Transcriptional Activation of a Pro-Inflammatory Response (NF-κB, AP-1, IL-1ß) by the Vibrio cholerae Cytotoxin (VCC) Monomer through the MAPK Signaling Pathway in the THP-1 Human Macrophage Cell Line.

This study describes, to some extent, the VCC contribution as an early stimulation of the macrophage lineage. Regarding the onset of the innate immune response caused by infection, the ß form of IL-1 is the most important interleukin involved in the onset of the inflammatory innate response. Activated macrophages treated in vitro with VCC induced the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway in a one-hour period, with the activation of transcriptional regulators for a surviving and pro-inflammatory response, suggesting an explanation inspired and supported by the inflammasome physiology. The mechanism of IL-1ß production induced by VCC has been gracefully outlined in murine models, using bacterial knockdown mutants and purified molecules; nevertheless, the knowledge of this mechanism in the human immune system is still under study. This work shows the soluble form of 65 kDa of the Vibrio cholerae cytotoxin (also known as hemolysin), as it is secreted by the bacteria, inducing the production of IL-1ß in the human macrophage cell line THP-1. The mechanism involves triggering the early activation of the signaling pathway MAPKs pERK and p38, with the subsequent activation of (p50) NF-κB and AP-1 (cJun and cFos), determined by real-time quantitation. The evidence shown here supports that the monomeric soluble form of the VCC in the macrophage acts as a modulator of the innate immune response, which is consistent with the assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome actively releasing IL-1ß.

Psychosocial risk factors identification in Mexican workers and RGIII validation.

BACKGROUND: Since 2018, NOM-035-STPS-2018 has been applied in Mexico, focused on measuring psychosocial risk factors (PRFs) in workers and the Reference Guide III (RGIII) has been presented, however, research focused on its validation has been scarce, in very specific sectors and with small samples. OBJECTIVE: Determine the levels of PRFs of five work centers and reliability and validity aspects of RGIII. METHOD: The RGIII was applied to 1458 workers (806 women and 652 men) from five workplace in the industrial sector of Ensenada (Mexico), and the level of risk of the PRFs was analyzed, as well as their reliability and validity through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). RESULTS: The PRFs with medium, high and very high-risk levels are Workload, Lack of control over work and Workday. The RGIII presents adequate reliability with Cronbach's α, Alpha ordinal RHO and Omega of 0.93, 0.95 and 0.95, respectively. The EFA shows all five subscales maintain factor loadings greater than 0.43, although Leadership and relationships at work has better saturation values, and Work environment ended with only three items. The CFA indicates Leadership and work relationships with a Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) goodness of fit index of 0.072. CONCLUSION: The RGIII allows the identification and evaluation of the level of risk of PRFs. It complies with sufficient internal consistency. It does not have a clear factorial structure, because it does not meet the minimum values of goodness-of-fit indexes that would allow confirming the structure proposed in RGIII.

Individuals in Collaborative Governance for Environmental Management.

Analyzing the effect of individual participants on collaborative governance processes in environmental management has been elusive due to lack of theoretical frameworks and data limitations. This study uses pattern matching to contrast identity theory with original data from 7 individuals participating in waste management and urban agriculture collaboration in Florianópolis, Brazil. What started as a self-organized initiative to manage an environmental problem, due to precarious waste management services, was scaled up to a citywide policy. Findings demonstrate that as the collaboration evolved over time, individual participants in municipal government transitioned between roles, organizations, and departments which affected their influence on the collaboration according to two transition styles: integrators (overlapping different roles) and segmenters (aligning roles with contexts without ambiguity). While the integrator-style participants were key to increasing sectoral diversity during the activation stage of the collaboration to produce innovative actions, segmenters contributed to formalizing the collaboration with appropriate institutional designs. However, the success of the collaboration after the institutionalization stage depended on the individual transition style and the power of municipal agents to have agency for influencing the collaboration. These findings have implications for adapting collaborative settings to respond to contextual changes that involve urban environmental issues.

Temperature Asymmetry Analysis between Left and Right Wrist with Sensory and Infrared Thermography.

This article reports a thermal analysis of the wrists to analyze the behavior and recovery of skin temperature after 20 min when performing a highly repetitive movement, and two thermography methods (sensory and infrared) and research groups were compared. The tests were carried out with 44 participants who performed a repetitive task for 10 min and integrated into two groups, of which 22 were trained workers from a maquiladora company and were analyzed with sensory thermography, and the other 22 were in the laboratory with infrared thermography with undergraduate students. The study area is the left and right hand, specifically the wrists. The proposed hypothesis is that people with some musculoskeletal problems have a decrease in temperature when starting repetitive tasks and thermal asymmetries, which measurements were recorded at 0, 10, 15, and 20 min after the task was finished. Findings indicate that the temperatures in both wrists behave similarly. The workers reached higher temperatures, and the centigrade degrees of asymmetry difference were also higher. The variable with influence on the temperature was fractured in the arm. After thermally analyzing the temperature behavior between the wrists of both hands, it is concluded that there is an increase in temperature after finishing a repetitive task, and it does not stabilize after 20 min. Both thermography methods observed that the asymmetries are greater than 0.5 °C, detecting the possible pathology of carpal tunnel syndrome.

