Exploring the impact of maternal factors and dietary habits on human milk oligosaccharide composition in early breastfeeding among Mexican women.

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) promote adequate intestinal microbiota development and favor the immune system's maturation and cognitive development. In addition to non-modifiable factors, HMOs composition can be influenced by other factors like body mass index and eating habits, but the reports are discrepant. The aim of this work was to describe the correlation between maternal factors and HMOs concentration in colostrum in 70 women from northeastern Mexico categorized into women with normal weight and women with overweight or obesity. The absolute concentration of six HMOs were significantly lower in women with overweight or obesity compared to women with normal weight (LNFPI p = 0.0021, 2'-FL p = 0.0304, LNT p = 0.0492, LNnT p = 0.00026, 3'-SL p = 0.0476, 6'-SL p = 0.00041). Another main finding was that the frequency of consumption of food groups such as vegetables, fruits and meats was positively correlated to specific HMOs (Poblano chili and 2'-FL; rs = 0.702, p = 0.0012; Orange or tangerine and 3-FL; rs = 0.428, p = 0.0022; Chicken and 2'-FL; rs = 0.615, p = 0.0039). This study contributes to the elucidation of how maternal factors influence the composition of HMOs and opens possibilities for future research aimed at mitigating overweight or obesity, consequently improving the quality of human milk.

Gut microbial composition and functionality of school-age Mexican population with metabolic syndrome and type-2 diabetes mellitus using shotgun metagenomic sequencing.

Gut metagenome in pediatric subjects with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been poorly studied, despite an alarming worldwide increase in the prevalence and incidence of obesity and MetS within this population. The objective of this study was to characterize the gut microbiome taxonomic composition of Mexican pediatric subjects with MetS and T2DM using shotgun metagenomics and analyze the potential relationship with metabolic changes and proinflammatory effects. Paired-end reads of fecal DNA samples were obtained through the Illumina HiSeq X Platform. Statistical analyses and correlational studies were conducted using gut microbiome data and metadata from all individuals. Gut microbial dysbiosis was observed in MetS and T2DM children compared to healthy subjects, which was characterized by an increase in facultative anaerobes (i.e., enteric and lactic acid bacteria) and a decrease in strict anaerobes (i.e., Erysipelatoclostridium, Shaalia, and Actinomyces genera). This may cause a loss of gut hypoxic environment, increased gut microbial nitrogen metabolism, and higher production of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. These metabolic changes may trigger the activation of proinflammatory activity and impair the host's intermediate metabolism, leading to a possible progression of the characteristic risk factors of MetS and T2DM, such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and an increased abdominal circumference. Furthermore, specific viruses (Jiaodavirus genus and Inoviridae family) showed positive correlations with proinflammatory cytokines involved in these metabolic diseases. This study provides novel evidence for the characterization of MetS and T2DM pediatric subjects in which the whole gut microbial composition has been characterized. Additionally, it describes specific gut microorganisms with functional changes that may influence the onset of relevant health risk factors.

Characterization of gut microbiota associated with metabolic syndrome and type-2 diabetes mellitus in Mexican pediatric subjects.

BACKGROUND: Childhood obesity is a serious public health concern that confers a greater risk of developing important comorbidities such as MetS and T2DM. Recent studies evidence that gut microbiota may be a contributing factor; however, only few studies exist in school-age children. Understanding the potential role of gut microbiota in MetS and T2DM pathophysiology from early stages of life might contribute to innovative gut microbiome-based interventions that may improve public health. The main objective of the present study was to characterize and compare gut bacteria of T2DM and MetS children against control subjects and determine which microorganisms might be potentially related with cardiometabolic risk factors to propose gut microbial biomarkers that characterize these conditions for future development of pre-diagnostic tools. RESULTS: Stool samples from 21 children with T2DM, 25 with MetS, and 20 controls (n = 66) were collected and processed to conduct 16S rDNA gene sequencing. α- and ß-diversity were studied to detect microbial differences among studied groups. Spearman correlation was used to analyze possible associations between gut microbiota and cardiometabolic risk factors, and linear discriminant analyses (LDA) were conducted to determine potential gut bacterial biomarkers. T2DM and MetS showed significant changes in their gut microbiota at genus and family level. Read relative abundance of Faecalibacterium and Oscillospora was significantly higher in MetS and an increasing trend of Prevotella and Dorea was observed from the control group towards T2DM. Positive correlations were found between Prevotella, Dorea, Faecalibacterium, and Lactobacillus with hypertension, abdominal obesity, high glucose levels, and high triglyceride levels. LDA demonstrated the relevance of studying least abundant microbial communities to find specific microbial communities that were characteristic of each studied health condition. CONCLUSIONS: Gut microbiota was different at family and genus taxonomic levels among controls, MetS, and T2DM study groups within children from 7 to 17 years old, and some communities seemed to be correlated with relevant subjects' metadata. LDA helped to find potential microbial biomarkers, providing new insights regarding pediatric gut microbiota and its possible use in the future development of gut microbiome-based predictive algorithms.

