the use of fast photometer signals is described, and its efficiency is discussed. We give a qualitative (although accurate) description of the phenomena, including numerical values when needed. Geometrical optics and the phase-screen approximation are used to keep the description simple.

Chromatic Refraction with Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars. II. Statistical Properties of Scintillations.

The statistical properties of stellar scintillations are discussed with special attention to correcting the atmospheric transmittance data for scintillations in measurements made with the Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars (GOMOS) instrument. Both anisotropic and isotropic turbulent inhomogeneities are taken into account. Calculated rms scintillation reaches several percent for altitudes of 30-35 km, an amplitude comparable with the expected absorbing features. Estimates of cross-correlation functions show that the GOMOS correction procedure can be applied efficiently for scintillations caused by anisotropic inhomogeneities, in contrast to the isotropic case. Some recommendations are given for conditions of observations with which to make better corrections of scintillations.

[The delayed effects of systemic circulatory arrest on the free-radical processes in the brain structures of rats with different types of behavior in the emotional resonance test]. / Otsrochennye éffekty ostanovki sistemnogo krovoobrashcheniia na svobodnoradikal'nye protsessy v strukturakh mozga krys s raznymi tipami povedeniia v teste émotsional'nogo rezonansa.

Male Wistar rats with different types of behavior in "emotional resonance" test ("active" and "passive") were studied one week after the global ischemia induced by cardiac arrest. Recovery of some physiological functions as well as free-radical-mediated processes and NO-synthase activity were studied in cerebral structures and blood serum. The "open-field" behavior normalized more rapidly in the "active" rats than in the "passive" ones, though the time course of the neurologic deficit compensation did not differ in these groups. A decrease in superoxide scavenging activity and in the content of 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive material was revealed in the cerebral structures of both "active" and "passive" rats. Increased levels of free-radical generation in the hippocampus of the "passive" rats and in the cerebellum of the "active" rats were found. Higher NO-synthase activity was demonstrated in the cerebellum of the "passive" rats. Taken together, these data suggest that there are specific patterns of free-radical-mediated processes in the brain of rats with different types of behavior in "emotional resonance" test.

[Effects of active behavior in the postresuscitation period on the functional and morphological characteristics of the brain]. / Vliianie aktivizatsii povedeniia v postreanimatsionnom periode na funktsional'nye i morfologicheskie kharakteristiki mozga.

Efficacy of prolonged (days 10-60 after resuscitation) regular activation of behavior by labyrinth training of 4-staged food search conditioned reflex is studied in rats subjected to 15-min circulation arrest. This training affected the function of the central nervous system, which manifested by decreased anxiety and a higher activity in the open field test. This functional exercise prevented fall-out of neurons in the fifth layer of hemispheres, of cerebellar Purkinje's cells, and of pyramidal neurons in hippocampal sector CA1. These results support the hypothesis proposed by A. M. Gurvich on the possibility of regulating the postresuscitation recovery of the central nervous system by neurophysiological treatment of the brain.

[The effect of succinic acid on postresuscitation pathology of the CNS and of the body as a whole]. / Vliianie iantarnoi kisloty na postreanimatsionnuiu patologiiu TsNS i organizma v tselom.

The effect of oral succinic acid was studied in rats exposed to 10-min heart arrest followed by resuscitation. The drug was administered for 5 days in a dose of 30 mg/kg starting from day 3 up to day 7 after resuscitation. Succinic acid was found to normalize the orientation and exploration behavior of rats in the "open field" test, decreased the intensity of response to stress (electric shock), and normalized the radical formation in the brain tissue and blood serum, thus reducing the morphological changes in the brain. In addition, succinic acid prevented the development of risk factors of atherogenesis, namely, increase of the levels of blood cholesterol, triglycerides, and low and very low density lipoproteins. Further studies are needed to validate the addition of succinic acid to the armory of drugs preventing the development of postresuscitation encephalopathies in remote (3 months) periods.

Phosphors for luminescent image plates.

This is a review of the properties of some photostimulable phosphors for luminescent image plates as applied to digital radiography. In particular, the properties of BaFBr:Eu and other barium fluorohalides that are useful for this application are considered. The main emphasis of the review is on the effect of the preparative conditions and the origin of the photostimulated luminescence and its features under VUV excitation.

