A New Multiplane Dissection Method for Frontotemporal Lift and Fixation.

Lifting procedures of the upper face have gained significant popularity, and various methods and dissection planes have been described. The deep temporalis fascia (DTF) is a crucial structure for securing lifting sutures and allowing horizontal tissue vectorization. However, achieving vertical eyebrow lifting often requires bone maneuvers and introduces potential complications. This letter proposes a novel multiplanar dissection method for the temporal and forehead regions, obviating the need for bone maneuvers in lifting suture fixations. The presence of the subgaleal fascia in the temporal region has been identified, in addition to the DTF and superficial temporal fascia. Furthermore the superficial temporal fascia is divided into 3 layers, with attention paid to their medial connection with the structures of the forehead. Surgical techniques involve meticulous dissection down to the DTF and identification of the subgaleal fascia for lateral temporal dissection or transition to the subplane of the epicranial aponeurosis for forehead lifting. By leaving a thick layer, the subplane of the epicranial aponeurosis during forehead lifting eliminates the need for drilling and reduces the risk of relapse. The described multiplanar dissection method enhances the safety and effectiveness of forehead lift procedures, offers a viable alternative to bone drilling, minimizes flap-related complications, and provides valuable insights for facial rejuvenation surgery.

Temporal Facelift: A New Method for Temporal and Mid-face Lifting.

Lifting the temporal and mid-face areas creates a very dynamic change in the facial appearance and different planes of dissection were described before. In this article, a new plane of dissection is described which allows the surgeon to perform a very quick and safe dissection in both the temporal and mid-face regions. Patients were operated on using the presented technique and brow lift, cantopexy, and mid-facelift were performed. The outcome of the surgery was analyzed by the authors from standardized photos before and 6 months after the surgery with measurements of the brow and lateral canthus. The plane of dissection is just over the subgaleal fascia which is actually the sub-superficial musculoaponeurotic system layer in the mid-face. This plane of dissection is easy and quick and creates a very mobile mid-face and temporal flap. Forty female patients were operated using the presented technique with a mean follow-up period of 15 months, the longest follow-up was 26 months. No major complication was encountered in these patients. In 5 patients, transient unilateral frontal branch palsy was encountered. In 1 patient, bilateral temporal area depression was observed 8 months after the surgery and treated with a fat injection under local anesthesia. One patient had alopecia in the temporal suture line which can be covered with hair. Temporal facelift is a versatile method with long-lasting results due to its important features; creating a very mobile flap for suspension dissection area, a large surface for adherence, and numerous sutures sharing the tension on the key sutures. Despite its slightly difficult early healing period, the technique should be kept in mind for the rejuvenation of the periorbital area and mid-face. Level of Evidence: Level I.

The effects of the centrifugation speed on the survival of autogenous fat grafts in a rat model.

Purpose The most important problem in fat transplantation is the durability, which is closely associated with the applied technique. This study includes the comparison of different centrifugation speeds on the survival of autogenous fat grafts in rats. Materials and methods Forty-nine Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into seven groups and the left inguinal fat pad was extracted and re-implanted under the scalp after performing appropriate preparation processes. In the first group the fatty tissue was re-implanted in en-bloc fashion and in the second group it was re-implanted after trimming. After trimming, centrifugation with a G-force of 111.8 (1000 rpm) was performed in the third group, 447.2 (2000 rpm) in the fourth group, 1006.2 (3000 rpm) in the fifth group, 1788.8 (4000 rpm) in the sixth group, and 2795 (5000 rpm) in the seventh group for 4 minutes. The fat grafts were taken after 3 months and histopathological and statistical evaluations were performed. Results The rate of viable fat grafts was significantly higher in the 4th and 5th groups comparing to the first three groups. Total weight and volume amounts of the 4th and 5th groups were also significantly higher comparing to the first three groups. Conclusion Maximal long-term durability and fat cell viability results were obtained in the groups with 2000 rpm or 447.2 G-force/4 minutes and 3000 rpm or 1006.2 G-force/4 minutes centrifugation speed, indicating that 4 minutes centrifugation with an average G-force of 698.75 or 2500 rpm provides the best results for the survival of autogenous fat grafts.

Effects of Different Concentrations of Injectable Collagenase Enzyme on Capsular Tissue Around Silicone Implants: A Preliminary Experimental Study for the Development of a New Treatment Strategy.

