On the contribution of the phagocytosis and the solubilization to the iron oxide nanoparticles retention in and elimination from lungs under long-term inhalation exposure.

The aim of our study was to test a hypothesis according to which the pulmonary clearance vs. retention of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) is controlled not only by physiological mechanisms but also by their solubilization which in some cases may even prevail. Airborne Fe2O3 NPs with the mean diameter of 14±4nm produced by sparking from 99.99% pure iron rods were fed into a nose-only exposure tower. Rats were exposed to these NPs for 4h a day, 5days a week during 3, 6 or 10 months at the mean concentration of 1.14±0.01mg/m(3). NPs collected from the air exhausted from the exposure tower proved insoluble in water but dissolved markedly in the cell free broncho-alveolar lavage fluid supernatant and in the sterile bovine blood serum. The Fe2O3 content of the lungs and lung-associated lymph nodes was measured by the Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. We found a relatively low but significant pulmonary accumulation of Fe2O3, gradually increasing with time. Besides, we obtained TEM-images of nanoparticles within alveolocytes and the myelin sheaths of brain fibers associated with ultrastructural damage. We have developed a multicompartmental system model describing the toxicokinetics of inhaled nanoparticles after their deposition in the lower airways as a process controlled by their (a) high ability to penetrate through the alveolar membrane; (b) active endocytosis; (c) in vivo dissolution. To conclude, both experimental data and the identification of the system model confirmed our initial hypothesis and demonstrated that, as concerns iron oxide NPs of the dimensions used, the dissolution-depending mechanisms proved to be dominant.

Applying theoretical premises of binary toxicity mathematical modeling to combined impacts of chemical plus physical agents (A case study of moderate subchronic exposures to fluoride and static magnetic field).

Sodium fluoride solution was injected i.p. to rats at a dose equivalent to 0.1 LD50 three times a week up to 18 injections. Two thirds of these rats and of the sham-injected ones were exposed to the whole body impact of a 25 mT static magnetic field for 2 or 4 h a day, 5 times a week. For mathematical analysis of the effects they produced in combination, we used a response surface model. This analysis demonstrated that (like in combined toxicity) the combined adverse action of a chemical plus a physical agent was characterized by a diversity of types depending not only on particular effects these types were assessed for but on their level as well. From this point of view, the indices for which at least one statistically significant effect was observed could be classified as identifying (1) single-factor action; (2) additivity; (3) synergism; (4) antagonism (both subadditive unidirectional action and all variants of contradirectional action). Although the classes (2) and (3) taken together encompass a smaller part of the indices, the biological importance of some of them renders the combination of agents studied as posing a higher health risk than that associated with each them acting alone.

[Methodology of assessing and evaluating public health risk in legal regulation of sanitary epidemiologic well-being of population].

The authors describe method to assess and manage risk for public health in system of legal regulation of sanitary epidemiologic well-being of population. Scheme of assessment and management of occupational risks is presented.

[Health risks for residents of cities with developed copper industry].

The study results stressed considerable contribution of technogenic environmental pollution in cities with developed copper industry into individual health risk of Sverdlovsk region population.

[Increasing resistance against hazardous effects of metals-containing nanoparticles as a prospective approach to health risks management].

Extremely high toxicity of metal-containing nanoparticles necessitates search of methods to increase body resistance against its harmful effects. The authors' experiments summarized in the article demonstrated that some combinations of certain biologically active substances selected according to sound theoretic background and prescribed in harmless doses can significantly decrease integral and specific manifestations of organ and system toxicity and even genotoxicity of such nanoparticles. Further development of this research direction should be recommended for practical implementation.

[APPROACHES TO ENHANCING THE ORGANISM'S RESISTANCE TO THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF NANOMATERIALS AS EXAMPLIFIED BY NANOSILVER AND NANOCOPPER OXIDE].

Subchronic intoxications in rats induced by repeated intraperitoneal injections of stable water suspensions of silver or copper oxide nanoparticles in low dosage were manifested by adverse shifts in some functional and biochemical indices, by development of histo-structural changes in different tissues and by poly-organ fragmentation of DNA. All these manifestations of toxicity were substantially attenuated against the background of parallel oral administration of bioprotective complexes comprising vitamins, trace elements, pectin, some amino acids and a fish oil preparation rich in omega-3 fee fatty acids, this composition has been adjusted to mechanisms of action of this or that nanomaterial.

[METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE ASSURANCE OF SANITARY-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL WELFARE ON THE BASE OF THE METHODOLOGY OF POPULATION'S HEALTH RISK MANAGEMENT].

In the article there is considered the practice of the application of the current legislative regulatory and procedural base for the occupational health and labor medicine (hygiene) issues. There are discussed issues of the assessment of occupational risks in enterprises of the Sverdlovsk region. There are proposed approaches to the creating the occupational risk management and assessment systems.

[METHODICAL APPROACHES, EXPERIENCE AND PERSPECTIVES OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RISK MODEL OF SURVEILLANCE ACTIVITIES IN THE SPHERE OF THE ASSURANCE OF SANITARY AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL WELFARE OF POPULATION, POPULATION'S HEALTH RISK MANAGEMENT AND THE CONSUMER RIGHTS PROTECTION].

Control and supervision measures--one of the main technologies of Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights protection and Human Welfare in the overall system of risk management for public health and damage to property consumers, aimed at the solution of the prior tasks in the field of assurance of the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population and consumer rights protection. The effectiveness of this technology depends on the correct choice of priority objects of supervision, which form the main problems in the sanitary and epidemiological situation and in the consumer market. The application of is approach has led to more effective oversight activity and the improvement of a number of indices characterizing the achievement of the objectives in the common system of risk management for public health and property of consumers.

[ANALYSIS OF THE METHODIC APPROACHES TO THE OCCUPATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT AT THE ENTERPRISES OF THE SVERDLOVSK REGION].

This study is devoted to the practice of the application of the current legislative regulatory and procedural base for the occupational health and safety issues. The issues of the occupational risks assessment at the enterprises of the Sverdlovsk region are discussed Approaches to the creation of the occupational risk management and assessment systems are proposed.

[THE OPTIMIZATION OF THE ACTIVITY OF ORGANS OF FEDERAL SERVICE FOR SUPERVISION OF CONSUMER RIGHTS PROTECTION AND HUMAN WELFARE IN THE SVERDLOVSK REGION].

In the Sverdlovsk region there have developed and implemented methodological approaches to the optimization oj the activity of the Directorate and the Centre directed to the improvement of the sanitary and epidemiological surveillance and in the sphere of the protection of the rights of consumers in the framework of the development of an comprehensive regional system of risk management for the population's health in the Sverdlovsk region.

[Problem connected with specification of hygienic norms for aerosols containing nanoparticles].

With rapid development of nanotechnologies, with wide industrialization and using new nanomaterials, necessity is to approve norms for workplace air with consideration of nanoparticles presence. Major goal for norms creation is unified and technologic methods for selection, separation and identification of nanoparticles in environment. Besides that, review and specification of integrated mechanisms to define and set concentrations of chemical hazards at international level.

[The socio-hygienic monitoring as an integral system for health risk assessment and risk management at the regional level].

The information and analytical framework for the introduction of health risk assessment and risk management methodologies in the Sverdlovsk Region is the system of socio-hygienic monitoring. Techniques of risk management that take into account the choice of most cost-effective and efficient actions for improvement of the sanitary and epidemiologic situation at the level of the region, municipality, or a business entity of the Russian Federation, have been developed and proposed. To assess the efficiency of planning and activities for health risk management common method approaches and economic methods of "cost-effectiveness" and "cost-benefit" analyses provided in method recommendations and introduced in the Russian Federation are applied.

[Assessment of the impact of socio-economic factors on the health state of the population of the Sverdlovsk region in the system of social-hygienic monitoring].

There was investigated the impact of socioeconomic factors on medical and demographic processes in working age population. For the assessment of the impact of living conditions and environmental factors on mortality rate in a population of the Sverdlovsk region factor-typological, correlation and regression analyzes were applied There was shown an availability of statistically significant correlation relationships between mortality of the population of working age and socio-economic characteristics (degree of home improvement, quality of medical care, the level of social tension, the level of the demographic load), as well as between their increments with taking into account the time shifts. The effect of the value of the purchasing power on the mortality rate of the working population has been established The purchasing power was shown to be connected with a mortality rate of working population from external causes more stronger than death from all causes.