[Effects of sodium succinate on functional, biochemical and morphological indicators of CNS repair in rats after 10-minute circulation arrest]. / Vliianie suktsinata natriia na funktsional'nye, biokhimicheskie i morfologicheskie pokazateli vosstanovleniia TsNS u krys posle 10-minutnoi ostanovki krovoobrashcheniia.

Therapeutic effect of sodium succinate on various functional, biochemical, and morphological parameters of CNS repair was studied in experiments on rats exposed to 10-min circulation arrest. The first series of experiments was devoted to studies of the effects of the drug, injected intraperitoneally directly after recovery of effective cardiac activity and during the subsequent 5 days in doses 20, 100, and 200 mg/kg, on the survival and recovery of the external neurologic status. The dose of 20 mg/kg proved to be the most effective. The second series of experiments was devoted to therapeutic effect of sodium succinate in the same dose injected from day 3 to day 7 after revival on the orientation and investigation behaviour in an "open field" test, on changes in radical formation in the blood serum and the brain, and on the cholesterol/lipid ratio in the brain, as well as on the morphologic changes in the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum. In contrast to untreated animals, the treated ones had a less intensive reaction in the "open field" test in response to acute stressor exposure, their cerebral and blood serum levels of free radical processes were reduced, the destruction of neuronal membranous elements was less intensive, as were dystrophic changes in the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum. The data permit a conclusion about antistressor and protective effect of sodium succinate in the postresuscitation period at the functional, biochemical, and morphological levels.

[Delayed postresuscitation degenerative changes in the brain and ways of studying their pathogenesis]. / Otsrochennye postreanimatsionnye degenerativnye izmeneniia v mozge i nekotorye puti issledovaniia ikh patogeneza.

Experiments with rats resuscitated after clinical death compatible with a complete and relatively rapid recovery of the neurologic status proved that prolonged (a follow-up of up to 9 months) and varying in time changes in a number of parameters of the higher nervous activity and behaviour occur in the postresuscitation period. Postresuscitation changes in behaviour correlate with the data on the degenerative changes in a number of cerebral structures of resuscitated rats progressing over 9 to 12 months. The available data of functional and morphological studies indicate the possibility of development of latent slowly progressing degenerative changes in the CNS of the organisms surviving clinical death and resuscitation. These changes reflect the development of postresuscitation disease and may become the cause of delayed encephalopathies. The problem of the possible mechanisms of development of progressive postresuscitation degeneration of the central nervous system and approaches to studies there of is discussed.

[Various delayed forms of postresuscitation pathology of the autonomic nervous system]. / Nekotorye otsrochennye formy postreanimatsionnoi patologii vegetativnoi nervnoi sistemy.

In rats which had sustained clinical death and resuscitation, which were compatible with apparent complete recovery of the neurological status, responsiveness of the autonomic nervous system was studied from the changes occurred in blood pressure, heart and respiration rates within 2 hours of restrictive exercise at some stages of the late postresuscitation period--1.5-2, 3.5, and 4.5 months after reanimation. The responsiveness of the autonomic nervous system was compared with changes in conditioned reflex performance (a situational food instrumental conditioned reflex (SFICR)). There were progressive stage-specific changes in the responsiveness of the autonomic nervous system as an increasing trend towards to persistent hypertension during restrictive exercise. The functional failure of the autonomic nervous system during a postresuscitation process coincided with autonomic nervous abnormalities which were detected in responses to acute or long-term stresses, showing more profound SFICR changes than in intact animals.

[Effect of the tranquilizer gidazepam on the behavioral reactions of rats in the first weeks after resuscitation]. / Vliianie trankvilizatora gidazepama na povedencheskie reaktsii krys v pervye nedeli posle reanimatsii.

The experiments have indicated that the first week of postresuscitation is marked by enhanced goal-investigating behaviour in the open field, by the accelerated learning of an operant reflex, and by decreased anxiety in the conflict situation test in male rats undergone a 10-min arrest of systemic circulation. There was a depressive behavior in the open field following 6-8 weeks with the normalization of operant reflex learning and the level of anxiety in the conflict test situation. Gidazepam (3 mg/kg, i.p.) produced a sedative effect in the first week after resuscitation, then 6-8 weeks later it displayed its anxiolytic and activating effect which is similar to this dose of the agent given to intact animals. The findings suggest that there are changes in the pattern of neurophysiological abnormalities, as well as a response of the benzodiazepine receptor complex to drugs during a resuscitative process, which may be one of the components of formation of a post-resuscitative central nervous abnormality.

