Definición de los rangos de referencia de T4 libre, TSH y tiroglobulina en sujetos sanos del Distrito Sanitario de Jaén / Definition of reference ranges for free T4, TSH, and thyroglobulin levels in healthy subjects of the Jaén Health District

Antecedentes y objetivos: Las guías de tratamiento de disfunción tiroidea recomiendan definir los intervalos de referencia de las hormonas tiroideas de cada área mediante la evaluación de datos de población local considerando el grado de nutrición yódica de la misma. El objetivo de este estudio fue definir los rangos de referencia de la tiroxina libre (T4L), TSH y tiroglobulina en población general de Jaén, área con un nivel de nutrición yódica adecuado, y si estos estaban afectados por la yoduria. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal realizado en 1.003 sujetos de población general en el Distrito Sanitario de Jaén. El yodo urinario, T4L, TSH, tiroglobulina y los anticuerpos antitiroperoxidasa (anti-TPO) fueron analizados en función de la edad y el sexo. Resultados: La mediana de yoduria fue 110,59μg/l y la media 130,11μg/l. La mediana de TSH fue 1,83μUI/ml (p2,5=0,56μUI/ml, p97,5=4,66μUI/ml). La mediana de T4L fue 0,84ng/dl (p2,5=0,62ng/dl, p97,5=1,18ng/dl). El 5,7% de los sujetos tenían anticuerpos anti-TPO positivos. No existía correlación entre los valores de T4L, TSH ni los anticuerpos anti-TPO con los niveles de yoduria. Los sujetos con anticuerpos anti-TPO positivos tenían una TSH más elevada (3,34μUI/ml frente 2,14μUI/ml; p=0,001; odds ratio=2,42). Conclusiones: El yodo urinario en Jaén está dentro de los valores recomendados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Los rangos de referencia de T4L, TSH y tiroglobulina no son diferentes a lo descrito en la literatura y no difieren según la yoduria. La prevalencia de anticuerpos anti-TPO positivos es semejante a la descrita en otras poblaciones de España (AU)

Background and objectives: The treatment guidelines for thyroid dysfunction recommend defining reference ranges for thyroid hormones in each area through assessment of local population data considering the iodine nutritional status. The aim of this study was to define the reference ranges of free thyroxine (FT4), TSH, and thyroglobulin levels in a general population from Jaen, an area of southern Spain with an adequate iodine nutritional status, and whether they were associated with urinary iodine levels. Patients and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 1,003 subjects of the general population of the Jaen Health District. Levels of urinary iodine, FT4, TSH, thyroglobulin, and thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies were measured according to age and sex. Results: Median and mean urinary iodine levels were 110.59μg/L and 130.11μg/L respectively. Median TSH level was 1.83μIU/mL (p2.5=0.56μIU/mL, p97.5=4.66μIU/mL). Median FT4 level was 0.84ng/dL (p2.5=0.62ng/dL, p97.5=1.18ng/dL). TPO antibodies were detected in 5.7% of subjects. There was no correlation between urinary iodine levels and FT4, TSH or TPO antibodies. Subjects with positive TPO antibodies had higher TSH levels (3.34μIU/L versus 2.14μIU/mL, P=.001; odds ratio=2.42). Conclusions: Urinary iodine levels in Jaen are optimal according to World Health Organization standards. Reference ranges of FT4, TSH, and thyroglobulin do not differ from those reported in the literature and are no associated to urinary iodine levels. The prevalence of positive TPO antibodies was similar to that reported in other Spanish areas (AU)