Factores asociados a bronquiolitis en pacientes menores de 2 años atendidos en un hospital de referencia del Perú

RESUMEN Introducción: La bronquiolitis se considera una patología respiratoria de etiología viral, frecuente a nivel de infantes. Existen diversos determinantes que contribuyen a su desarrollo dentro de esta población. El conocer dichos factores permitirá ejecutar medidas preventivas, así como disminuir el número de casos. Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados a bronquiolitis en pacientes menores de 2 años atendidos en un hospital de referencia del Perú. Materiales y Métodos: se realizó un diseño de tipo casos y controles no emparejado, con una muestra representativa, con un tamaño muestral de 174 casos y 174 controles por muestreo probabilístico aleatorio simple, se realizó un modelo de regresión logística para los factores asociados al lactante y la madre para el cálculo del Odds Ratio e intervalo de confianza al 95% respecto a la variable dependiente bronquiolitis aguda Resultados: se reportó una asociación para la bronquiolitis aguda con las variables prematuridad 3.02 (IC95% 1.54 - 5.92), bajo peso al nacer 1.85 (IC95% 1.07 - 3.20), género femenino 2.89 (IC95% 1.72 - 4.86), madre adolescente 3.82 (IC95% 2.13 - 6.86) y madre sin grado de instrucción 3.02 (IC95% 1.83 - 11.87). Conclusión: los factores de prematuridad, bajo peso al nacer y género femenino del lactante y el grado de instrucción y condición adolescente de la madre se asocian al bronquiolitis aguda en pacientes menores de 2 años.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Bronchiolitis is considered a respiratory pathology of viral etiology that is frequent in infants. There are several determinants that contribute to its development within this population. Knowledge of these factors will allow preventive measures to be in place, as well as reduce the number of cases. Objective: To determine the factors associated with bronchiolitis in patients under 2 years of age treated at a reference hospital in Peru. Materials and Methods: an unpaired case-control type design was carried out, with a representative sample, with a sample size of 174 cases and 174 controls by simple random probabilistic sampling, a logistic regression model was carried out for the factors associated with the infant. and the mother for the calculation of the Odds Ratio and 95% confidence interval regarding the dependent variable acute bronchiolitis. Results: an association was reported for acute bronchiolitis with the following variables: prematurity 3.02 (95% CI 1.54 - 5.92), low birth weight 1.85 (95% CI 1.07 - 3.20), female gender 2.89 (95% CI 1.72 - 4.86), teenage mother 3.82 (95% CI 2.13 - 6.86) and mother with low educational level 3.02 (95% CI 1.83 - 11.87). Conclusion: prematurity, low birth weight, female gender, birth to an adolescent mother and maternal low educational levels are associated with acute bronchiolitis in patients under 2 years of age.

Factor structure and measurement invariance of the psychosocial risk factors inventory of NOM-035-STPS-2018.

The primary objective of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Inventory for the Identification and Analysis of Psychosocial Risk Factors (IIA-PRF) of Reference Guide III proposed in NOM-035-STPS-2018. A total of 2,149 workers in Baja California, Mexico's industrial and education-government sectors, were administered an online inventory version. Preliminary analyses were performed, as well as a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) based on two models proposed by the standard itself: an eight-factor model (8-FM) and a four-factor model (4-FM). Likewise, based on the results and with the recommendations of the specialists, a threefactor model (3-FM) was proposed. In addition, nested model sequencing methods were subsequently applied to validate the invariance between the origin of the activity. The dimensionality of 3-FM was found to have adequate fit values according to a-priori established criteria. It is concluded that the IIAPRF does not have the reliability and validity parameters necessary to support interpretations, uses and consequences based on the theoretical structure established by NOM-035-STPS-2018 and that, although the 3-FM presents better reliability and validity indices, it is not invariant in terms of the origin of the activity. Finally, we discuss the implications and recommend reviewing and adjusting the design of the IIAPRF items to extend the measurement of invariance to other groups of relevance for decision making in the improvement of the work environment.

A Trypanosoma cruzi strain from southern Mexico is more virulent for male mice in part by blocking the immune response.

INTRODUCTION: Chagas disease is a neglected disease in the American continent. The southern Mexican state of Chiapas has the highest incidence rate of Chagas disease in the country. The disease, mainly caused by Tripanosoma cruzi in Mexico, is more prevalent in males than in females but the scientific basis for the sex-related tropism is not completely understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pathogenicity of a T. cruzi strain in mice of both sexes and to assess certain elements of the immune response in the infected animals. METHODOLOGY: Triatomines bugs were searched at Los Mezcales, Chiapas, Mexico and T. cruzi was identified by PCR and sequencing. A T. cruzi strain was isolated from the feces of triatomines bugs. Mice were infected with the strain and the virulence of the T. cruzi strain as well as the immune response against the infection was compared in male versus female mice. RESULTS: T. dimidiata was identified in all dwellings. 42.9% of the bugs were infected with T. cruzi lineage TcI. Male mice exhibited higher parasitemia than females, and developed leukopenia and lower levels of anti-T. cruzi antibodies compared to female mice. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of the T. cruzi strain in this endemic region of Mexico revealed that male mice are prone to this infectious protozoo, in addition to manifesting a deficient immune response against infection. These findings may explain the greater number of cases of Chagas disease among men in this endemic region of Latin America.