[The neurology of terminal states]. / Nevrologiia terminalnykh sostoianii.

The paper gives a theoretical justification of CNS abnormality developing in patients who have a history of critical and terminal states, including clinical death. The most significant abnormality is that which is termed posthypoxic and/or postresuscitation encephalopathies whose nature has not been elucidated particularly at the cellular and molecular levels. It is emphasized that this involves brain abnormalities, which is a sequela of hypoxia or ischemia of systemic origin, rather than primary brain damages. In some patients who have sustained a severe hypoxic episode of any nature and recovered their psychoneurological status ever rapidly and rather fully, there may be an abrupt progressive deterioration of their neurological status in some days or months, which results in death or grave irreversible disability. It is concluded that not only do reparative and compensatory processes occur, but also there are phenomena of progressive degenerative changes in a primarily successfully resuscitated person or experimental animal in the central nervous system in the postresuscitation period. A classification of psychoneurological disorders in patients in the early postresuscitation period has been made and ways of their prevention or alleviation have been indicated.

The dynamic of thermal fields of the brain of rats in the late post-resuscitation period under stress.

The temperature topography of the cerebral cortex of rats following clinical death and resuscitation was investigated with the technique of thermoencephaloscopy. Complete restoration of the neurological status of the animals was achieved over the course of one to two days. Marked disturbances in the background thermal maps and the thermal reactions of the cerebral hemispheres induced by a stressor were identified in the remote post-resuscitation period (up to two months). A pathological mosaicism of the thermal characteristics was detected under the conditions of relative rest, as were disturbances in the dynamics of the temperature reactions of the brain and in the character of the interhemispheric asymmetries under stress. The individual character of the post-resuscitation pathology which is found both in the baseline thermal maps as well as following a functional load is emphasized. The results of the investigation point to the importance of an individual approach in the rehabilitation therapy of the post-resuscitation illness.

[Changes in the glial condition in different sections of the rat brain after stopping the systemic circulation]. / Izmenenie sostoianiia glii v razlichnykh otdelakh mozga krys posle ostanovki sistemnogo krovoobrashcheniia.

The effect of ischemia on the expression of GFAP in astrocytes of cerebrum, hippocampus and cerebellum was studied on rat clinical death model. Cardiac arrest was induced by 10-or 15-min intrathoracic compression of the heart vascular bundle. Immunohistochemical staining showed that GFAP immunoreactivity significantly increased in the white matter, and GFAP-expressing astrocytes appeared in the gray matter. The reaction activity correlated with ischemia duration and phases of postresuscitation process. The obtained data are indicative of possible changes in the astrocytes condition in the absence of manifest lesions of neurons. This brings up the question of the role of glia homeostasis derangements in the formation of brain postresuscitation pathology.

[The dynamics of the brain heat fields of rats in the late postresuscitation period during stress]. / Dinamika teplovykh polei mozga krys v pozdnem postreanimatsionnom periode pri stresse.

By thermoencephaloscopy method the temperature relief of the rats cerebral cortex was studied after the clinical death and reanimation. The rehabilitation of the animals neurological status was completed in 1-2 days. In the remote postresuscitation period (up to 2 months), expressed disturbances were revealed of the background thermomaps and of thermal reactions of the cerebral hemispheres, evoked by the stress influence. Pathologic mosaics of thermal characteristics was revealed in conditions of relative rest and disturbance of dynamics of the brain temperature reactions and the character of interhemispheric asymmetries at stress influence. Individual character is pointed out of postreanimative pathology, which is manifest both in the background thermomaps and after the functional load. The results of the studies suggest the importance of individual approach in rehabilitation therapy of postreanimative disease.

Use of polarization in interferometry after double passage through turbulence.

We report what are to our knowledge the first experimental results of coherence enhancement that use polarization to separate coherent and incoherent paths.

[Detectors of ionizing radiation and image converters in medicine]. / Priemniki ioniziruiushchego izlucheniia i preobrazovateli izobrazheniia dlia meditsiny.

Radiation receivers used in medicine for image visualization and measuring the radiation characteristics are considered. The main attention is focussed on modern image converters for x-ray diagnosis and thermoluminescent detectors for dosimetry.