Prediction of Insulin Resistance Based on Anthropometric and Clinical Variables in Children with Overweight or Obesity at a Tertiary Center in Northeast Mexico.

Background: This study provides a clinical model to identify children with insulin resistance (IR) in health care units where laboratory tests are not readily available. Methods: A retrospective study of Mexican children aged 2-16 years at an obesity (OB) clinic. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the accuracy of the proposed model consisting of clinical parameters and to establish the cutoff value for the variables (439 children). A second cohort of children with similar characteristics served as the cohort for the validation of the model (577 children). Results: To determine the best model for predicting IR, we performed a multivariate logistic regression analysis, which showed that waist circumference, acanthosis nigricans, and pubertal status are independent predictors of IR, and when integrated, their predictive power increases. Based on this model, we constructed a simplified equation. The predictive tool was constructed using an ROC curve, with an area under the curve of 0.849. A cutoff value of 7.68 was selected based on the Youden Index, with sensitivity and specificity of 78.3% and 83.3%, respectively. Incorporating metabolic laboratory determinations with a cutoff value of 20.64 improved the sensitivity to 94.9%. Conclusions: We developed a simple and affordable method of identifying IR in children with overweight or OB based on anthropometric variables and routine blood tests for metabolic indicators, such as glucose and triglycerides, which can be implemented in underserved sites.

Integrative Analysis of Lipid Profiles in Plasma Allows Cardiometabolic Risk Factor Clustering in Children with Metabolically Unhealthy Obesity.

Hypertension, central obesity, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia are key risk factors for cardiovascular disease. However, the specific factors contributing to the development of unfavorable cardiometabolic characteristics in children with obesity are unknown. In this study, we investigated the cross-sectional relationships between cytokines, irisin, and fatty acid (FA) composition in plasma in school-age children with metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity (MHO and MUO, respectively) of the same age and body mass index and waist circumference percentiles. We compared the data with that of children with normal weight (NW). We found that inflammatory cytokines and low irisin plasma concentrations are associated with obesity but not with cardiometabolic risk (CMR). Lipid profiles showed that children with MUO have a distinctive FA profile compared with children with MHO and NW, whereas children with MHO shared 88% of the FA profile with the NW group. Among all FAs, concentration of myristic acid (14 : 0), arachidic acid (20 : 0), and n-3 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) was higher in children with MHO, whereas n-6 PUFAs such as arachidonic acid (20 : 4n6) had a significant contribution in defining MUO. These data suggest that the plasma FA profile is not only a central link to obesity but also may act as an indicator of CMR presence.

Acquired Haemophilia A in Association with Influenza A and Urinary Tract Infection.

