ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: A statistical model was developed in this study to describe lactic acid production through a fermentation process of carrot in a rice bran bed by Lactobacillus plantarum. METHODS: Response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken design was employed to statistically evaluate and optimize the conditions for maximum lactic acid production. RESULTS: The significance and interaction of salt concentration, water and initial L. plantarum starter density on final lactic acid content were found. With the use of the developed quadratic model equation, a maximum achieved lactic acid content of 1.35% was obtained in a rice bran bed fermentation process at optimum operating conditions of approximately 2.95% salt, 48.24% water and 2.9 log cfu/g of L. plantarum. After fermentation, the amount of total polyphenol content, antioxidant activity and carbohydrate had increased while the β-carotene in carrot was significantly retained (92.84%). CONCLUSIONS: The above results could provide a practical basis for the fermentation process in rice bran bed to produce a delicious and reliable product using L. plantarum strain XK 1.4 which could be a significant contribution to the food industry.
Subject(s)
Daucus carota , Lactobacillus plantarum , Oryza , Fermentation , Lactic AcidABSTRACT
Some physicochemical characteristics and bioactive compounds of three varieties of black cherry tomato (Indigo Rose, OG, F1:001) grown in Vietnam were investigated. The results showed that the two varieties OG and F1:001 have roughly the same size with weight, height, diameter, geometric diameter and surface area ranging from 21.62 to 22.25 g, 25.69 to 26.40 mm, 24.46 to 25.11 mm, 24.86 to 25.53 mm and 19.47 to 20.51 cm2, respectively. Meanwhile, the Indigo variety is twice as large with the corresponding parameters as 45.2 g, 48.03 mm, 55.18 mm, 52.69 mm and 87.20 cm2. All three varieties are in a spherical shape with sphericity and aspect ratios ranging from 96.72 to 109.69% and 0.951 to 1.149, respectively. The variety of OG contained higher levels of bioactive compounds, especially anthocyanin, not only in the skin but also in the outer tissue. Six anthocyanin compounds were identified in the two varieties of OG and Indigo Rose while only four anthocyanin compounds were found in the variety of F1:001. Among them, two new compounds (delphinidin-3-(p-coumaroyl)-glucoside and delphinidin-3-(p-coumaroyl)-glucoside-arabinoside) were discovered in all three varieties. The finding of this study will be a basis for consumers to better understand the nutritious properties of black cherry tomatoes grown in Vietnam, thereby promoting the need to grow and consume this beneficial fruit. The study also provides the important physicochemical parameters of black cherry tomatoes, which are the initial basis for fruit preservation and processing.
ABSTRACT
Butterfly pea flower have great sensory attraction, but they have not yet been used widely in Vietnam. Extracts of butterfly pea flowers can be used conveniently as a natural blue colorant for food products. In this study, the identification of anthocyanin compounds in butterfly pea flowers was performed by UPLC coupled with a UV and Mass spectrometer instrument. Positive and negative ion electrospray MS/MS chromatograms and spectra of the anthocyanin compounds were determined. By analyzing the chromatograms and spectra for each ion, five anthocyanins were identified in the butterfly pea flower extract; these were delphinidin-3-(6â³-p-coumaroyl)-rutinoside, cyanidin 3-(6â³-p-coumaroyl)-rutinoside, delphinidin-3-(p-coumaroyl) glucose in both cis- and trans- isomers, cyanidin-3-(p-coumaroyl-glucoside) and delphinidin-3-pyranoside. Additionally, based on their intensity, it was determined that cyanidin-3-(p-coumaroyl-glucoside) was the most abundant anthocyanin, followed by cyanidin 3-(6â³-p-coumaroyl)-rutinoside, delphinidin-3-(p-coumaroyl-glucoside), delphinidin-3-(6â³-p-coumaroyl)-rutinoside and delphinidin-3-pyranoside. In this study, cyanidin derivatives were discovered in butterfly pea flower extract, where these compounds had not been detected in previous studies.
