Challenges of nursing research with immigrant and refugee populations: methodological and pragmatic considerations.

The objective of the study was to identify the main challenges in conducting research with immigrants and refugees and to provide seven methodological and pragmatic strategies. The analyses presented, based on the Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality, are extracted from insights of the authors' experiences as researchers and the literature. The main challenges are related to cultural, moral, political, and educational differences between researcher and researched; identification of the universe and sampling; access to informants through the barrier of distrust; and communication and language difficulties. Strategies to make research more successful involve: developing a thorough research protocol; creatively recruiting participants; developing strategies to facilitate communication; having a sensitive look; offering a structure of reciprocity; increasing trust, and triangulating research. The main methodological and pragmatic issues in studies with immigrants and refugees were explored, providing valuable guidance for future projects. However, in different migration situations, researchers must be aware of the possibility of other challenges arising during the investigative process.

VALIDACIÓN DE LA VERSIÓN EN ESPAÑOL DE LA ESCALA PERSPECTIVA ESPIRITUAL DE P. REED EN PERSONAS MAYORES, CHILE / VALIDATION OF THE SPANISH VERSION OF P. REED'S SPIRITUAL PERSPECTIVE SCALE IN OLDER PEOPLE IN CHILE

El envejecimiento global es uno de los grandes desafíos sanitarios del siglo XXI, el 2030 una de cada seis personas tendrá ≥ 60 años. En Chile se proyecta un 32,1% para el 2050. Esta realidad demográfica desafía a la enfermería en el abordaje multidimensional del envejecimiento. La espiritualidad como atributo de la autotrascendencia es un factor condicionante de acciones promotoras de salud en las personas mayores. Desde la perspectiva de la Dra. Reed, se presentan los resultados de validación de su Escala de Perspectiva Espiritual. La población fue de 202 personas mayores en promedio de 71 años (D.E.= 8,2338). El método utilizado fue diseño psicométrico y corte transversal. La escala general presentó; α de Cronbach=0,92; dimensiones prácticas espirituales α de Cronbach= 0,822; dimensión creencias espirituales α de Cronbach=0,914. El análisis de modelo de un factor (CFI=0,956, RMSEA=0,167 IC95% [0,147 - 0,188] y un c2=232,762; p=0,000), como de dos factores coherentes con la estructura teórica propuesta por Reed (CFI=0,984; RMSEA=0,102 IC95% [0,081 ­ 0,125] y c2=105,890; p=0,000), presentaron cargas factoriales altas y relativamente homogéneas. La escala general y las subescalas de creencias y prácticas espirituales mostraron adecuada confiabilidad. El análisis de modelos anidados mostró un mejor ajuste del modelo de dos factores. Los resultados suman para afirmar que la Escala de Perspectiva Espiritual, contribuye a la precisión empírica, potencial heurístico y verificabilidad de la Teoría de Transcendencia de Reed. Se vislumbra que la espiritualidad es un factor mediador en la relación entre la vulnerabilidad, autotrascendencia y bienestar de la persona mayor.

Global aging is one of the great health challenges of the 21st century. By 2030, one in six people will be ≥60 years of age, with 32.1% projected for Chile by 2050. This demographic reality challenges nursing in the multidimensional approach to aging. The dimension of spirituality as an attribute of self-transcendence is a conditioning factor of health promoting actions in the elderly. The validation results of Dr. Reed's Spiritual Perspective Scale are presented. The population included 202 people older than 71 years on average (SD= 8.2338). The method used was a psychometric and cross-sectional design. The general scale presented Cronbach's α=0.92; spiritual practical dimension, Cronbach's α=0.822; spiritual beliefs dimension, Cronbach's α=0.914. The analysis of a one-factor model (CFI=.956, RMSEA=0.167 IC95% [0.147-0.188] and c2=232.762; p=0.000), as two factors consistent with the theoretical structure proposed by Reed (CFI=0.984; RMSEA=0.102 IC95% [0.081-0.125] and c2=105.890; p=0.000), presented high and relatively homogeneous factorial loads. The general scale and the subscales of spiritual beliefs and practices showed adequate reliability. The analysis of nested models showed a better adjustment of the two-factor model. The results collectively affirm that the Spiritual Perspective Scale contributes to the empirical precision, heuristic potential, and verifiability of Reed's Theory of Transcendence. It is observed that spirituality is a mediating factor in the relationship between vulnerability, self-transcendence, and well-being of humans.