Acquired haemophilia A (AHA) is a rare autoimmune disorder caused by an autoantibody against any circulating coagulation factor, especially factor VIII (FVIII). The lack of awareness of this condition suggests that diagnosis is a challenge and usually delayed, which leads to suboptimal treatment. Consequently, early diagnosis is mandatory to prevent potentially life-threatening bleeding complications. We present the case of an 85-year-old woman admitted to hospital with symptoms of respiratory infection who 12 hours later developed haematuria which required transfusion. Laboratory assays showed an isolated prolonged aPTT, a moderately reduced FVIII and a high inhibitor titre. Influenza A and Escherichia coli were also identified. Antivirals, antibiotics, immunosuppressive drugs and haemostatic agents were started. Two weeks later, the inhibitor was not detected, and bleeding and symptoms of infection had resolved. Immunosuppressive drugs were stopped on day 45 and there has been no recurrence since then. To date, no FVIII inhibitors have been reported in concomitant infection with influenza A and urinary E. coli. The identification of conditions potentially associated with AHA is essential to achieve complete remission. LEARNING POINTS: The lack of awareness of and experience with acquired haemophilia (AHA) suggests that diagnosis is frequently delayed, resulting in suboptimal treatment.AHA should be suspected in recent-onset abnormal bleeding in patients not receiving anticoagulant treatment, and in the presence of isolated prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT).Treatment is based on eradication of the inhibitor, control of the bleeding and identification of underlying conditions.

Serum Irisin Levels, Endothelial Dysfunction, and Inflammation in Pediatric Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome.

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) has increased in the pediatric population. Irisin, an adipomyokine, is involved in white adipose tissue browning, energy expenditure, insulin sensitivity, and anti-inflammatory pathways. Data on the associations among circulating irisin levels, soluble cell adhesion molecules (sCAMs), and inflammatory cytokines is scarce in children and adolescents with MetS and T2DM. Subjects aged 6-16 years were grouped into T2DM, MetS, and healthy controls. Serum irisin levels were significantly lower in the MetS (6.6 [2.8-18.0] ng/mL) and T2DM (6.8 [2.2-23.2] ng/mL) groups compared with controls (30.3 [24.6-57.1] ng/mL). Negative correlations between irisin and the BMI percentile (R = -0.358), WC percentile (R = -0.308), and triglycerides (R = -0.284) were identified, while positive associations with TC (R = 0.287), HDL-c (R = 0.488), and LDL-c (R = 0.414) were observed. Significant negative correlations were found between irisin and sNCAM (R = -0.382), sICAM-2 (R = -0.300), sVCAM-1 (R = -0.292), MCP-1 (R = -0.308), and IFN-α2 (R = -0.406). Of note, lower concentrations of most sCAMs (sICAM-1, sPSGL-1, sP-selectin, sEpCAM, sICAM-2, sALCAM, sPECAM-1, sCD44, sVCAM-1, sICAM-3, sL-selectin, and sNCAM) were shown in T2DM subjects compared with MetS patients. Lower irisin levels induce a lack of inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation. In T2DM, higher ROS, AGEs, glucotoxicity, and inflammation trigger endothelial cell apoptosis, which downregulates the sCAM expression as a compensatory mechanism to prevent further vascular damage. In opposition, in subjects with MetS that have not yet developed T2DM and its accompanying stressors, the upregulation of the sCAM expression is ensued.

Association of the Triglyceride/High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Index with Insulin Resistance in a Pediatric Population in Northeast Mexico.

Background: The present study aimed to determine the association of the triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) index with IR in pediatric patients with overweight (OW) and OB, to assess the ability of the TG/HDL-C index to predict IR, and to estimate the prevalence of IR and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods: A cross-sectional study comprised 628 Mexican children (2-16 years old) from the OB clinic. IR was estimated using the HOMA-IR index (‡2.5). The modified Adult Treatment Panel III criteria were used to define MetS. Correlation analyses and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used to assess the association of the TG/HDL-C index with IR and to establish the best cutoff for the TG/HDL-C index. Results: About 79.3% of the children presented IR and 55.4% MetS. Common findings in patients with IR were acanthosis nigricans (94.8%) and a TG/HDL-C index ‡2.27 (70.5%). Considering all the patients with a high TG/HDL-C index, 78.4% presented MetS, and 88.0% IR. The area under the curve-ROC for the ability of the TG/HDL-C index to predict IR was 0.72 (P < 0.001), with a sensitivity of 70.5% and specificity of 63.1%. Conclusions: TG/HDL-C index is a feasible alternative to the HOMA-IR index to predict IR in Mexican children with OW or OB. It might be used to identify children with the greatest need for treatment interventions.

