Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Show: 20 | 50 | 100
Results 1 - 10 de 10
Filter
Add more filters










Publication year range
1.
Glob Policy ; 14(2): 270-287, 2023 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38504669

ABSTRACT

The traditional approach to comparing research and development (R&D) capacity across countries has been to compare Gross Domestic R&D expenditures (GERD). In this paper, we argue for an expansion of R&D capacity that includes people engaged in research and research and development activities (research human capital density, RHCD). To achieve this goal, we first discuss how to estimate counts of researchers and create a measure of researcher human capital density within a country. Next, we examine whether RHCD is a useful variable in models of innovation capacity. Finally, we consider whether RHCD has explanatory power for models of research outputs including patents and publications. We find that RHCD has more explanatory power than GERD in the production of patents and publications. We argue that surveys of individuals that include questions on R&D activities are useful for assessing innovation capacity, and, if adopted more broadly, can provide a strategic framework for countries and regions to develop human capital to support innovative activities.

2.
Front Res Metr Anal ; 6: 746514, 2021.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34790884

ABSTRACT

Trust is a core component of collaboration. Trust is a local phenomenon, and scientific research is a global collaborative, its impact multiplied through open exchange, communication and mobility of people and information. Given the diversity of participants, local policies and cultures, how can trust be established in and between research communities? You need transparent governance processes, thoughtful engagement of stakeholder groups, and open and durable information sharing to build the "stickiness" needed. In this paper we illustrate these concepts through three trust building use cases: ORCID, Global Alliance for Genomics and Health, and SeamlessAccess, platforms sharing an identity and access technical service core, painstaking community building, and transparent governance frameworks.

3.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26167542

ABSTRACT

Reproducibility and reusability of research results is an important concern in scientific communication and science policy. A foundational element of reproducibility and reusability is the open and persistently available presentation of research data. However, many common approaches for primary data publication in use today do not achieve sufficient long-term robustness, openness, accessibility or uniformity. Nor do they permit comprehensive exploitation by modern Web technologies. This has led to several authoritative studies recommending uniform direct citation of data archived in persistent repositories. Data are to be considered as first-class scholarly objects, and treated similarly in many ways to cited and archived scientific and scholarly literature. Here we briefly review the most current and widely agreed set of principle-based recommendations for scholarly data citation, the Joint Declaration of Data Citation Principles (JDDCP). We then present a framework for operationalizing the JDDCP; and a set of initial recommendations on identifier schemes, identifier resolution behavior, required metadata elements, and best practices for realizing programmatic machine actionability of cited data. The main target audience for the common implementation guidelines in this article consists of publishers, scholarly organizations, and persistent data repositories, including technical staff members in these organizations. But ordinary researchers can also benefit from these recommendations. The guidance provided here is intended to help achieve widespread, uniform human and machine accessibility of deposited data, in support of significantly improved verification, validation, reproducibility and re-use of scholarly/scientific data.

5.
Acad Med ; 87(11): 1516-24, 2012 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23018334

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To analyze the relationship among National Institutes of Health (NIH) R01 Type 1 applicant degree, institution type, and race/ethnicity, and application award probability. METHOD: The authors used 2000-2006 data from the NIH IMPAC II grants database and other sources to determine which individual and institutional characteristics of applicants may affect the probability of applications being awarded funding. They used descriptive statistics and probit models to estimate correlations between race/ethnicity, degree (MD or PhD), and institution type (medical school or other institution), and application award probability, controlling for a large set of observable characteristics. RESULTS: Applications from medical schools were significantly more likely than those from other institutions to receive funding, as were applications from MDs versus PhDs. Overall, applications from blacks and Asians were less likely than those from whites to be awarded funding; however, among applications from MDs at medical schools, there was no difference in funding probability between whites and Asians, and the difference between blacks and whites decreased to 7.8%. The inclusion of human subjects significantly decreased the likelihood of receiving funding. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with applications from whites, applications from blacks have a lower probability of being awarded R01 Type 1 funding, regardless of the investigator's degree. However, funding probability is increased for applications with MD investigators and for those from medical schools. To some degree, these advantages combine so that applications from black MDs at medical schools have the smallest difference in funding probability compared with those from whites.


