Trajectory of blood pressure levels and weight gain in pregnant women: A group-based approach.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Morbidities associated with increased blood pressure levels during pregnancy represent one of the main causes of maternal mortality. The objective was to identify patterns of systolic blood pressure (SPB) trajectory in pregnant women undergoing prenatal care at the Unified Health System, and associations with weight gain trajectory, demographic, obstetric, anthropometric data, and health related behaviors. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cohort study with pregnant women using the public health services in Brazil. Data were collected through questionnaires and medical records. Trajectory patterns of SBP and weight gain were identified by a group-based trajectory model. For trajectory analysis, 460 women had SBP information available, totaling 2839 measurements, with an average of 6.2 measurements during pregnancy. Three SBP trajectory patterns were identified and classified as "Group 1" (48.0%), with a mean of 103 mmHg (95% CI 102.5-103.7 mmHg), "Group 2" (42.7%) with a mean of 114 mmHg (95% CI 113.7-114.9 mmHg), and "Group 3" (9.1%) with the highest mean SBP value of 130 mmHg (95% CI 128.8-131.5 mmHg). It was observed that regardless of the weight gain trajectory group, women classified in the group with the highest SBP had the highest SBP levels. The probability of being classified in Group 3 was higher among women with higher education, who started pregnancy presenting obesity, and who were using antihypertensive drugs. CONCLUSION: The probability of belonging to groups with a greater trajectory of SBP during pregnancy was associated with obesity, education, and hypertension under treatment.

Diet quality and associated factors in Brazilian undergraduates during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: Diet quality is associated with psychobiological, psychological, biological, and physiological factors of individuals, and in the context of prolonged stress, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, it can lead to a worsening of the quality of food for undergraduates. This study aimed to analyze diet quality and associated factors in Brazilian undergraduates. Methods: Data were collected from 4,799 undergraduate students from all Brazilian regions, from August 2020 to February 2021. The online questionnaire contained socioeconomic variables, the ESQUADA scale to assess diet quality, self-referred changes in weight, the Brazilian food insecurity scale (EBIA), sleep assessment and the perceived stress scale. Unconditional multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to study variables associated with poor and very poor diet quality. Results: Most of participants presented a good diet quality (51.7%), while 9.8% had a poor or very poor diet quality and only 1.1% had an excellent diet quality. 58.2% of undergraduates reported to have an increase in weight during the pandemic and 74.3% of the students presented elevated stress during the pandemic. Logistic regressions showed students who gained weight during the pandemic presented the highest AOR = 1.56 (95% CI = 1.12-2.20) for poor or very poor diet quality. The elevated perceived stress was also associated with a higher AOR = 2.85 (95% CI = 1.71-4.74) for poor or very poor diet quality. Conclusion: Most of the studied undergraduates presented a good diet quality. Nevertheless, poor/very poor diet quality was associated with higher perceived stress and weight gain. Our study indicated that policies should beaimed at the socioeconomically most vulnerable undergraduates, those in a situation of food and nutritional insecurity, high perceived stress, and who gained weight during the pandemic.

Family meals, diet quality and obesity among adolescents: findings from a schoolbased study in a capital city of southern Brazil.

BACKGROUND: This study investigates the association of family meals with diet quality and obesity of adolescents in public schools in Curitiba, Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 30 schools. Having family meals was analyzed as a continuous variable (weekly frequency of lunch and dinner). The association among having family meals and diet quality and obesity was investigated using the Binomial Negative Regression, which resulted in Prevalence Ratios (PR) with Confidence Intervals of 95% (CI95%). RESULTS: 1,623 students were invited to participate, 1,232 accepted and 1,036 answered all information required. 58.3% and 62.0% of the adolescents reported having daily lunch and dinner as a family, respectively; 47.8% of them had both meals. Family meals were less frequent among 17-years-old or older (PR 0.83 95% CI 0.74; 0.94), among those who had a job (PR 0.85 95% CI 0.77; 0.93), among those that had consumed alcohol (PR 0.86 95% CI 0.80; 0.92). In contrast, family meals were more frequent among students who have breakfast every day (PR 1.06 95% CI 1.01; 1.11). Moreover, family meals were a protective factor against overweight (PR 0.81 95% CI 0.70;0.93) and obesity (PR 0.81 95% CI 0.70; 0.93) and were associated with higher scores on the diet quality index (PR 1.01 95% CI 1.00; 1.02). CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, family meals were an important factor in the prevention of becoming overweight and in the improvement of diet quality, and should be encouraged among adolescents, especially the older ones.