La evaluación del involucramiento cultural en personas indígenas: escala para un pueblo andino / The evaluation of cultural involvement in indigenous people: scale for an Andean people

Objetivo: diseñar y evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de una escala para medir el involucramiento cultural en un pueblo andino. Metodología: investigación psicométrica. Fueron desarrolladas las fases de: a) revisión teórica; b) abordaje cualitativo, entrevistas semiestructuradas a 16 Lickanantay; c) diseño de la escala preliminar; d) evaluación cognitiva (5 Lickanantay); e) evaluación psicométrica con 200 Lickanantay, siendo 124 mujeres (62%) y 76 hombres (38%). Resultados principales: la escala quedó constituida por 10 ítems que identifican el involucramiento cultural a partir de la participación en actividades tradicionales Lickanantay como festividades y ceremonias. El análisis factorial entregó una solución unifactorial con un α de Cronbach de 0.924 y los índices de bondad de ajuste dan cuenta de un ajuste excelente del modelo. Conclusión principal: La escala permitirá evaluar el efecto y relación del involucramiento cultural en la salud y el bienestar de personas y comunidades del pueblo andino Lickanantay.(AU)

Objective: to design and evaluate the psychometric properties of a scale to measure cultural involvement in an Andean town. Methodology: psychometric research. The following phases were developed: a) theoretical review; b) qualitative approach, semi-structured interviews with 16 Lickanantay; c) preliminary scale design; d) cognitive evaluation (5 Lickanantay); e) psychometric evaluation with 200 Lickanantay, being 124 women (62%) and 76 men (38%). Main results: the scale was made up of 10 items that identify cultural involvement from participation in traditional Lickanantay activities such as festivities and ceremonies. The factorial analysis provided a unifactorial solution with a Cronbach's α of 0.924 and the goodness of fit indices show an excellent fit of the model. Main conclusion: The scale will allow evaluating the effect and/or relationship of cultural involvement in the health and/or well-being of people and/or communities of the Lickanantay Andean people.(AU)

Efecto mediador de la motivación a buscar venganza en la relación de la ansiedad y la evitación en el apego con la calidad de vida / Mediating effect of revenge-seeking motivation on the relationship of attachment anxiety and avoidance to quality of life