[Hematopoietic stem cells transplant in patients with common variable immunodeficiency. Is a therapeutic option?] / Trasplante de médula ósea en pacientes con inmunodeficiencia común variable, ¿es una opción terapéutica?

BACKGROUND: Patients with common variable immunodeficiency show higher incidence of sinopulmonary and gastrointestinal infections, as well as lymphoproliferative and autoimmune diseases. The treatment of choice is replacement therapy with human gamma-globulin. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a non-conventional therapeutic modality. CASE REPORT: Twenty-six-year old woman with no family or hereditary history of primary immune deficiencies or consanguinity, with repeated episodes of otitis, sinusitis, gastroenteritis and bronchitis since childhood. At adolescence, she was diagnosed with common variable immunodeficiency; she was prescribed intravenous gamma-globulin, broad-spectrum antimicrobials and macrolides. At 22 years of age, she underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation owing to continued severe infections. At 4 months, post-transplantation she was diagnosed with hypothyroidism and ovarian insufficiency. During the following 3 years, she had no infections, but at 25 years of age she had immune thrombocytopenic purpura diagnosed, which persists together with Raynaud's disease and upper respiratory tract persistent infections. At the moment of this report she is being treated with intravenous gamma-globulin and receiving prophylaxis with clarithromycin, without steroids or danazol. CONCLUSIONS: Given the high rate of morbidity and mortality associated and immune reconstitution failure, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation should be carefully evaluated in patients with treatment-unresponsive infections or lymphoproliferative disorders.

Antecedentes: Los pacientes con inmunodeficiencia común variable presentan mayor incidencia de infecciones sinopulmonares y gastrointestinales, así como de enfermedades linfoproliferativas y autoinmunes. El tratamiento de elección es el reemplazo con gammaglobulina humana. El trasplante de células progenitoras hematopoyéticas es una modalidad terapéutica no convencional. Caso clínico: Mujer de 26 años de edad sin antecedentes heredofamiliares de inmunodeficiencias primarias ni consanguinidad, con procesos repetidos de otitis, sinusitis, gastroenteritis y bronquitis desde la infancia. En la adolescencia fue diagnosticada con inmunodeficiencia común variable; se le prescribió gammaglobulina intravenosa, antimicrobianos de amplio espectro y macrólidos. A los 22 años se le realizó trasplante de células progenitoras hematopoyéticas por continuar con infecciones severas. A los 4 meses del trasplante se le diagnosticó hipotiroidismo e insuficiencia ovárica. Durante los siguientes 3 años no presentó infecciones, pero a los 25 años manifestó púrpura trombocitopénica inmune, que persistía al momento de este informe con enfermedad de Raynaud e infecciones reincidentes de vías respiratorias altas. Es tratada con gammaglobulina intravenosa y profilaxis con claritromicina, sin esteroides ni danazol. Conclusiones: Dada la alta tasa de morbimortalidad asociada y falla en la reconstitución inmunológica, el trasplante de células progenitoras hematopoyéticas deberá ser cuidadosamente evaluado en pacientes con infecciones sin respuesta al tratamiento o con enfermedades linfoproliferativas.

[Clinic of humoral primary immunodeficiencies in adults. Experience in a tertiary hospital]. / Clínica de inmunodeficiencias primarias en adultos. Experiencia en un hospital de tercer nivel.

BACKGROUND: Primary immunodeficiencies (PID) are characterized by alteration of the components of the immune system. Humoral deficiencies represent 50%. The most common are selective IgA deficiency, Bruton agammaglobulinemia, and common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of adults with humoral PID, cared for in a Primary Humoral Immunodeficiencies Clinic. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study that included a year of analysis, including 35 patients with humoral PID, 31 with CVID, and 4 with Bruton agammaglobulinemia. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Of 35 patients studied, 31 had CVID (88.5%) and 4 (11.5%) Bruton agammaglobulinemia; 21 were men and 14 women. The age at onset of symptoms was 22.7 years, and the delay in diagnosis was 7.2 years. 11.4% of CVID patients died during the study; 4 had malignancies, 22.8% autoimmune diseases, and 48.5% gastrointestinal disorders. Patients with Bruton agammaglobulinemia presented no comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS: Unlike reports in the literature, in the study group, CVID was the most common cause of humoral PID, predominantly in men; the most common gastrointestinal disorder was intestinal functional disorder.