Associated factors with dietary patterns among children under 2 years of age: a study in childcare centres and homes of South Brazil.

Identifying dietary patterns in different environments attended by children is relevant to guide public politics. The aim of this study was to analyse the factors associated with dietary patterns of children under 2 years of age in childcare centres and at homes. This transversal study was enrolled in municipal childcare centres of Guaratuba, Paraná, Brazil. Food consumption data from 256 children were obtained by the food record method. From the consumption data, four dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis using the principal component method in each environment. 'Traditional' patterns were observed in both environments; the 'less healthy' pattern was found only at homes. Other patterns identified in childcare centres include 'snacks', 'nutritive' and 'pasta and meats'; at homes, it was possible to identify patterns such as 'milk and cereals' and 'mixed'. Children over 12 months presented higher scores for all the patterns in both environments. Obese children had lower scores for all the patterns in childcare centres. There was an association between maternal age below 21 years and higher adherence to a 'less healthy' pattern, maternal level of education less than 8 years and lower adherence to the 'mixed' pattern and lower familiar income per capita and higher adherence to the 'snacks' and 'traditional' patterns in childcare centres. In conclusion, adherence to dietary patterns was associated with socio-economic, demographic variables and nutritional status and further studies are needed, especially those with a longitudinal design, enabling the monitoring of dietary patterns.

Chronic diseases and socioeconomic inequalities in quality of life among Brazilian adults: findings from a population-based study in Southern Brazil.

Background: To evaluate the association between sociodemographic conditions and the quality of life (QoL) in adults and investigate whether these inequalities are greater among individuals with long-lasting chronic health conditions. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of the second wave (2012) of the EpiFloripa Study, a population-based cohort of 1720 adults living in Southern Brazil. QoL domains (physical, psychological, social relationships and environmental) were evaluated using the WHOQoL-BREF. Unadjusted and adjusted means of QoL according to socioeconomic and demographic variables were estimated and stratified by the presence of long-lasting chronic conditions (heart disease, stroke, diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, cirrhosis, tendinitis, arthritis, rheumatism and/or fibromyalgia) were peformed in 2016. Results: Among 1222 interviewed adults (56.6% females, mean age 41.7 ± 11.4 years; follow-up rate 71.1%), the prevalence of 1+ long-lasting chronic disease was 37.3% (95%CI: 34.4-40.3). Their effect on the QoL was four times higher on the physical component (-9.6; 95%CI -12.1; -7.1) than on the other domains. Adults aged 40+ years with black skin colour or lower educational level had a lower physical QoL score only when any chronic disease was present. Among those with some chronic illness, the psychological domain was also lower among those aged 40+ years and with a lower family income. No interaction between sociodemographic variables and chronic diseases was observed for the other QoL domains. Conclusions: The occurrence of long-lasting chronic diseases is associated with inequalities in QoL (physical and psychological domains), with stronger adverse effects among older adults, blacks and individuals with lower income or educational levels.

Is income area level associated with blood pressure in adults regardless of individual-level characteristics? A multilevel approach.

This population-based health survey was carried out in Florianopolis, Brazil, to assess the association between adult systolic blood pressure (SBP) and contextual income level, after controlling for potential individual-level confounders. A statistically significant negative association between SBP levels and contextual income was identified after adjusting for individual-level characteristics. SBP levels in the highest and in the intermediate tertiles of contextual income were 5.78 and 2.82 mm Hg lower, respectively, than that observed in the bottom tertile. The findings suggest an association between income area level and blood pressure, regardless of well-known individual-level hypertension risk factors.