Prognostic Value of Post-Operative C-Reactive Protein-Based Inflammatory Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Post-operative inflammation in cancer patients can be modulated by drugs and diets, but evidence on its prognostic role, which would be crucial for personalized treatment and surveillance schemes, remains rather limited. We aimed to systematically review and meta-analyse studies on the prognostic value of post-operative C-reactive protein (CRP)-based inflammatory biomarkers among patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) (PROSPERO#: CRD42022293832). PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane databases were searched until February 2023. Studies reporting associations between post-operative CRP, Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS) or modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS) with overall survival (OS), CRC-specific survival (CSS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were included. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the predictor-outcome associations were pooled using R-software, version 4.2. Sixteen studies (n = 6079) were included in the meta-analyses. Elevated post-operative CRP was a predictor of poor OS, CSS and RFS compared with low CRP levels [HR (95% CI): 1.72 (1.32-2.25); 1.63 (1.30-2.05); 2.23 (1.44-3.47), respectively]. A unit increase in post-operative GPS predicted poor OS [HR (95% Cl): 1.31 (1.14-1.51)]. Moreover, a unit increase in post-operative mGPS was associated with poor OS and CSS [HR (95% Cl): 1.93 (1.37-2.72); 3.16 (1.48-6.76), respectively]. Post-operative CRP-based inflammatory biomarkers have a significant prognostic role for patients with CRC. Prognostic value of these easy-to-obtain routine measurements thereby seems to outperform most of the much more complex blood- or tissue-based predictors in the current focus of multi-omics-based research. Future studies should validate our findings, establish optimal time for biomarker assessment and determine clinically useful cut-off values of these biomarkers for post-operative risk-stratification and treatment-response monitoring.

About the associations of vitamin D deficiency and biomarkers of systemic inflammatory response with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a general population sample of almost 400,000 UK Biobank participants.

It is unknown whether the well-known association between vitamin D deficiency and mortality could be explained by the immune system modulating effects of vitamin D, which may protect from a systemic inflammatory response (SIR) to adverse health conditions. This study aims to investigate the interrelationships of vitamin D deficiency, biomarkers of SIR, and mortality. We used multivariate logistic regression with adjustment for 51 covariates to assess the associations of vitamin D deficiency with disadvantageous levels of nine biomarkers of SIR in the UK Biobank cohort. Furthermore, we tested with Cox regression and mediation analysis whether biomarkers of SIR and vitamin D deficiency were independently associated with mortality. We included 397,737 participants aged 37-73 years. Vitamin D deficiency was associated with disadvantageous levels of all blood cell count-based biomarkers, but not with C-reactive protein (CRP)-based biomarkers after adjustment for body weight. Vitamin D deficiency and all biomarkers of SIR were significantly associated with all-cause mortality and mortality from cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory disease. The strength of these associations was unaltered if vitamin D deficiency and biomarkers of SIR were put in the same model. This finding was further supported by the mediation analyses. This study showed that vitamin D deficiency is associated with disadvantageous levels of blood cell count-based but not CRP-based biomarkers of SIR. Vitamin D deficiency and systemic inflammation were independently and strongly associated with mortality. The potential of clinical interventions against both vitamin D deficiency and underlying causes of systemic inflammation should be explored.

Vitamin D Status, Cdx2 Genotype, and Colorectal Cancer Survival: Population-Based Patient Cohort.

According to recent evidence, the prognostic value of Vitamin D (VitD) status for colorectal cancer (CRC) patients might be confined to patients with the GG genotype of Cdx2, a functional polymorphism of the VitD receptor gene. We aimed to validate these findings in a cohort of CRC patients. Post-operative serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was determined by mass spectrometry and Cdx2 genotyping was performed from blood or buccal swabs using standard methods. Joint associations of VitD status and Cdx2 with overall survival (OS), CRC-specific survival (CSS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and disease-free survival (DFS) were assessed using Cox regression. For patients with GG genotype, adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for the associations of sufficient compared with deficient VitD were 0.63 (0.50-0.78), 0.68 (0.50-0.90), 0.66 (0.51-0.86), and 0.62 (0.50-0.77) for OS, CSS, RFS, and DFS, respectively. These associations were weaker and not statistically significant for the AA/AG genotype. Interaction between VitD status and genotype did not reach statistical significance. VitD deficiency is an independent predictor of poorer survival, particularly for the GG Cdx2 carriers, suggesting a potential role of VitD supplementation according to VitD status and genotype, which should be evaluated in randomised trials.

Effects of vitamin D supplementation on inflammatory response in patients with cancer and precancerous lesions: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Inflammation plays a key role in tumor development and progression. Vitamin D has potential tumor suppressing effects through modulation of inflammatory processes. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was to summarize and evaluate the effects of vitamin D3 supplementation (VID3S) on serum inflammatory biomarkers among patients with cancer or pre-cancerous lesions. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane databases until November 2022. The effects of VID3S were estimated from pooled standardized mean differences (SMDs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for inflammatory biomarker follow-up levels between intervention and control groups. RESULTS: Meta-analysis of eight RCTs (total of 592 patients with cancer or pre-cancerous conditions) showed that VID3S significantly lowered levels of serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (SMD [95%CI]: -1.65 [-3.07; -0.24]). VID3S also resulted in statistically non-significantly lower serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6 (SMD [95%CI]: -0.83, [-1.78; 0.13]) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (SMD [95%CI]: -0.09, [-0.35; 0.16]), whereas IL-10 levels were unaltered (SMD [95%CI]: -0.00, [-0.50; 0.49]). CONCLUSION: Our study shows evidence of a significant reduction of TNF-α levels by VID3S for patients with cancer or precancerous lesions. Patients with cancer or precancerous lesions may benefit from personalized VID3S in suppressing tumour-promoting inflammatory response. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42022295694.