Antecedentes: Las inmunodeficiencias primarias (IDP) son trastornos de los componentes del sistema inmune. Las deficiencias humorales representan el 50%. Las más comunes son el déficit selectivo de IgA, agammaglobulinemia de Bruton y la inmunodeficiencia común variable (IDCV). Objetivo: Describir las características epidemiológicas y clínicas de adultos con IDP humorales, atendidos en una Clínica de Inmunodeficiencias Primarias Humorales. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo trasversal que abarcó un año de análisis, en el que se incluyeron 35 pacientes con IDP humoral. Los datos se analizaron con estadística descriptiva. Resultados: De 35 pacientes estudiados, 31 tuvieron IDCV (88.5%) y 4 (11.5%) agammaglobulinemia de Bruton; 21 fueron hombres y 14 mujeres. La edad al inicio de los síntomas fue de 22.7 años y el tiempo de retraso en el diagnóstico fue de 7.2 años; 11.4% de los pacientes con IDCV fallecieron durante el estudio; 4 padecieron neoplasias, 22.8% enfermedades autoinmunes y 48.5% alteraciones gastrointestinales. Los pacientes con agammaglobulinemia de Bruton no presentaron comorbilidades. Conclusiones: A diferencia de lo informado en la literatura, la IDCV fue la causa más común de IDP humoral en el grupo estudiado, con predominio en hombres; la alteración gastrointestinal más común fue el trastorno funcional intestinal.

[Use of intravenous immunoglobulin in pregnancy. Report of a patient with common variable immunodeficiency]. / Uso de inmunoglobulina intravenosa en el embarazo. Reporte de una paciente con inmunodeficiencia común variable.

BACKGROUND: Common variable immunodeficiency is the most commonly-diagnosed primary immunodeficiency in adults; it is characterized by recurrent sinopulmonary and gastrointestinal infections, and increased incidence of malignancy and autoimmune processes. Many patients begin to have clinical manifestations during reproductive age. CASE REPORT: A 34-year-old woman with 12 weeks of gestation who was diagnosed with common variable immunodeficiency after recurrent episodes of rhinosinusitis, pharyngoamygdalitis, and pneumonia. 0.6 g/kg of IVIG was prescribed every 21 days during the second trimester; the patient only presented one episode of pharyngoamygdalitis, with adequate response to treatment with antibiotics. During the third trimester the dose was adjusted to every 14 days. The patient ended the pregnancy at term without complications, with a child without defects and with proper weight and size. CONCLUSIONS: The administration of immunoglobulin is the main treatment to control common variable immunodeficiency. While the recommended starting dose is 400-800 mg/kg intravenously every 3 to 4 weeks, there is no consensus on the dose to be used in pregnant women. The recommendation is to perform serum level controls before infusion to determine and adjust it.

Antecedentes: La inmunodeficiencia común variable es la inmunodeficiencia primaria más diagnosticada en los adultos; se caracteriza por infecciones sinopulmonares y gastrointestinales de repetición y mayor incidencia de procesos autoinmunes y malignidad. Numerosos pacientes inician con las manifestaciones clínicas durante la edad reproductiva. Caso clínico: Mujer de 34 años de edad con 12 semanas de gestación, en quien se diagnosticó inmunodeficiencia común variable después de cuadros recurrentes de rinosinusitis, faringoadmidalitis y neumonías. Durante el segundo trimestre se prescribió 0.6 g/kg de inmunoglobulina intravenosa cada 21 días; la paciente solo presentó un episodio de faringoamigdalitis, con adecuada respuesta al tratamiento con antibióticos. Durante el tercer trimestre se ajustó la dosis a cada 14 días. La paciente concluyó el embarazo a término sin complicaciones, con producto sin malformaciones y con peso y talla adecuados. Conclusiones: La administración de inmunoglobulina es el principal tratamiento para controlar la inmunodeficiencia común variable. Si bien la dosis inicial recomendada es de 400-800 mg/kg en forma intravenosa cada 3 a 4 semanas, no existe un consenso sobre la dosis que debe emplearse en la mujer que cursa con embarazo. La recomendación es realizar controles de niveles séricos antes de la infusión para determinarla y ajustarla.

Enhanced facilitation at the extreme end of the aridity gradient in the Atacama Desert: a community-level approach.

Plant facilitation is now recognized as an important process in severe environments. However, there is still no agreement on how facilitation changes as conditions become increasingly severe. The classic stress gradient hypothesis (SGH) predicts a monotonic increase in facilitation, which rises in frequency as conditions approach the extreme end of the environmental gradient. However, few studies have evaluated the validity of the SGH at the community level, the level at which it was formulated. Moreover, few studies have tested the SGH at either extreme of the gradient, and very few have excluded the effect of livestock on community response to stress. In line with the SGH, we hypothesized that several spatial pattern summary statistics would change monotonically from the least to the most arid sites, indicating increasingly aggregated patterns. In this study, we performed an evaluation of the SGH both within communities of shrub species and across a large portion of the Atacama Desert, and we isolated the abiotic component of the SGH. Our environmental gradient covered an extreme aridity gradient (< 20-130 mm annual precipitation). To perform point pattern analysis, we established 13 sites with environmental conditions representing four distinct levels of this gradient. Further, we conducted species co-occurrence analyses at 19 sites along the gradient. Both sets of analyses showed stronger positive spatial associations among plants at the most extreme end of the gradient. This was true regardless of whether we included all individuals, only small individuals located around large ones, or individuals in species pairs. Moreover, species tended to show greater co-occurrence as environmental severity increased. This increase in aggregation in the plant community seems to correlate with an increase in the strength of positive interspecific interactions, rather than greater clustering within each species. These monotonic increases in species co-occurrence and spatial association in more severe environments are consistent with some of the predictions of SGH, and collectively these results suggest that as the climate becomes more arid, positive species pairs interactions tend to be prevalent in the community.