Association between Irisin, hs-CRP, and Metabolic Status in Children and Adolescents with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Proinflammatory cytokines and the novel myokine irisin, a cleavage product of FNDC5, have been found to play a role in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Irisin has been shown to increase browning of adipose tissue, thermogenesis, energy expenditure, and insulin sensitivity, yet its association with inflammatory markers is still limited. Circulating irisin has been found to be increased in obesity, while in adult subjects with T2DM decreased levels have been found. However, data establishing the association of circulating irisin in children and adolescents with T2DM has not been described in the literature. The objective of this study was to determine irisin plasma concentration and its association with metabolic and adiposity markers and with hs-CRP, a surrogate marker of inflammation used in clinical practice, in a pediatric population with T2DM. A cross-sample of 40 Mexican children and adolescents aged 7-17 were recruited, 20 diagnosed with T2DM and 20 healthy controls. Plasma irisin levels were found to be lower in the T2DM group compared with controls, which could be attributed to a reduced PGC-1α activity in muscle tissue with a consequent decrease in FNDC5 and irisin expression. Irisin concentration was found to be positively correlated with HDL-c, LDL-c, and total cholesterol, while negatively correlated with BMI, waist circumference, and triglycerides. However, after multiple regression analysis, only HDL-c correlation remained significant. hs-CRP was higher in the T2DM group and positively associated with adiposity markers, unfavorable lipid profile, insulin levels, and HOMA-IR, but no association with irisin was found. Given the favorable metabolic effects attributed to irisin, the low plasma levels found in children and adolescents with T2DM could exacerbate the inflammatory and metabolic imbalances and the intrinsic cardiovascular risk of this disease. We propose an "irisin-proinflammatory/anti-inflammatory axis" to explain the role of irisin as a metabolic regulator in obesity and T2DM.

Effect of the polymorphism BDNF rs6265 G/A in Mexican outpatient children with autism spectrum disorders / Efecto del polimorfismo rs6265 G/A del gen BDNF en niños mexicanos ambulatorios con trastornos del espectro autista

Abstract: Introduction: The study of autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) at the genetic level is extremely important to understand their origin. In Mexico, there are few works addressed from this perspective. Objective: We investigated the role of the Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) gene variant rs6265 G/A for single nucleotide polymorphism analysis in Mexican children with ASD using a case-control association design. Method: We made a pilot study by case-control analysis adjusting by gender, age, and ancestry. Results: Our study found no association between the BDNF rs6265 gene polymorphism and ASD [p = .419, OR = 1.597 (.514, 4.967)] Discussion and conclusion: Worldwide, the results of case-control association studies with the rs6265 of BDNF are controversial and do not always replicate. This may be due to the ethnicity of our population and additional factors not studied in the present work. Our study suggests that the SNP rs6265 is not contributing for ASD susceptibility in Mexican population.

Resumen: Introducción: El estudio de los trastornos del espectro autista a nivel genético es de suma importancia para entender su origen. En México existen pocos trabajos abordados desde esta perspectiva. Objetivo: Investigamos el papel de la variante del gen rs6265 G/A del factor neurotrófico derivado del cerebro (BDNF) para el análisis del polimorfismo de un solo nucleótido en niños mexicanos con TEA por medio de un diseño de asociación de casos y controles. Método: Realizamos un estudio piloto mediante un análisis de casos y controles ajustando por género, edad y ancestría. Resultados: Nuestro estudio no encontró asociación entre el polimorfismo del gen BDNF rs6265 y TEA [p = .419, OR = 1.597 (.514, 4.967)]. Discusión y conclusión: A nivel mundial, los resultados de estudios de asociación caso-control con el rs6265 de BDNF son controvertidos y no siempre se replican. Esto puede deberse a la etnicidad de nuestra población y a otros factores no estudiados en el presente trabajo. El estudio sugiere que el SNP rs6265 no contribuye a la susceptibilidad al TEA en población mexicana.