OBJETIVO: Determinar el efecto mediador de la motivación a buscar venganza en la relación de la ansiedad y la evitación en el apego con la calidad de vida. METODOLOGÍA: estudio transversal correlacional. La muestra estuvo constituida por 558 personas de 18 a 65 años de la ciudad de Antofagasta, Chile. Fueron utilizados los instrumentos: Cuestionario WHOQoL-Bref; Experiencia en Relaciones Cercanas; y Motivación a buscar venganza. Se realizó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales que consideró efectos directos, indirectos y totales. RESULTADOS: Del total de participantes, 289 (51,8%) fueron hombres. Las edades fluctuaron entre 18 y 65 años (M=39,7; ±13,42). Se encontraron efectos significativos en la relación entre la ansiedad y evitación en el apego en los dominios físico, psicológico y social-relacional de la calidad de vida. La motivación a buscar venganza tiene efecto de mediación total en la relación entre evitación en el apego y el dominio físico, y efecto de mediación parcial de la evitación en el apego sobre el dominio psicológico de la calidad de vida. CONCLUSIÓN: ansiedad y evitación en el apego disminuyen la calidad de vida y la motivación a buscar venganza media parcial o totalmente la relación entre la evitación en el apego sobre los dominios físico y psicológico de la calidad de vida.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the mediating effect of revenge-seeking motivation on the relationship between anxiety and avoidance in attachment and quality of life. METHODOLOGY: cross-sectional correlational study. The sample consisted of 558 people aged 18 to 65 years from the city of Antofagasta, Chile. The following instruments were used: WHOQoL-Bref Questionnaire; Experience in Close Relationships; and Motivation to seek revenge. Structural equation modeling was performed considering direct, indirect and total effects. RESULTS: Of the total number of participants, 289 (51.8%) were male. Ages ranged from 18 to 65 years (M=39.7; ±13.42). Significant effects were found in the relationship between anxiety and avoidance on attachment in the physical, psychological, and social-relational domains of quality of life. Revenge-seeking motivation has full mediation effect on the relationship between attachment avoidance and the physical domain, and partial mediation effect of attachment avoidance on the psychological domain of quality of life. CONCLUSION: Anxiety and attachment avoidance decrease quality of life, and revenge-seeking motivation partially or fully mediates the relationship between attachment avoidance and the physical and psychological domains of quality of life.

Ethnic Identity and Well-Being of Andean Indigenous People: The Effect of Individualistic and Collectivist Value Orientations.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the mediating effect of the value orientations of collectivism and individualism on the relationship between ethnic identity and well-being, the latter conceived from the worldview of Andean natives. For this purpose, under an observational and cross-sectional design, 395 Lickan-Antay adults (57% women) living in areas of indigenous development and in two cities in northern Chile were surveyed. We used the Lickan-Antay BLA32 well-being scale, a short version of the Portrait 21 Values Questionnaire to measure individualistic and collectivistic values, and an adapted version of the Ethnic Identity Scale. The results show that ethnic identity had a direct positive effect on all three dimensions of well-being (harmony with community life, ethnic harmony and harmony with nature), and total indirect effects on all five dimensions of well-being, one of them originating mainly from collectivist orientations. Individualistic orientations also showed a positive, though less intense, mediating effect on well-being. We conclude that collectivist and individualistic motivational patterns coexist in Lickan-Antay natives and explain an important part of the relationship between ethnic identity and well-being. Finally, we discuss our results and suggest replication of this study in other ethnic contexts to assess the generalizability of these findings to other native peoples of the Andean region of South America.

El significado del bienestar desde la perspectiva de un pueblo originario andino: lickan-antay / Meaning of well-being from the lickan-antay perspective: a qualitative and decolonialist approach / O significado do bem-estar a partir da perspectiva de um povo nativo andino: lickan-antay

OBJETIVO: Analizar el significado del bienestar desde la perspectiva de un pueblo indígena andino: lickan-antay. MÉTODO: Estudio cualitativo, diseño descriptivo con fines comprensivos, con muestreo intencionado por bola de nieve. Se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas, analizando los discursos de 16 lickan-antay de diferentes comunidades del norte de Chile, utilizando para esto, herramientas de la teoría fundamentada. RESULTADOS: El significado del bienestar para los/las lickan-antay, se relaciona con la integración de diferentes armonías: armonía interna, armonía comunitaria, armonía con la naturaleza y la armonía en el desarrollo étnico-cultural lickan-antay. CONCLUSIONES: El significado del bienestar para los/las lickan-antay está orientado por una concepción del mundo eco-cosmocéntrica, compartida con otros pueblos indígenas andinos, que difiere de los enfoques occidentales del bienestar. Se hace necesario desarrollar una línea de investigación local, que permita establecer un cuerpo de conocimientos transculturales, en torno cuidado y la atención de las/los lickan-antay