[Long-term efficacy of aspirin desensitization in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. Review of two clinical cases]. / Eficacia a largo plazo de la desensibilización a aspirina en enfermedad respiratoria exacerbada por aspirina. Revisión de 2 casos clínicos.

BACKGROUND: The aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) shows a prevalence of 7% among asthmatics and increases to 14% in patients with difficult to control asthma. Treatment includes the use of inhibitors of leukotriene receptor (), intranasal steroids, polypectomy, asthma management according to the severity and avoid taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). In some patients it is necessary desensitization protocol to it. CLINICAL CASES: Two patients diagnosed with respiratory disease exacerbated by aspirin, with poor asthma control and need for multiple polypectomies, despite optimal pharmacological management, carrying out protocol desensitization to aspirin (AAS) successful, now after 4 years of having carried out, they have adequate asthma control without need for polypectomies with a maintenance dose of aspirin 150 mg/day.

Antecedentes: la prevalencia de enfermedad respiratoria exacerbada por aspirina es de 7% en pacientes asmáticos y se incrementa, incluso, a 14% en pacientes con asma de difícil control. El tratamiento incluye la prescripción de inhibidores de los receptores de leucotrienos, esteroides intranasales, polipectomías, tratamiento del asma según su severidad y evitar los antiinflamatorios no esteroides. En algunos pacientes es necesario realizar el protocolo de desensibilización a la aspirina. Casos clínicos: se describen 2 mujeres con diagnóstico de enfermedad respiratoria exacerbada por la administración de aspirina, con escaso control de los cuadros de asma y a quienes fue necesario realizar múltiples polipectomías, a pesar del manejo farmacológico óptimo. Se llevó a cabo protocolo de desensibilización a aspirina (AAS); la respuesta fue positiva. Después de cuatro años, las pacientes presentan adecuado control del asma, con una dosis de mantenimiento de AAS de 150 mg/ día y no han requerido polipectomías.

Percepciones sobre la vacunación de la rabia silvestre en población Awajún de la provincia de Condorcanqui, Amazonas, Perú, 2013 / Percepções de vacinação contra a raiva em animais selvagens na população awajún da província de Condorcanqui, Amazonas, Peru, 2013 / Perceptions of wildlife rabies vaccination in Awajún population of the province of Condorcanqui, Amazonas, Peru, 2013

El objetivo de estudio fue conocer las percepciones sobre la vacunación contra la rabia silvestre en comunidades nativas de la etnia Awajún, en Amazonas, Perú, 2012. Realizamos un estudio cualitativo a través de entrevistas de baja estructuración, para recoger las percepciones de la población, autoridades locales y personal de salud. Las percepciones sobre las causas de la RS fueron atribuidas a murciélagos portadores de alguna infección, veneno y daño sobrenatural, o al efecto de brujería. Manifestaron el efecto mortal de la RS e información variada sobre la posibilidad o ausencia de tratamiento. Como medidas de prevención refirieron el uso de mosquiteros, mallas, tramperas, infusiones e ungüentos, luego mencionaron a la vacuna. Sobre la vacunación contra la RS, refirieron haber recibido información del personal de salud, manifestando argumentos para oponerse o cuestionarla como: el objetivo encubierto de perjudicar el desarrollo del pueblo Awajún, no ser una vacuna necesaria y la generación de efectos negativos en niños y adultos. Las percepciones recogidas hacia este tipo de vacunación manifiestan diversos cuestionamientos sobre su potencial beneficio o necesidad en la comunidad y están relacionadas tanto a aspectos religiosa-culturales y socioeconómicos como a las relaciones de comunicación con el estado y el sistema de salud peruano.

O objetivo do estudo foi determinar as perspectivas sobre a vacinação contra raiva silvestre na população awajún da província de Condorcanqui, Amazonas, em 2012. Foi realizada pesquisa qualitativa em seis comunidades por meio de entrevistas de baixa estrutura para a recolecção das perspectivas dos moradores, autoridades locais tradicionais e pessoal de saúde. As principais percepções recolhidas sobre as causas do RS foram atribuídas a: morcegos portadores de uma infecção, veneno ou portadores de algum poder sobrenatural; ou por efeito de feitiçaria. Foram expressos o efeito letal da enfermidade e diversas informações sobre a possibilidade ou não de tratamento. Na prevenção da RS, mencionou-se principalmente uso de mosquiteiros, malhas, caçadores, chás e pomadas, depois as opções da vacina foram expressas. Em relação à vacinação, além de expressar a recepção de informações de saúde, foram dados argumentos para justificar sua rejeição ou questionamentos, como: o objetivo secreto de prejudicar ao desenvolvimento do povo Awajun; não ser necessária; e a geração de efeitos negativos em crianças e adultos. Estas perspectivas expressam diversos questionamentos enquanto seu potencial benéfico ou necessidade na comunidade e estão relacionadas tanto aos fatores socioeconômicos como as relações de comunicação com o estado e o sistema de saúde peruano.