Actualización del Programa de Atención Materno Infantil en la disciplina Enfermería / Updating of the syllabus of the subject Mother and Child Care in the Nursing discipline

El Programa de Atención Materno Infantil tiene como centro la salud de la mujer, los niños y adolescentes y la planificación familiar entre otros aspectos. Su propósito esencial es contribuir a elevar el nivel de salud y el grado de satisfacción de la población mediante acciones de prevención, promoción, protección y recuperación en la mujer embarazada o no, el niño y adolescente.Actualizar el Programa Atención Materno Infantil en la disciplina enfermería.Se realizó una investigación de corte pedagógico, que asume el método dialéctico materialista como rector del proceso de investigación; los métodos del nivel teórico como el histórico-lógico, el sistémico-estructural, el de inducción-deducción y el método de la modelación y los métodos del nivel empírico como el análisis documental, las encuestas y entrevistas, observación al proceso docente de enfermería, además de métodos estadísticos.Existen dificultades en cuanto a la actualización de los contenidos del Programa de Atención Materno Infantil en la disciplina Enfermería, en función del modelo del profesional; todo lo cual afecta el desarrollo del proceso docente educativo, la adquisición de conocimientos y habilidades en la propia disciplina. Se diseñaron acciones validadas por los expertos para la actualización de estos contenidos.Se diseñaron acciones dirigidas a perfeccionar el proceso docente educativo en la disciplina enfermería, a partir de los contenidos relacionados con el Programa de Atención Materno Infantil desde el punto de vista didáctico y metodológico y de superación profesional(AU)

The syllabus of the subject Mother and Child Care is centered on the health of women, children and adolescents and family planning, among others. Its primary purpose is to help raise the standard of health and the degree of satisfaction of the population through prevention, promotion, protection and recovery in pregnant women and in other women, children and adolescents.The objective was to update the syllabus of the subject Mother and Child Care in the Nursing discipline.A pedagogic research was conducted, which assumes the materialist dialectical method as center of the research; other methods were used such as theoretical and historical-logical, systemic-structural, induction, deduction and the method of modeling and others from empirical level such as document analysis, surveys and interviews, observing the teaching process of nursing, as well as statistical methods.There are difficulties in updating the contents of the syllabus of the subject Mother and Child Care in the Nursing discipline, and also with the professionals role model; all of which affect the development of the educational process, the acquisition of knowledge and skills in the discipline. Actions validated by experts to update these contents were designed.Actions were designed to improve the educational process in the Nursing discipline, from the contents related to the syllabus of the subject Mother and Child Care, from the educational point of view and from the methodological and professional development.

Actualización del Programa de Atención Materno Infantil en la disciplina Enfermería / Updating of the syllabus of the subject Mother and Child Care in the Nursing discipline

Introducción: el Programa de Atención Materno Infantil tiene como centro la salud de la mujer, los niños y adolescentes y la planificación familiar entre otros aspectos. Su propósito esencial es contribuir a elevar el nivel de salud y el grado de satisfacción de la población mediante acciones de prevención, promoción, protección y recuperación en la mujer embarazada o no, el niño y adolescente. Objetivo: actualizar el Programa Atención Materno Infantil en la disciplina enfermería. Material y métodos: se realizó una investigación de corte pedagógico, que asume el método dialéctico materialista como rector del proceso de investigación; los métodos del nivel teórico como el histórico-lógico, el sistémico-estructural, el de inducción-deducción y el método de la modelación y los métodos del nivel empírico como el análisis documental, las encuestas y entrevistas, observación al proceso docente de enfermería, además de métodos estadísticos. Resultados: existen dificultades en cuanto a la actualización de los contenidos del Programa de Atención Materno Infantil en la disciplina Enfermería, en función del modelo del profesional; todo lo cual afecta el desarrollo del proceso docente educativo, la adquisición de conocimientos y habilidades en la propia disciplina. Se diseñaron acciones validadas por los expertos para la actualización de estos contenidos. Conclusiones: se diseñaron acciones dirigidas a perfeccionar el proceso docente educativo en la disciplina enfermería, a partir de los contenidos relacionados con el Programa de Atención Materno Infantil desde el punto de vista didáctico y metodológico y de superación profesional.