Definition of reference ranges for free T4, TSH, and thyroglobulin levels in healthy subjects of the Jaén Health District. / Definición de los rangos de referencia de T4 libre, TSH y tiroglobulina en sujetos sanos del Distrito Sanitario de Jaén.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The treatment guidelines for thyroid dysfunction recommend defining reference ranges for thyroid hormones in each area through assessment of local population data considering the iodine nutritional status. The aim of this study was to define the reference ranges of free thyroxine (FT4), TSH, and thyroglobulin levels in a general population from Jaen, an area of southern Spain with an adequate iodine nutritional status, and whether they were associated with urinary iodine levels. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 1,003 subjects of the general population of the Jaen Health District. Levels of urinary iodine, FT4, TSH, thyroglobulin, and thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies were measured according to age and sex. RESULTS: Median and mean urinary iodine levels were 110.59µg/L and 130.11µg/L respectively. Median TSH level was 1.83µIU/mL (p2.5=0.56µIU/mL, p97.5=4.66µIU/mL). Median FT4 level was 0.84ng/dL (p2.5=0.62ng/dL, p97.5=1.18ng/dL). TPO antibodies were detected in 5.7% of subjects. There was no correlation between urinary iodine levels and FT4, TSH or TPO antibodies. Subjects with positive TPO antibodies had higher TSH levels (3.34µIU/L versus 2.14µIU/mL, P=.001; odds ratio=2.42). CONCLUSIONS: Urinary iodine levels in Jaen are optimal according to World Health Organization standards. Reference ranges of FT4, TSH, and thyroglobulin do not differ from those reported in the literature and are no associated to urinary iodine levels. The prevalence of positive TPO antibodies was similar to that reported in other Spanish areas.

Evaluación del estado de nutrición yódica en población general en la provincia de Jaén / Assessment of iodine nutritional status in the general population in the province of Jaén

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVO: En Jaén se conoce que existe una deficiencia de yodo (DY) de leve a moderada, y que afecta tanto a escolares como a mujeres embarazadas. Se sabe que la DY es una de las causas principales de disfunción tiroidea y bocio, habiéndose establecido que una yodoprofilaxis adecuada en zonas yododeficientes, tanto en forma de sal yodada, leche y sus derivados, o la toma de suplementos yodados, en caso de gestación, conlleva una mejoría significativa de estos problemas. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el grado de nutrición yódica en población general en una zona catalogada como yododeficiente y sin que se hayan llevado a cabo, por el momento, campañas institucionales de yodoprofilaxis. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Se ha realizado determinación de la yoduria en población general en el distrito sanitario de Jaén, separando en grupos según la edad y el género, y se ha encuestado sobre del consumo de sal yodada. RESULTADOS: La mediana de yoduria fue de 110,59 μg/l y la media de 130,11 μg/l. Se encuentran diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los niveles de yoduria en los escolares con respecto al resto de grupos de edad, siendo la media de yoduria en este grupo de 161,52 μg/l vs 109,33 μg/l en los mayores de 65 años. Encontramos que el 43% de la población tiene una yoduria menor de 100 μg/l y que en las mujeres, en el grupo de edad fértil, hay un 66,8% con niveles de yoduria inferior a 150 μg/l. CONCLUSIONES: la situación nutricional de yodo indicaría que se encuentra dentro de lo que se considera una nutrición adecuada, si bien encontramos que el porcentaje de población que presenta yodurias por debajo de 100 μg/l es aún muy elevado, y que la prevalencia del consumo de sal yodada en hogares es del 30,9%, muy por debajo de las recomendaciones de la OMS

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Iodine deficiency affecting both pregnant women and schoolchildren has been reported in Jaén. Iodine deficiency is one of the leading causes of thyroid dysfunction and goiter, and adequate iodine prophylaxis with iodized salt, milk, and dairy products, or iodine supplementation have been shown to significantly improve iodine status in pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to assess iodine nutritional status in the general population of a iodine-deficient area with no previous institutional campaigns of iodine prophylaxis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive, cross-sectional study. Urinary iodine levels were measured in subjects from the Jaén healthcare district. The data were stratified by sex and age groups, and a survey was conducted on iodized salt consumption. RESULTS: Median and mean urinary iodine levels were 110.59 mcg/L and 130.11 mcg/L respectively. Urinary iodine levels were significantly higher in schoolchildren as compared to other age groups (161.52 μg/L vs 109.33 μg/L in subjects older than 65 years). Forty-three percent of the population had urinary iodine levels less than 100 μg/L, and 68% of women of childbearing age had levels less than 150 μg/L. CONCLUSIONS: Iodine nutritional status appears to be adequate, but the proportion of the population with urinary iodine levels less than 100 μg/L is still very high, and iodized salt consumption is much less common than recommended by the WHO