The aim of this study was to determine the perspective for wild rabies (RS) vaccine in Awajún Peruvian population, Amazonas, 2012. A qualitative study was conducted in six communities across low structured interviews, designed to collect the perspective of the participants. We included community members, local authorities and health care personnel. Perception about RS causes was attributed to bats carrying infection, poison and supernatural harm, or the effect of witchcraft or damage. It was expressed the deadly effect and several information on the possibility or no treatment. To prevent the use of insecticide RS, tights, trappers, teas and ointments were mentioned, then came the vaccine. In relation to vaccination, besides expressing receipt of health information, were given arguments to oppose or question it as: the hidden objective to harm the Awajún people; not required by the population; and generation of adverse effects in children and adults. These perspectives addressing several questions about their potential benefit or right need it in the population and are associated to religious-cultural and socioeconomic factors as to the relationship with the health care systems and Peruvian government.

Intoxicación por uso recreativo de ‘floripondio’, reporte de caso / Poisoning by a flower

Hombre de 21 años, con cuadro de envenenamiento por exposición intencionada a planta del género Brugmansia. Ingresó al servicio de urgencias por síntomas neurológicos y neuropsiquiátricos luego de ingesta con fines recreativos de infusión de flores de “floripondio”, comúnmente conocido como ‘trompeta de ángel’. Requirió observación médica por 48 horas, con buena evolución clínica, y fue dado de alta sin ninguna complicación o secuelaneurológica...

Organización, mantenimiento y preservación de la Colección de Cultivos Bacterianos del Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas de la Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas (UNICACH), México / Organization, maintenance, and preservation of the Bacterial Culture Collection of the Biological Sciences Institute, University of Science and Arts of Chiapas (UNICACH), Mexico

Los ceparios o colecciones de microorganismos son fuentes de recursos genéticos cuyo propósito es la preservación de la diversidad biológica, garantizando su disponibilidad para actividades de docencia, investigación y comerciales. En este trabajo se verificó la viabilidad, pureza y características biológicas de las bacterias que conforman el cepario del Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas de la Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, y se organizó y estructuró la información obtenida en un portal virtual, para propiciar la cooperación académica. El cepario cuenta con 33 microorganismos, la mayoría del género Streptococcus y Escherichia (45,1 y 21,2%, respectivamente). Del primer género, se confirmó la identificación de S. pyogenes (40%), exhibiendo la mayoría genes que codifican para DNAsas. Con respecto al segundo género, un 58,3% de las bacterias fueron confirmadas taxonómicamente como E. coli. De esta especie, la colección cuenta con las cepas prototipo causantes de diarrea y que han preservado sus rasgos genéticos por más de cinco años. Dicho acervo ha impulsado actividades de docencia e investigación, a nivel local e internacional. Es importante que los ceparios sean fuentes sustentables de recursos biológicos, para la adquisición y suministro de especies bacterianas, con la finalidad de fomentar la interacción con la comunidad académica.

Strain collections or bacterial culture collections are genetic resources whose purpose is the preservation of biological diversity, ensuring their availability for teaching, research and trade activities. In this work viability, purity and biological characteristics of bacteria from the bacterial collection of the Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Arts of Chiapas were studied. Information was structured and organized in a virtual site, to promote academic cooperation. The strain bank includes 33 microorganisms, most of the genus Streptococcus and Escherichia (45.1 and 21.2%, respectively). For Streptococcus, the identification of S. pyogenes (40%) was confirmed, by determination of most DNAses encoding genes. For Escherichia 58.3% were taxonomically confirmed as E. coli. For this species, the collection includes typical strains that produce diarrhea and their genetic traits have been preserved for more than five years. This bacterial culture collection has stimulated teaching and research activities at local and international levels. Strain collections are important sources of biological material which can provide bacterial species, in order to encourage interaction with the academic community.

[Desensitization to darunavir in a pediatric patient]. / Desensibilización a darunavir en un paciente pediátrico.

Treatment of HIV infection requires the combination of multiple antiretroviral drugs, known as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART); however, up to 84% of patients experience adverse drug effects that lead to discontinuation within first months of treatment. Skin manifestations are reported to 22% of patients. The severity of these is variable, such as erythema multiforme, rash, hives and severe skin reactions at less than 2%. Mild rashes, usually transient and self-limiting, while severe reactions require immediately remove the drug involved to prevent progression of the reaction. Only in those cases where the offending drug does not have another alternative and documented the reaction is mediated type I hypersensitivity mechanisms, can be performed desensitization protocol.

El tratamiento para infección por VIH requiere la combinación de múltiples fármacos antirretrovirales, conocida como Terapia Antirretroviral Altamente Activa (TARAA), sin embargo hasta el 84% de los pacientes presentan efectos adversos a los fármacos, que los llevan a suspender el tratamiento dentro de los primeros meses de tratamiento. Las manifestaciones cutáneas se reportan hasta el 22.1% de los pacientes. La severidad de éstas es variable, como eritema multiforme, exantema, urticaria y reacciones cutáneas severas en menos del 2%. Los exantemas leves, suelen ser transitorios y autolimitados, mientras que las reacciones severas requieren retirar el fármaco implicado inmediatamente para prevenir la progresión de la reacción. Solamente en aquellos casos que el fármaco responsable no cuente con otra alternativa y se documente que la reacción este mediada por mecanismos de hipersensibilidad tipo I, se puede realizar protocolo de desensibilización.