OBJECTIVES: In recent studies, collagen organization was blamed for the formation of capsular contracture which is still a challenging problem after silicone implant-based breast operations. In this study, effects of different concentrations of collagenase enzyme derived from Clostridium histolyticum on the capsular tissue formation around the silicone implants were investigated. The injectable form of collagenase has a routine clinical use in the treatment of both Dupuytren's and Peyronie's diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-two Wistar albino rats were randomized into four groups. A 2 × 1 × 0.3-cm-sized silicone block was inserted inside a dorsal subcutaneous pocket in all groups. After 2 months of insertion, capsule thicknesses around the implants were detected under ultrasonography. This was followed by injection of isotonic saline, 150, 300, and 600 IU in Gr-1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. All the animals were sacrificed at the end of the first week for histologic sampling to determine fibroblast proliferation, vessel density of the tissue, necrosis, edema, inflammation, and capsule thickness. All the data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests and compared for significance of the results. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in terms of capsule thinning between the 300 and 600 IU groups but in both groups thinning was significantly higher than the sham group. In the 150 IU group there was no significant thinning as compared to the sham group (p > 0.05). However, complications such as skin necrosis, infection, and seroma formation were seen only in the 600 IU injection group. The optimal safe and effective dose of the enzyme was accepted as 300 IU. The 300 IU injection provided up to 89 % thinning in the capsule tissue. There was thinning of the collagen bundles parallel to capsule thickness. In the 600 IU group, micro-pores were encountered at the thinnest points. CONCLUSION: However, the late results and recurrence rates of capsular contracture were not included in this study; collagenase seemed effective for the reduction of capsular tissue around the implants. NO LEVEL ASSIGNED: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Facial Artery Perforator and Depressor Anguli Oris Muscle Chimeric Flap: A New Design of an Old Flap.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability and outcomes of the facial artery perforator and separately elevated depressor anguli oris (DAO) muscle chimeric flap for the reconstruction of partial or total lower lip defects. METHODS: Eleven patients with malignant skin tumors located at the lower lip were operated between 2013 and 2015. After the excision of the tumor with adequate clear margins using margin controlled excision technique, an appropriate flap fitting to the resultant defect based on the perforators of the facial artery and DAO muscle was prepared and placed into the defect. The DAO muscle activity was tested with electromyography in the postoperative first year examination. RESULTS: Besides 1 patient with transient venous insufficiency, all the flaps healed well without a partial or total flap loss. The mean follow-up period was 10 months. No new primary tumor or recurrence was observed. Although in 1 patient, transient asymmetric smiling and mild drooling was observed, the overall oral competence results were found to be quite satisfactory. The electromyography evaluation of DAO muscle of 5 patients who reached the postoperative first year examination showed action potential results in normal limits with a slight decrease. All patients were satisfied with the final esthetic and functional result. CONCLUSIONS: The facial artery perforator and depressor angel oris muscle chimeric flap is a valuable option for reconstruction of lower lip defects providing esthetically and functionally good results.

Idiopathic sixth nerve palsy after bimaxillary surgery: a complication or a sequential pathology independent from surgery?

This was a case of a 21-year-old female patient with a very rare and unexpected symptom "diplopia occurring due to the idiopathic sixth nerve palsy" encountered after 2 weeks following bimaxillary surgery performed for the correction of class III malocclusion deformity.

A simple method for the treatment of cicatricial ectropion and eyelid contraction in patients with periocular burn: vertical V-Y advancement of the eyelid.

Lagophthalmos is a critical problem in patients with severe periocular burn causing corneal exposure which may result in corneal ulcers and even loss of vision. Many surgical techniques were described to overcome this problem with different rates of success. This article presents a simple but useful technique involving the V-Y advancement of the eyelid or eyelids in vertical direction for the prevention of cicatricial ectropion and eyelid contraction.

An underestimated "ghost" foreign body as an unusual cause of mandibular osseocutaneous fistula formation: impacted spike of a soccer cleat.

In this article, the case of a patient with osteocutaneous fistula at the left malar region secondary to impacted spike of a soccer cleat to the mandible is presented. Both the clinical and radiologic diagnoses failed because of an obscure anamnesis of the patient and the unavailability of viewing the spike in orthopantomogram and computed tomography. Surgical extirpation was performed to the 41-year-old man who was injured in a football match 3 months before the presentation and had a swooning history after an accidental booting. There were no early or late complications after the surgery at the end of 9 months. This study shows the importance of both obtaining a definite history of patients and sequential radiologic imaging to make a differential diagnosis between the foreign bodies and cystic or noncystic tumors and inflammatory lesions of the mandible.