Assessment of iodine nutritional status in the general population in the province of Jaén.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Iodine deficiency affecting both pregnant women and schoolchildren has been reported in Jaén. Iodine deficiency is one of the leading causes of thyroid dysfunction and goiter, and adequate iodine prophylaxis with iodized salt, milk, and dairy products, or iodine supplementation have been shown to significantly improve iodine status in pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to assess iodine nutritional status in the general population of a iodine-deficient area with no previous institutional campaigns of iodine prophylaxis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive, cross-sectional study. Urinary iodine levels were measured in subjects from the Jaén healthcare district. The data were stratified by sex and age groups, and a survey was conducted on iodized salt consumption. RESULTS: Median and mean urinary iodine levels were 110.59 mcg/L and 130.11 mcg/L respectively. Urinary iodine levels were significantly higher in schoolchildren as compared to other age groups (161.52µg/L vs 109.33µg/L in subjects older than 65 years). Forty-three percent of the population had urinary iodine levels less than 100µg/L, and 68% of women of childbearing age had levels less than 150µg/L. CONCLUSIONS: Iodine nutritional status appears to be adequate, but the proportion of the population with urinary iodine levels less than 100µg/L is still very high, and iodized salt consumption is much less common than recommended by the WHO.

Diabetes, tumor ovárico, hiperparatiroidismo y cáncer papilar: ¿una asociación casual? / Diabetes, ovarian tumor, hyperparathyroidism, and papillary cancer: association by chance?

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Genetic diagnosis of idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism: a new point mutation in the KAL2 gene.

Kallmann Syndrome (KS) is a genetic disease of embryonic development which is characterized by the association of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) due to a deficit of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and a hypo/anosmia (including a hypoplasia of the nasal sulcus and agenesis of the olfactory bulbs). Even though it is a genotypically and phenotypically heterogeneous clinical disease, there are some key genes related to KS (KAL1, FGFR1 (KAL2), GNRHR, KISSR1 (GPR54), GNRH1, NELF and PROK2). The aim of this study was to present a case report of a genetic diagnosis of KS linked to the presence of mutations in the FGFR1 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 1, also known as KAL2) gene. This diagnosis was made in a 44-year old female affected by a hypogonadism for which she had received intermittent treatment until she was 30 years old based on the patient's own decision. The molecular analysis of FGFR1 identified the mutation c. 246_247delAG (p.T82Xfs110) in heterozygosis on exon 3 of the KAL2 gene. This is the first report of this mutation related to idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (IHH).

Valoración del programa de formación de médicos residentes en Endocrinología y Nutrición por facultativos: resultados de una encuesta / Assessment of a residency training program in endocrinology and nutrition by physicians: Results of a survey

Background and objective The current training program for resident physicians in endocrinology and nutrition (EN) organizes their medical learning. Program evaluation by physicians was assessed using a survey. Material and method The survey asked about demographic variables, EN training methods, working time and center, and opinion on training program contents. Results Fifty-one members of Sociedad Castellano-Manchega de Endocrinología, Nutrición y Diabetes, and Sociedad Andaluza de Endocrinología y Nutrición completed the survey. Forty-percent of them disagreed with the compulsory nature of internal medicine, cardiology, nephrology and, especially, neurology rotations (60%); a majority (>50%) were against several recommended rotations included in the program. The fourth year of residence was considered by 37.8% of respondents as the optimum time for outpatient and inpatient control and monitoring without direct supervision. The recommended monthly number of on-call duties was 3.8±1.2. We detected a positive opinion about extension of residence duration to 4.4±0.5 years. Doctoral thesis development during the residence period was not considered convenient by 66.7% of physicians. Finally, 97.8% of resident physicians would recommend residency in EN to other colleagues. Conclusions Endocrinologists surveyed disagreed with different training program aspects such as the rotation system, skill acquisition timing, and on-call duties. Therefore, an adaptation of the current training program in EN would be required( AU)