[Orofacial clinical manifestations in adult patients with variable common immunodeficiency]. / Manifestaciones clínicas orofaciales en pacientes adultos con inmunodeficiencia común variable.

BACKGROUND: Common variable immunodeficiency is the primary immunodeficiency (CVID) frequently found in adults. Its prevalence is estimated from 1:25,000 to 75,000 alive newborns; there are variations by ethnic groups, it is estimated about 50-70% in Caucasian patients. Oral cavity lesions are rarely found in adult patients with CVID, there are reports about lesions on pediatric patients mostly caused by infections. OBJECTIVE: To describe the orofacial lesions (oral, maxillofacial and neck area) affecting adults with CVID. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A transversal, prospective study was done in patients with CVID attended at Specialties Hospital, CMN SXXI, Mexico City. Patients where examined by the oral and maxillofacial surgeon and clinical findings were reported, then the descriptive analysis of the lesions was done. RESULTS: We evaluated 26 patients, 16 female and 10 males, average age of 38.6 years. In 18/26 patients we found oral lesions on 7 different types. The most frequent was minor salivary glands hiperplasia (19/26),petechiae (12/26) and herpetic ulcers (7/26). In head and neck, we found 4 different lesions, the most common was lymphadenopathy <2cm (4/26). CONCLUSIONS: The immunologic alterations associated to CVID favors the development of lesions mainly of infectious and probably autoinmune origin that affects the oral cavity and head and neck area.

Antecedentes: la inmunodeficiencia común variable es la inmunodeficienci primaria más común en adultos. Su prevalencia se estima en 1 por cada 25,000 a 75,000 recién nacidos vivos; existen variaciones por grupos étnicos, se estima en 50 a 70% en pacientes de raza caucásica. Las lesiones de la cavidad oral raramente se describen en pacientes adultos con inmunodeficiencia común variable, en niños con esta enfermedad existen informes de lesiones principalmente de origen infeccioso. Objetivo: describir las lesiones orofaciales (cavidad oral, macizo facial y cuello) en pacientes adultos con inmunodeficiencia común variable. Material y método: estudio transversal, prospectivo, efectuado en todos los adultos con inmunodeficiencia común variable adscritos a la Clínica de inmunodeficiencias primarias, del Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, que fueron examinados por un cirujano maxilofacial; se realizó el reporte de hallazgos en lista de cotejo y, posteriormente, el análisis descriptivo de las lesiones. Resultados: se incluyeron 26 pacientes, 16 mujeres y 10 hombres, con edad promedio de 38.6 años. En 18 de 26 pacientes estudiados se observaron lesiones orales, con siete lesiones diferentes y predominio en el sexo femenino 2:1. Las lesiones más frecuentes fueron: hiperplasia de glándulas salivales menores (19/26), petequias (12/26) y úlceras herpetiformes (7/26). En la cara y el cuello se observaron cuatro lesiones distintas, las adenopatías < 2 cm (4/26) fueron las más comunes. Conclusiones: las alteraciones inmunológicas asociadas con la inmunodeficiencia común variable favorecen la aparición de lesiones de origen infeccioso y probablemente autoinmunitario que afectan la cavidad oral, la cara y el cuello.

[Structural and functional heart diseases in adult patients with common variable immunodeficiency]. / Cardiopatías estructurales y funcionales en pacientes adultos con inmunodeficiencia común variable.

BACKGROUND: Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the primary immunodeficiency with the largest number of comorbidities in adulthood. It has been associated with bronchiectasis between 17%-76%, and these with the presence of cardiovascular complications such as pulmonary hypertension and heart failure. The new image methods of diagnosis, to assess the cardiovascular structural and functional conformation of adult patients with bronchiectasis, help to establish more efficient and timely diagnoses. OBJECTIVE: To define the presence of structural and functional heart disease in CVID patients by transthoracic echocardiography. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A cross-sectional study was done in a cohort of 26 adult patients diagnosed with CVID and replacement therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), belonging to the Immunodeficiency Clinic. All patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography and tissue ECO doopler; the results were evaluated by a echocardiographer physician. RESULTS: We evaluated 26 patients, of whom 10 patients were male, with a mean age of 35.7 ± 13.7 years. The results of thoracic echocardiography of the left cardiac cavities found the following functional changes: 17 patients presented with mitral insufficiency and only 2 had aortic insufficiency, none symptoms. Regarding the structural alterations of the right cavities: 8 adults with CVID had right cavities growth and 5 of them, hypermobile atrial septum was reported; respect to functional alterations, 24 patients had tricuspid insufficiency; in 20 it was mild and only in 3 is was moderate. Up to 12 had pulmonary valve insufficiency, and 8 had pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH); of which, in 2 it was mild and in one it was moderate; and 4 patients had PSAP in high limit values. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with CVID, despite having a high incidence of bronchiectasis, had low incidence of PAH, but a significant number of patients had PSAP in high cutoff level, so, these patients should be monitored annually, because probably they will evolve to PAH in the future. Also, they have a high incidence of mild valvular regurgitation due to mild degenerative changes with valvular sclerosis, therefore, they also require regular monitoring.

