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1.
Stem Cells Dev ; 32(19-20): 622-637, 2023 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37463089

ABSTRACT

Trophoblast stem (TS) cells were first isolated from the mouse placenta; however, little is known about their maintenance and niche in vivo. TS cells, like other stem cells, have a unique microenvironment in which the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a component. Placental pathology is associated with ECM change. However, how these changes and the individual ECM components impact the maintenance or differentiation of TS cells has not been established. This study identified which ECM component(s) maintain the greatest expression of markers associated with undifferentiated mouse trophoblast stem (mTS) cells and which alter the profile of markers of differentiation based on mRNA analysis. mTS cells cultured on individual ECM components and subsequent quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that laminin promoted the expression of markers associated with undifferentiated TS cells, fibronectin promoted gene expression associated with syncytiotrophoblast (SynT) layer II cells, and collagen IV promoted the expression of genes associated with differentiated trophoblast. To investigate whether pathological placental ECM influenced the expression of genes associated with different trophoblast subtypes, the mouse model of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced pancreatic ß cell ablation and diabetes was used. Female mice administered STZ (blood glucose ≥300 mg/dL) or control (blood glucose ≤150 mg/dL) were mated. Placental pathology at embryonic day (E)14.5 was confirmed with reduced fetal blood space area, reduced expression of the pericyte marker αSMA, and decreased expression of ECM proteins. mTS cells cultured on ECM isolated from STZ placenta were associated with reduced expression of undifferentiated mTS markers and increased expression of genes associated with terminally differentiated trophoblast [Gcm-1 and SynA (SynT) and junctional zone Tpbpa and Prl2c2]. Altogether, these results support the value of using ECM isolated from the placenta as a tool for understanding trophoblast contribution to placental pathology.


Subject(s)
Placenta , Trophoblasts , Female , Pregnancy , Mice , Animals , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Cells, Cultured , Cell Differentiation/genetics , Stem Cells , Extracellular Matrix , Gene Expression
2.
Sci Rep ; 10(1): 544, 2020 01 17.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31953475

ABSTRACT

1 in 5 women report cannabis use during pregnancy, with nausea cited as their primary motivation. Studies show that (-)-△9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the major psychoactive ingredient in cannabis, causes fetal growth restriction, though the mechanisms are not well understood. Given the critical role of the placenta to transfer oxygen and nutrients from mother, to the fetus, any compromise in the development of fetal-placental circulation significantly affects maternal-fetal exchange and thereby, fetal growth. The goal of this study was to examine, in rats, the impact of maternal Δ9-THC exposure on fetal development, neonatal outcomes, and placental development. Dams received a daily intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of vehicle control or Δ9-THC (3 mg/kg) from embryonic (E)6.5 through 22. Dams were allowed to deliver normally to measure pregnancy and neonatal outcomes, with a subset sacrificed at E19.5 for placenta assessment via immunohistochemistry and qPCR. Gestational Δ9-THC exposure resulted in pups born with symmetrical fetal growth restriction, with catch up growth by post-natal day (PND)21. During pregnancy there were no changes to maternal food intake, maternal weight gain, litter size, or gestational length. E19.5 placentas from Δ9-THC-exposed pregnancies exhibited a phenotype characterized by increased labyrinth area, reduced Epcam expression (marker of labyrinth trophoblast progenitors), altered maternal blood space, decreased fetal capillary area and an increased recruitment of pericytes with greater collagen deposition, when compared to vehicle controls. Further, at E19.5 labyrinth trophoblast had reduced glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression in response to Δ9-THC exposure. In conclusion, maternal exposure to Δ9-THC effectively compromised fetal growth, which may be a result of the adversely affected labyrinth zone development. These findings implicate GLUT1 as a Δ9-THC target and provide a potential mechanism for the fetal growth restriction observed in women who use cannabis during pregnancy.


Subject(s)
Blood Vessels/drug effects , Dronabinol/adverse effects , Fetal Growth Retardation/chemically induced , Placenta/blood supply , Animals , Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule/metabolism , Female , Fetal Growth Retardation/metabolism , Fetal Growth Retardation/pathology , Fetal Growth Retardation/physiopathology , Glucose Transporter Type 1/metabolism , Placenta/drug effects , Pregnancy , Rats , Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism , Trophoblasts/drug effects , Trophoblasts/pathology
3.
Sci Rep ; 8(1): 17162, 2018 11 21.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30464252

ABSTRACT

This study characterized the effect of the reduced utero-placental perfusion pressure (RUPP) model of placental insufficiency on placental morphology and trophoblast differentiation at mid-late gestation (E14.5). Altered trophoblast proliferation, reduced syncytiotrophoblast gene expression, increased numbers of sinusoidal trophoblast giant cells, decreased Vegfa and decreased pericyte presence in the labyrinth were observed in addition to changes in maternal blood spaces, the fetal capillary network and reduced fetal weight. Further, the junctional zone was characterized by reduced spongiotrophoblast and glycogen trophoblast with increased trophoblast giant cells. Increased Hif-1α and TGF-ß-3 in vivo with supporting hypoxia studies in trophoblast stem (TS) cells in vitro, support hypoxia as a contributing factor to the RUPP placenta phenotype. Together, this study identifies altered cell populations within the placenta that may contribute to the phenotype, and thus support the use of RUPP in the mouse as a model of placenta insufficiency. As such, this model in the mouse provides a valuable tool for understanding the phenotypes resulting from genetic manipulation of isolated cell populations to further understand the etiology of placenta insufficiency and fetal growth restriction. Further this study identifies a novel relationship between placental insufficiency and pericyte depletion in the labyrinth layer.


Subject(s)
Blood Pressure , Cell Differentiation , Pericytes/physiology , Placenta/physiology , Placental Circulation , Placental Insufficiency/physiopathology , Trophoblasts/physiology , Animals , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Mice , Pregnancy
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