Antecedentes y objetivos El programa de formación MIR regula el aprendizaje de los médicos residentes en Endocrinología y Nutrición (EYN). Evaluamos la valoración que realizan los facultativos en EYN sobre dicho programa mediante una encuesta. Material y método La encuesta incluía: variables demográficas, vía y hospital de formación, tiempo trabajado, centro de trabajo actual, y la opinión sobre el contenido del programa de formación: sistema de rotaciones, competencias, guardias, y otras preguntas. Resultados Se encuestó a 51 endocrinólogos asistentes a las Jornadas de Casos Clínicos de las Sociedades Castellano-Manchega y Andaluza de EYN (SCAMEND, SAEN). Los entrevistados mostraron su desacuerdo con las rotaciones obligatorias durante el primer año de residencia en Neurología y Protección Radiológica, y con las recomendables por Digestivo, Neumología, Hematología y Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Sin embargo, creyeron convenientes las obligatorias a partir del segundo año de residencia dentro del propio Servicio de EYN (Hospital de Día, Consultas Externas y Nutrición). El 37,8% de los encuestados consideraron el cuarto año de residencia como el momento en que el residente puede realizar sin tutorización el control y seguimiento de pacientes ambulatorios y hospitalizados (nivel 1 de responsabilidad). La mayoría de los (..) (AU)

Valoración del programa de formación MIR en endocrinología y nutrición: resultados de una encuesta dirigida a residentes / Assessment of a residency training program in endocrinology and nutrition: Results of a resident survey

Introducción En 2006 se aprobó un nuevo programa formativo para la especialidad endocrinología y nutrición (EYN). Con la realización de una encuesta a los residentes de la especialidad tratamos de evaluar cómo es la formación de nuestros residentes, el grado de conocimiento y cumplimiento del nuevo programa y posibles cambios en la formación de especialistas de EYN derivados de ello comparando los resultados con los de encuestas previas. Material y métodos Se utilizó la misma encuesta ya distribuida en 2000 y 2005. La encuesta incluye variables demográficas, y preguntas sobre las distintas rotaciones, formación práctica y científica, evaluación de los distintos servicios de origen y otros aspectos. Se compararon los resultados con los de 2005.Resultados La encuesta fue completada por 40 residentes. Las rotaciones obligatorias se cumplen en su mayoría a excepción de neurología. Existen rotaciones que han quedado fuera del programa como radiología y medicina nuclear que aún son frecuentes y que los residentes incluirían de nuevo. Existe poco cumplimiento en los aspectos de formación práctica del área de endocrinología. Un 40% de los residentes desconoce aún el programa, aunque un 60% considera que se cumple. El 82,5% considera que sus servicios consiguen los objetivos formativos. Conclusiones Existen pocas diferencias respecto a las rotaciones respecto a los datos obtenidos en 2005 a pesar del cambio de programa y sigue habiendo carencias en aspectos prácticos de la especialidad. Por el contrario, se percibe una mejoría de la valoración de los residentes de la formación recibida por sus servicios y facultativos adjuntos con respecto a encuestas previas(AU)

Introduction In 2006, a new training program was approved for resident physicians in endocrinology and nutrition (EN). A survey was conducted to EN residents to assess their training, their depth of knowledge, and compliance with the new program, as well as potential changes in training, and the results obtained were compared to those from previous surveys. Material and methods A survey previously conducted in 2000 and 2005 was used for this study. The survey included demographic factors, questions about the different rotations, scientific and practical training, assessment of their training departments and other aspects. Results of the current survey were compared to those of the 2005 survey. Results The survey was completed by 40 residents. Mandatory rotations are mainly fulfilled, except for neurology. Some rotations removed from the program, such as radiology and nuclear medicine, still are frequently performed and popular among residents, who would include them back into the program. There was a low compliance with practical training in the endocrinology area. Forty percent of residents were not aware of the new program, but 60% thought that it was fulfilled. A total of 82.5% of residents thought that their departments fulfilled the training objectives. Conclusions Few differences were found in rotations as compared to the data collected in 2005 despite changes in the training program, and there was still a lack of practical training. By contrast, rating of training received from departments and senior physicians was improved as compared to prior surveys (AU)