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the meaning of well-being from the perspective of an Andean indigenous people: lickan-antay. Method. Qualitative study, descriptive design for comprehensive purposes, with intentional snowball sampling. Semi-structured interviews were applied, analyzing the speeches of 16 lickan-antay from different communities in northern Chile, using tools of grounded theory. RESULTS: The meaning of well-being for the lickan-antay is related to the integration of different harmonies: internal harmony, community harmony, harmony with nature and harmony in the ethnic-cultural development of lickan-antay. CONCLUSIONS: The meaning of well-being for the Lickan-antay is guided by a conception of the eco-cosmocentric world, shared with other indigenous Andean peoples, which differs from Western approaches to well-being. It is necessary to develop a line of local research, which allows establishing a body of cross-cultural knowledge, around the care and attention of the Lickan-Antay

OBJETIVO: Analisar o significado do bem-estar na perspectiva de um povo indígena andino: lickan-antay. MÉTODO: Estudo qualitativo, descritivo, para fins abrangentes, com amostragem intencional de bolas de neve. Entrevistas semi-estruturadas foram aplicadas, analisando os discursos de 16 lickan-antay de diferentes comunidades do norte do Chile, utilizando ferramentas da teoria fundamentada. RESULTADOS: O significado do bem-estar para o lickan-antay está relacionado à integração de diferentes harmonias: harmonia interna, harmonia comunitária, harmonia com a natureza e harmonia no desenvolvimento étnico-cultural de lickan-antay. CONCLUSÕES: O significado de bem-estar para o Lickan-antay é guiado por uma concepção do mundo eco-cosmocêntrico, compartilhado com outros povos indígenas andinos, que difere das abordagens ocidentais ao bem-estar. É necessário desenvolver uma linha de pesquisa local, que permita estabelecer um corpo de conhecimento intercultural, em torno do cuidado e atenção do Lickan-Antay

Validación de la versión en español de la escala Perspectiva Espiritual de P. Reed / Validation of the Spanish Version of Reed's Spiritual Perspective Scale

Introducción: La espiritualidad es un fenómeno complejo, que en su concepción y experimentación está determinada por múltiples factores, lo cual complejiza el ejercicio de su evaluación en diferentes contextos. Objetivo: Analizar la estructura factorial de la versión en español de la Escala de Perspectiva Espiritual de Reed (1987) en una muestra chilena de adultos. Métodos: Investigación cuantitativa, evaluación psicométrica de un instrumento. El estudio se realizó durante el año 2016 en la ciudad de Antofagasta, Chile. Se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio, se utilizó el método de Máxima Verosimilitud Robusto. La muestra estuvo constituida por 174 adultos, cuyo promedio de edad fue de 23,3 años (DS = 5,003). Resultados: Se revela una estructura de dos factores: creencias y prácticas espirituales. Al liberar los errores de medición, los índices de bondad de ajuste dan cuenta de un ajuste excelente del modelo. Conclusiones: La escala de perspectiva espiritual de Reed (versión en español) entrega puntuaciones válidas al medir el nivel de espiritualidad en adultos, evaluando dos factores de la espiritualidad(AU)

Introduction: Spirituality is a complex phenomenon, which is, in its conception and experimentation, determined by multiple factors, which complicates the exercise of its evaluation in different settings. Objective: To analyze the factor structure of the Spanish version of the Spiritual Perspective Scale (Reed 1987) in a Chilean sample of adults. Methods: Quantitative research, psychometric evaluation of an instrument. The study was conducted during 2016 in the city of Antofagasta, Chile. Confirmatory factor analysis was used, together with the robust maximum likelihood method. The sample consisted of 174 adults, whose average age was 23.3 years (SD=5.003). Results: A structure of two factors is revealed: spiritual beliefs and practices. On releasing the measurement errors, the indices of goodness of fit show an excellent fit of the model. Conclusions: The Spanish version of Read's Spiritual Perspective Scale delivers valid scores upon measuring the level of spirituality in adults, evaluating two spirituality factors(AU)