[Emerging issues concerning hygiene in the Russian aluminum industry].

In this study the data of multiyear investigations of occupational and environmental hazards at different enterprises of the Russian aluminum industry are presented. Basing on these data, we have been elaborated the algorithm and methodological approaches on management of the occupational and ecology-related risks using hygienic safety criteria, risk evaluation technique, epidemiological and economic analysis.

[Regional "occupational medicine" system--effective model of occupational risks evaluation and management].

Sverdlovsk regional government specified and approved a concept of diversified system "Occupational medicine" to preserve and improve health of workers in Sverdlovsk region. Implementation of the concept enables to put new organizational approaches into practice for improved management of available medical care for all workers, for increased quality of this care, for better clinical work and better health of economically active population in Sverdlovsk region.

[Organizational support of investigation of Legionnaires' disease outbreak in town Verkhnyaya Pyshma].

Materials on organizational support of preventive and antiepidemic measures during outbreak of Legionnaires' disease in town Verkhnyaya Pyshma (Sverdlovsk region) in July-August 2007 are presented. Thanks to collaborative efforts of Federal Service for Surveillance for Protection of Consumers Rights and Human Welfare, Ministry of Health of Sverdlovsk region, health-care services in Verkhnyaya Pyshma, near located municipalities, and others it was able to establish in short term the hospital for treatment, identify source of the infection and factor of its transmission, and terminate the outbreak. Operative implementation of the mentioned measures both allowed to provide good quality medical care to all patients and to prevent occurrence of such situations on other towns of Sverdlovsk region.

[Sanitary-epidemiological situation in town Verkhnyaya Pyshma in 2006].

Information on medical and demographic as well as sanitary-epidemiologic situation in town Verkhnyaya Pyshma is presented. The town belongs to group of territories with unfavourable ecologic situation. It was shown that social, economical, and sanitary-hygienic factors influence on public health. Priority pollutants of environment and indicators of public health are presented. For solving problems of protection of public health, ensuring the sanitary-epidemiologic welfare and ecologic safety in modern conditions, more effective, accessible, and economical mechanisms of management of environment and public health should be introduced with respect to action of factors of economical and social development of municipality as well as to realization of national projects.

[Experience of organization of flushing and disinfection of centralized system of hot water supply in town Verkhnyaya Pyshma after its colonization by Legionella].

Causes of outbreak incidence of pneumonia due to Legionella infection in population of Verkhnyaya Pyshma as well as factors promoting colonization of town's hot water supply system by Legionella were discussed. Experience of organization of flushing and disinfection of hot water supply system was described, effectiveness of different methods of disinfection was evaluated.

[Management of a risk to human health in technological and hygiene reequipment of industrial enterprises].

By using as an example the Urals aluminum plants UAZ-SUAL and BAZ-SUAL that are under reconstruction at different levels, the authors have developed the basic elements of a risk management methodology, which ensure the creation of living conditions that are safe to the population's health. They give a comprehensive hygienic and economic assessment of the choice of effective development strategy of an enterprise and show the ways and possibility of solving the problems associated with the sanitary-and-epidemiological situation of strain.

[The concept of acceptable risk is the key debatable issue of the assessment and management of a risk to the population's health].

The authors hold that an open discussion on the principles of and approaches to establishing the national standards of acceptable health risks should precede the official introduction of these standards into practice in taking decisions on risk management. They criticize the sociostatistical and socioeconomic concepts of risk acceptability as both amoral and impracticable and propose an approach based on the use of the Russian standards of permissible exposure levels (maximum permissible concentrations in particular) and on the exposure-response relationships established by epidemiological studies for the computation of responses (i.e. risk levels) corresponding to the permissible exposures. In some cases that such standards of an acceptable risk are too strict in existing technological or economic practice may be introduced in a stepwise fashion, but the risks that exceed the acceptable level should be compensated for.