[Assessment of a residency training program in endocrinology and nutrition by physicians: results of a survey]. / Valoración del programa de formación de médicos residentes en Endocrinología y Nutrición por facultativos: resultados de una encuesta.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The current training program for resident physicians in endocrinology and nutrition (EN) organizes their medical learning. Program evaluation by physicians was assessed using a survey. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The survey asked about demographic variables, EN training methods, working time and center, and opinion on training program contents. RESULTS: Fifty-one members of Sociedad Castellano-Manchega de Endocrinología, Nutrición y Diabetes, and Sociedad Andaluza de Endocrinología y Nutrición completed the survey. Forty-percent of them disagreed with the compulsory nature of internal medicine, cardiology, nephrology and, especially, neurology rotations (60%); a majority (>50%) were against several recommended rotations included in the program. The fourth year of residence was considered by 37.8% of respondents as the optimum time for outpatient and inpatient control and monitoring without direct supervision. The recommended monthly number of on-call duties was 3.8±1.2. We detected a positive opinion about extension of residence duration to 4.4±0.5 years. Doctoral thesis development during the residence period was not considered convenient by 66.7% of physicians. Finally, 97.8% of resident physicians would recommend residency in EN to other colleagues. CONCLUSIONS: Endocrinologists surveyed disagreed with different training program aspects such as the rotation system, skill acquisition timing, and on-call duties. Therefore, an adaptation of the current training program in EN would be required.

[Assessment of a residency training program in endocrinology and nutrition: results of a resident survey]. / Valoración del programa de formación MIR en endocrinología y nutrición: resultados de una encuesta dirigida a residentes.

INTRODUCTION: In 2006, a new training program was approved for resident physicians in endocrinology and nutrition (EN). A survey was conducted to EN residents to assess their training, their depth of knowledge, and compliance with the new program, as well as potential changes in training, and the results obtained were compared to those from previous surveys. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A survey previously conducted in 2000 and 2005 was used for this study. The survey included demographic factors, questions about the different rotations, scientific and practical training, assessment of their training departments and other aspects. Results of the current survey were compared to those of the 2005 survey. RESULTS: The survey was completed by 40 residents. Mandatory rotations are mainly fulfilled, except for neurology. Some rotations removed from the program, such as radiology and nuclear medicine, still are frequently performed and popular among residents, who would include them back into the program. There was a low compliance with practical training in the endocrinology area. Forty percent of residents were not aware of the new program, but 60% thought that it was fulfilled. A total of 82.5% of residents thought that their departments fulfilled the training objectives. CONCLUSIONS: Few differences were found in rotations as compared to the data collected in 2005 despite changes in the training program, and there was still a lack of practical training. By contrast, rating of training received from departments and senior physicians was improved as compared to prior surveys.

