Degradative behavior of a new bronchodilator, carbuterol, in aqueous solution.

The degradation kinetics of carbuterol in aqueous solution were investigated at 85 degrees and constant ionic strength over the pH 0.25--13.3 range under anaerobic conditions. The results demonstrated a complex kinetic pattern involving specific acid and specific base catalyses at the pH extremes. Degradation resulted primarily from intramolecular catalysis and indicated that both the protonated and unprotonated phenolic groups participated in the reaction. High-pressure liquid chromatography was used to isolate carbuterol and its degradation product. Mass spectrometric examination showed that the degradation product was a cyclized derivative formed by intramolecular attack of the phenoxy group on the ureido carbonyl with ammonia expulsion. The apparent activation energy for carbuterol at pH 4.0 and 10.0 was 22.3 and 11.7 kcal/mole, respectively. The agreement between the calculated theoretical pH--rate profile and the experimental points supports the hypothesis presented concerning the reactions involved in carbuterol degradation.

Kinetics of degradation of cefazolin and cephalexin in aqueous solution.

The kinetics of degradation of cefazolin and cephalexin in aqueous solution were investigated at 60 degrees C and constant ionic strength over the entire pH range. The observed degradation rates were obtained by measuring the residual cephalosporin and were shown to follow pseudo-first-order-kinetics. They were influenced significantly by solvolytic and hydroxide ion catalysis. No primary salt effect was observed in the acid or basic pH region. Of the buffer systems employed in the kinetics studies only the phosphate buffer system showed a catalytic effect. The pH-rate profile for cefazolin showed a degradation minimum between pH 5.5 and 6.5. Cephalexin did not show a pH minimum in that region. The apparent energies of activation were determined for cefazolin and cephalexin at pH 5.5 and were calculated to be 24.3 Kcal/mole and 26.2 Kcal/mole, respectively. The agreement between the calculated theoretical pH-rate profiles and the experimental points for both compounds support the hypothesis presented concerning the reactions involved in their respective degradation pathways.