Introduction: the syllabus of the subject Mother and Child Care is centered on the health of women, children and adolescents and family planning, among others. Its primary purpose is to help raise the standard of health and the degree of satisfaction of the population through prevention, promotion, protection and recovery in pregnant women and in other women, children and adolescents. Objective: to update the syllabus of the subject Mother and Child Care in the Nursing discipline. Methods: a pedagogic research was conducted, which assumes the materialist dialectical method as center of the research; other methods were used such as theoretical and historical-logical, systemic-structural, induction, deduction and the method of modeling and others from empirical level such as document analysis, surveys and interviews, observing the teaching process of nursing, as well as statistical methods. Results: there are difficulties in updating the contents of the syllabus of the subject Mother and Child Care in the Nursing discipline, and also with the professional’s role model; all of which affect the development of the educational process, the acquisition of knowledge and skills in the discipline. Actions validated by experts to update these contents were designed. Conclusions: actions were designed to improve the educational process in the Nursing discipline, from the contents related to the syllabus of the subject Mother and Child Care, from the educational point of view and from the methodological and professional development.

Evaluación del nivel de conocimientos de jóvenes adolescentes sobre sexualidad / Assessment of the level of knowledge of young adolescents about sexuality

Introducción: la adolescencia es una etapa de cambios que suceden con gran rapidez, afectando la esfera social, cultural, psicológica, anatómica y fisiológica. Objetivo: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal, con el objetivo de evaluar el nivel de conocimientos de jóvenes adolescentes sobre sexualidad del Consultorio Médico 25. Material y método: el universo de estudio quedó constituido por los adolescentes que residen en el área del consultorio y aceptaran participar, 119 en total, y la muestra fue de 62 adolescentes que cumplieron criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Se analizaron las variables recogidas en el cuestionario aplicado, a los resultados se les aplicó el método estadístico para determinar el grado de significación. Resultados: la mayoría de los adolescentes tenían más de 14 años de edad y eran del sexo femenino. Recibieron información sexual por más de 2 vías, seguidos de amigos, padres y profesores. Más de la mitad de los adolescentes de ambos sexos han tenido relaciones sexuales, destacándose el grupo de 16 -19 años, y a los 15 años gran cantidad de adolescentes refirieron la primera relación sexual. El método anticonceptivo más conocido fue el condón, la mayoría utilizó anticonceptivos en las relaciones sexuales. Conclusiones: se incrementaron los conocimientos relacionados con la sexualidad y embarazo en la adolescencia mediante la aplicación de la intervención educativa y de esta forma los preparamos para una sexualidad sana y responsable.

Introduction: adolescence is a time of changes that occur rapidly, affecting the social, cultural, psychological, anatomical and physiological sphere. Objective: a descriptive, longitudinal study was conducted in order to assess the level of knowledge of young adolescents about sexuality at the community doctor´s office # 25. Material and methods: the universe was composed of adolescents who live in the area of the office and agreed to participate, 119 in total, and the sample was of 62 adolescents who met inclusion and exclusion criteria. The variables contained in the questionnaire were analyzed applied to the results; we applied the statistical method to determine the degree of significance. Results: most adolescents had more than 14 years of age and were female. They received sexual information for more than 2 ways, followed by friends, parents and teachers. More than half of them have had intercourse, highlighting the group of 16-19 years, and 15 years, and a lot of teens reported first sexual intercourse. The best known contraceptive was the condom; the majority of them had contraceptive sexual intercourse. Conclusions: knowledge related to sexuality and teenage pregnancy through the implementation of the educational intervention increased and thus they were preparing for a healthy and responsible sexuality.

Evaluación del nivel de conocimientos de jóvenes adolescentes sobre sexualidad / Assessment of the level of knowledge of young adolescents about sexuality