[Usefulness of arterial calcium stimulation with hepatic venous sampling in the localization diagnosis of endogenous hyperinsulinism]. / Valoración de la utilidad del test de estimulación intraarterial con calcio en el diagnóstico de localización del hiperinsulinismo endógeno.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the utility of arterial calcium stimulation with hepatic venous sampling (ASVS) in the localization of tumors in patients with endogenous hyperinsulinism not detected with other methods. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of 26 patients admitted to our hospital for hypoglycemia who underwent ASVS because the source of hyperinsulinism was not clearly identified by other imaging techniques. The histopathological result in patients who underwent a surgical procedure was considered the reference for statistical study of the accuracy of this technique. Statistical analysis was performed by comparing proportions with the chi-squared test with Yates' correction for contingency tables, and Cohen's kappa coefficient as a measure of interrater agreement between two observations. RESULTS: Surgery was performed in 17 patients, 13 with positive ASVS and the remaining four with negative results. An insulinoma was removed in 12 patients, and 10 of these were detected in the ASVS. A total of 76.9 % of positive ASVS tests corresponded to a histological diagnosis of insulinoma, and 83% of these insulinomas were positive in ASVS. This association was statistically significant (chi cuadrado=7.340; p=0.012). Two of three patients with nesidioblastosis had a positive response in the ASVS. A good and statistically significant agreement was obtained between histopathologic diagnosis and ASVS results (kappa=0.556, p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: ASVS is a useful procedure in the localization diagnosis of endogenous hyperinsulinism not detected by other imaging tests. This technique allows tumors in the pancreatic gland to be identified and may be useful in the choice of the surgical technique to be used.

Valoracion de la utilidad del test de estimulacion intraarterial con calcio en el diagnostico de localizacion del hiperinsulinismo endogeno / Usefulness of arterial calcium stimulation with hepatic venous sampling in the localization diagnosis of endogenous hyperinsulinism

Antecedentes y objetivo El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar la utilidad del test de estimulación intraarterial con calcio (TEIC) en el diagnostico de localización del hiperinsulinismo endogeno no detectado por otros métodos. Pacientes y métodos Estudio retrospectivo de 26 pacientes ingresados por hipoglucemias en los que se realizo un TEIC, ya que la localización del hiperinsulinismo no fue claramente establecida con otras técnicas de imagen. En los pacientes que recibieron cirugía se pudo establecer el diagnostico anatomopatologico, y este se considero el patrón de referencia para la validación del TEIC. El análisis estadístico se realizo mediante la comparación de proporciones por el test chi-cuadrado con corrección de Yates para tablas de contingencia y el coeficiente (..) (AU)

Background and objective The aim of this study was to assess the utility of arterial calcium stimulation with hepatic venous sampling (ASVS) in the localization of tumors in patients with endogenous hyperinsulinism not detected with other methods. Patients and methods We performed a retrospective study of 26 patients admitted to our hospital for hypoglycemia who underwent ASVS because the source of hyperinsulinism was not clearly identified by other imaging techniques. The histopathological result in patients who underwent a surgical procedure was considered the reference for statistical study of the accuracy of this technique. Statistical analysis was performed by comparing proportions with the chi-squared test with Yates¡¯ correction for contingency tables, and Cohen¡äs kappa coefficient as a measure of interrater agreement between two observations. Results Surgery was performed in 17 patients, 13 with positive ASVS and the remaining four with negative results. An insulinoma was removed in 12 patients, and 10 of these were detected in the ASVS. A total of 76.9 % of positive ASVS tests corresponded to a histological diagnosis of insulinoma, and 83% of these insulinomas were positive in ASVS. This association was statistically significant (chi cuadrado=7.340; p=0.012). Two of three patients with nesidioblastosis had a positive response in the ASVS. A good and statistically significant agreement was obtained between histopathologic diagnosis and ASVS results (¦Ê=0.556, p = 0.007).Conclusions ASVS is a useful procedure in the localization diagnosis of endogenous hyperinsulinism not detected by other imaging tests. This technique allows tumors in the pancreatic gland to be identified and may be useful in the choice of the surgical technique to be used (AU)

Programa de formación MIR en endocrinología y nutrición: resultados de una encuesta nacional / Residency training program (MIR) in Endocrinology and Nutrition: results of a national questionnaire