Antecedentes: la inmunodeficiencia común variable es la inmunodeficiencia primaria con mayor cantidad de comorbilidades en la vida adulta. Se ha asociado con bronquiectasias en 17 a 76%, y éstas, con complicaciones cardiovasculares, como hipertensión arterial pulmonar e insuficiencia cardiaca. Los nuevos métodos diagnósticos de imagen permiten evaluar la conformación estructural y funcional cardiovascular de los pacientes adultos con bronquiectasias y, de esta manera, establecer diagnósticos más eficientes y oportunos. Objetivo: determinar las cardiopatías estructurales y funcionales en pacientes con inmunodeficiencia común variable mediante ecocardiografía transtorácica. Material y método: estudio transversal, descriptivo, efectuado en una cohorte de 26 pacientes adultos con diagnóstico de inmunodeficiencia común variable y tratamiento sustitutivo con inmunoglobulina intravenosa (IgIV), pertenecientes a la Clínica de Inmunodeficiencias. A todos los pacientes se les realizó ecocardiografía transtorácica con ecocardiograma doppler y tisular; los resultados fueron evaluados por un médico cardiólogo ecocardiografista. Resultados: evaluamos a 26 pacientes; de ellos, 10 fueron del género masculino, con media de edad de 35.7 ± 13.7 años. Los resultados de la ecocargiografia torácica en las cavidades cardiacas izquierdas reportaron las siguientes alteraciones funcionales: 17 de 26 pacientes tuvieron insuficiencia mitral y sólo 2 tuvieron insuficiencia aórtica; ninguno de ellos con síntomas. Respecto de las alteraciones estructurales de las cavidades derechas: 8 pacientes adultos con inmunodeficiencia común variable tuvieron crecimiento de las cavidades derechas y en 5 pacientes se encontró tabique interauricular delgado e hipermóvil; respecto de las alteraciones funcionales, 24 pacientes tuvieron insuficiencia tricuspídea, en 21 de ellos fue leve y sólo en 3 fue moderada. Además, 12 pacientes tuvieron insuficiencia de la válvula pulmonar y 6 pacientes tuvieron hipertensión arterial pulmonar; de ellos, en 2 sujetos fue leve y en 2, moderada y 4 pacientes tuvieron presión sistólica de la arteria pulmonar con valores límites altos. Conclusiones: los pacientes con inmunodeficiencia común variable, a pesar de tener alta incidencia de bronquiectasias, tienen baja incidencia de hipertensión arterial pulmonar; pero un número importante de pacientes tiene presión sistólica de la arteria pulmonar con valor límite alto, por lo que estos pacientes deben tener un seguimiento anual, debido a que probablemente evolucionarán a hipertensión arterial pulmonar. Además, tienen alta incidencia de insuficiencias valvulares leves debido a cambios degenerativos con esclerosis valvular, por lo que también requieren vigilancia periódica.

[Occupational asthma]. / Asma ocupacional.

The occupational asthma is the most common form of lung disease caused by factors that are attributed to a specific working environment in industrialized countries. It causes variable limitation of airflow and/or hyper-responsiveness of the airway due to contact with specific agents present in an atmosphere of work and not to stimuli found out of this place. It is recognized more and more frequently, and many agents are capable of causing occupational asthma by different pathophysiological mechanisms. More than 400 agents causing occupational asthma are known and every year new triggers are detected. Numerous factors contribute to the pathogenesis of occupational asthma induced chemically, including immunological, non-immunological mechanisms of epithelial damage, airway remodeling, oxidative stress, neurogenic inflammation as well as genetic factors. The most important risk factors for occupational asthma include: atopy, smoking and genetic factors. The diagnosis is based on the clinical history, skin tests, immunological tests and functional studies. The fundamental treatment is removing the worker from exposure as soon as possible. The advance in the knowledge of the pathogenesis of occupational asthma will importantly influence in the prevention and the management of this disease.

El asma ocupacional es la forma más común de enfermedad pulmonar causada por factores que se atribuyen a un ambiente laboral específico en países industrializados. Causa limitación variable del flujo aéreo e hiperrespuesta de las vías aéreas debido al contacto con agentes específicos presentes en un ambiente de trabajo y no a estímulos encontrados fuera de este lugar. Se reconoce cada vez con más frecuencia y muchos agentes son capaces de causar asma ocupacional por diferentes mecanismos fisiopatológicos. Se conocen más de 400 agentes causantes de asma ocupacional y cada año se detectan nuevos desencadenantes. Numerosos factores contribuyen a la patogénesis de asma ocupacional inducida químicamente, incluidos mecanismos inmunológicos, no inmunológicos, de daño epitelial, remodelación de las vías aéreas, estrés oxidativo, inflamación neurogénica y factores genéticos. Entre los factores de riesgo de asma ocupacional están: la atopia, el tabaquismo y factores genéticos. El diagnóstico se basa en la historia clínica del paciente, pruebas cutáneas, inmunológicas y estudios funcionales. El tratamiento principal es la remoción del trabajador del sitio de exposición tan pronto como sea posible. El avance en el conocimiento de la patogénesis del asma ocupacional influirá de manera importante en la prevención y el tratamiento de esta enfermedad.