La adolescencia es una etapa de cambios que suceden con gran rapidez, afectando la esfera social, cultural, psicológica, anatómica y fisiológica. El objetivo fue se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal, con el objetivo de evaluar el nivel de conocimientos de jóvenes adolescentes sobre sexualidad del Consultorio Médico 25. El universo de estudio quedó constituido por los adolescentes que residen en el área del consultorio y aceptaran participar, 119 en total, y la muestra fue de 62 adolescentes que cumplieron criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Se analizaron las variables recogidas en el cuestionario aplicado, a los resultados se les aplicó el método estadístico para determinar el grado de significación. La mayoría de los adolescentes tenían más de 14 años de edad y eran del sexo femenino. Recibieron información sexual por más de 2 vías, seguidos de amigos, padres y profesores. Más de la mitad de los adolescentes de ambos sexos han tenido relaciones sexuales, destacándose el grupo de 16 -19 años, y a los 15 años gran cantidad de adolescentes refirieron la primera relación sexual. El método anticonceptivo más conocido fue el condón, la mayoría utilizó anticonceptivos en las relaciones sexuales. Se incrementaron los conocimientos relacionados con la sexualidad y embarazo en la adolescencia mediante la aplicación de la intervención educativa y de esta forma los preparamos para una sexualidad sana y responsable(AU)

Adolescence is a time of changes that occur rapidly, affecting the social, cultural, psychological, anatomical and physiological sphere. The objective was a descriptive, longitudinal study was conducted in order to assess the level of knowledge of young adolescents about sexuality at the community doctor´s office # 25. The universe was composed of adolescents who live in the area of the office and agreed to participate, 119 in total, and the sample was of 62 adolescents who met inclusion and exclusion criteria. The variables contained in the questionnaire were analyzed applied to the results; we applied the statistical method to determine the degree of significance. Most adolescents had more than 14 years of age and were female. They received sexual information for more than 2 ways, followed by friends, parents and teachers. More than half of them have had intercourse, highlighting the group of 16-19 years, and 15 years, and a lot of teens reported first sexual intercourse. The best known contraceptive was the condom; the majority of them had contraceptive sexual intercourse. Knowledge related to sexuality and teenage pregnancy through the implementation of the educational intervention increased and thus they were preparing for a healthy and responsible sexuality(AU)

Fibroma ameloblástico asociado a un odontoma compuesto. La importancia del estudio histopatológico / Ameloblastic fibroma associated with a compound odontoma. Importance of the histopathological study

El fibroma ameloblástico es un tumor odontogénico mixto benigno de rara aparición, que constituye el 2% de todos los tumores odontogénicos, es de crecimiento lento, más común en niños y adultos jóvenes, compuesto por tejido conjuntivo fibroso embrionario y epitelio odontogénico primitivo, se caracteriza por la proliferación de tejido epitelial y mesenquimático. Aparece con más frecuencia en la mandíbula en zona de molares y premolares de pacientes jóvenes sin predilección de sexo, asociándose a veces a un diente incluido. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo describir un caso clínico de un paciente en la segunda década de vida, con aparente anodoncia en el maxilar superior, que se encontraba asintomático y en el cual fue diagnosticado fibroma ameloblástico en maxilar superior, zona de incisivos anteriores, lado izquierdo, se realiza una breve revisión de la literatura y diagnósticos diferenciales, se analizan sus características clínicas e histológicas y la actitud terapéutica a tomar. El tratamiento quirúrgico conservador con extirpación seguida de curetaje parece ser la opción terapéutica más adecuada, y teniendo presente que el porcentaje de recidiva es del 18,3% principalmente debido a escisión incompleta de la lesión, se deben realizar controles radiográficos postoperatorios 6 meses después y cada año por los siguientes 5 años (AU)

The ameloblastic fibroma is a benign mixed, rare odontogenic tumour, which accounts for 2% of all odontogenic tumours. It is slow growing, and more common in children and young adults. It is composed of embryonic fibrous connective tissue and early odontogenic epithelium, and characterised by the proliferation of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue. It appears most frequently in the jaw area of molars and premolars of young patients with no sex predilection, and is sometimes associated with an impacted tooth. This article aims to describe a clinical case of a child in the second decade of life, with apparent anodontia in the maxilla, which was asymptomatic and later diagnosed as an ameloblastic fibroma in the left side maxilla incisors area. A brief review of the literature and differential diagnoses was carried out, including an analysis of its clinical and histological features, and the therapeutic approach to take. Conservative surgical excision followed by curettage seems to be the most appropriate treatment option. It should be noted that the recurrence rate is 18.3%, mainly due to incomplete excision of the lesion. Radiographic controls should be performed six months postoperatively, and every year for the following five years (AU)