Introducción: El actual programa de formación MIR de endocrinología y nutrición está regulado según lo propuesto por la Comisión Nacional de la Especialidad. Evaluamos su cumplimiento en el período 2000-2005 mediante una encuesta a los residentes de tercer y cuarto año. Material y método: La encuesta incluía: datos del residente, rotaciones, guardias, formación teórica y práctica, actividad científica e investigadora y otros aspectos relacionados con la especialidad. Resultados: Se encuestó a 46 residentes (63%), un 73,9% mujeres, con una edad de 27,8 años. Todos habían pasado por el área de hospitalización y nutrición durante 10,7 ± 5 y 5,7 ± 2,2 meses, respectivamente. Las rotaciones obligatorias fuera de endocrinología y nutrición no las habían llevado todos y su duración era inferior a la recomendada. El 97,8% realiza una comisión de servicio. La formación práctica no se cumple en más del 50%. El 40% no cree que sus servicios cumplan los objetivos formativos. La endocrinología y nutrición fue su primera opción en la elección de la especialidad en el 97,8%. El 95,5% se encuentra capacitado para trabajar al terminar la residencia, con preferencia en endocrinología y nutrición. Conclusiones: Los MIR de endocrinología y nutrición valoran positivamente la formación teórica y el grado de supervisión recibidos, aunque los objetivos del programa no se cumplen en todos los aspectos, lo que les permite estar preparados para trabajar al concluir la residencia

Introduction: The current training program for resident physicians in endocrinology is regulated by the National Specialty Commission. We evaluated compliance with the program between 2000 and 2005 through a questionnaire completed by 3rd- and 4th-year residents. Material and method: The questionnaire included residents' personal data, rotations, theoretical and practical training, scientific and research activity, and other items related to the specialty. Results: Forty-six residents (63%) completed the questionnaire. Of these, 73.9% were women. Age was 27.8 years. All the residents had worked in in-patient and nutrition services for 10.7 ± 5.0 and 5.7 ± 2.2 months, respectively. Not all residents had completed compulsory rotations outside endocrinology and nutrition and the duration of these rotations was lower than recommended. A total of 97.8% had performed the Service Commission. Forty percent of the residents believed that their service did not comply with training objectives. Endocrinology and nutrition was the first-choice specialty in 97.8%. Most of the residents (95.5%) felt adequately trained for work at the end of the training program, preferring endocrinology and nutrition. Conclusions: Resident physicians in endocrinology and nutrition positively evaluated the theoretical training and supervision received, although not all the program's objectives were achieved. The residents felt qualified for work at the end of their training program

Réplica de los autores. Hipercalcemia, función tiroidea y gestación / Author’s replay. Hypercalcemia, thyroid function and pregnancy

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Effects of milk enriched with omega-3 fatty acid, oleic acid and folic acid in patients with metabolic syndrome.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) have increased cardiovascular risk factors. Dietary modifications mainly polyunsatturated fatty acids intake, can improve them. The present study was performed to assess the effects of enriched milk with omega-3 and oleic fatty acids, folic acid and vitamin E, in these patients. METHODS: We performed a randomized, placebo-controlled and open clinical trial, among 72 patients with MS for 3 months. Thirty-six of them consumed 500 cm(3) per day of semi-skimmed milk (control group), and the others consumed 500 cm(3) per day of enriched milk (test group). Daily supplements in this group were 5.7 g of oleic acid, 0.2g of omega-3 fatty acid, 150 microg of folic acid and 7.5mg of vitamin E. Serum for total and HDL cholesterol, triglycerol, Apo B, glucose, insulin, hs-CRP, homocysteine and fatty acids contents in serum phospholipids, was obtained at the beginning and at the end of the study. LDL cholesterol was calculated by Friedewald formula. RESULTS: Four patients in the test group, and two in the control group dropped out. In the test group a decrease in serum total cholesterol (-6.2%, P=0.006), LDL cholesterol (-7.5%, P=0.032), triglycerol (-13.3%, P=0.016), Apo B (-5.7%, P=0.036), glucose (-5.3%, P=0.013), and homocysteine (-9.5%, P=0.00) was observed. Any of these parameters changed in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary supplementation with 500 cm(3) of enriched milk with omega-3 fatty acid, oleic acid and folic acid, reduces serum tryglicerides, total and LDL cholesterol, Apo B, glucose and homocysteine in patients with MS. This milk is well tolerated and accepted by the patients.