Subject(s)
Awards and Prizes , Cultural Diversity , Ethnicity , Faculty, Medical , Fellowships and Scholarships , National Institutes of Health (U.S.) , Organizational Affiliation , Racial Groups , Research Support as Topic , Schools, Medical , Black People , Humans , Probability , United States , White People
6.
Science ; 333(6045): 1015-9, 2011 Aug 19.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21852498

ABSTRACT

We investigated the association between a U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) R01 applicant's self-identified race or ethnicity and the probability of receiving an award by using data from the NIH IMPAC II grant database, the Thomson Reuters Web of Science, and other sources. Although proposals with strong priority scores were equally likely to be funded regardless of race, we find that Asians are 4 percentage points and black or African-American applicants are 13 percentage points less likely to receive NIH investigator-initiated research funding compared with whites. After controlling for the applicant's educational background, country of origin, training, previous research awards, publication record, and employer characteristics, we find that black applicants remain 10 percentage points less likely than whites to be awarded NIH research funding. Our results suggest some leverage points for policy intervention.


Subject(s)
Biomedical Research , Ethnicity , National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics , Racial Groups , Research Personnel , Research Support as Topic/statistics & numerical data , Black or African American/statistics & numerical data , Asian People/statistics & numerical data , Black People/statistics & numerical data , Databases, Factual , Education, Graduate , Ethnicity/statistics & numerical data , Fellowships and Scholarships , Financing, Government , Hispanic or Latino/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Likelihood Functions , Models, Statistical , Peer Review, Research , Publishing , Racial Groups/statistics & numerical data , Research Personnel/economics , Research Personnel/statistics & numerical data , United States , White People/statistics & numerical data
7.
Brain Res Bull ; 71(1-3): 97-100, 2006 Dec 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17113934

ABSTRACT

Glutamate is the primary excitatory transmitter in the hypothalamus. It conveys photic information to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, thereby entraining the circadian clock to environmental light cycles. While ionotropic glutamate receptors have been implicated in the transduction of photic information in suprachiasmatic nucleus cells, there is evidence that metabotropic glutamate receptors play a significant modulatory role. We investigated the effects of the metabotropic glutamate agonist (+/-)-1-aminocyclopentane-trans-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (ACPD) on light-evoked phase responses in Syrian hamsters at three phase points: circadian time 6, a time when light has no effect on the circadian timing system; circadian time 13.5, when light evokes the maximum phase delay; circadian time 19, the maximum phase advance. We found that ACPD significantly increased the light-evoked phase shift at circadian time 13.5, and had no effect at other phase points tested. These data support a role for metabotropic glutamate receptors in the circadian photic signal transduction system.


Subject(s)
Circadian Rhythm/physiology , Dioxolanes/pharmacology , Glutamic Acid/metabolism , Light Signal Transduction/physiology , Purines/pharmacology , Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/metabolism , Suprachiasmatic Nucleus/metabolism , Animals , Circadian Rhythm/drug effects , Circadian Rhythm/radiation effects , Cricetinae , Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists/pharmacology , Light , Light Signal Transduction/drug effects , Light Signal Transduction/radiation effects , Male , Mesocricetus , Neural Pathways/anatomy & histology , Neural Pathways/drug effects , Neural Pathways/metabolism , Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/agonists , Suprachiasmatic Nucleus/anatomy & histology , Suprachiasmatic Nucleus/drug effects
8.
Neuron ; 36(5): 855-68, 2002 Dec 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12467589

ABSTRACT

Neuronal activity influences myelination of the brain, but the molecular mechanisms involved are largely unknown. Here, we report that oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) express functional adenosine receptors, which are activated in response to action potential firing. Adenosine acts as a potent neuron-glial transmitter to inhibit OPC proliferation, stimulate differentiation, and promote the formation of myelin. This neuron-glial signal provides a molecular mechanism for promoting oligodendrocyte development and myelination in response to impulse activity and may help resolve controversy on the opposite effects of impulse activity on myelination in the central and peripheral nervous systems.


Subject(s)
Action Potentials/physiology , Adenosine/metabolism , Central Nervous System/physiology , Myelin Sheath/physiology , Adenosine/pharmacology , Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism , Animals , Apoptosis/physiology , Calcium/metabolism , Cell Differentiation/physiology , Cell Lineage , Electric Stimulation , Ganglia, Spinal/cytology , In Vitro Techniques , Mice , Mice, Transgenic , Neurons/drug effects , Neurons/metabolism , Neurons/ultrastructure , Oligodendroglia/drug effects , Oligodendroglia/physiology , Rats , Receptors, Purinergic P1/genetics , Receptors, Purinergic P1/metabolism , Stem Cells/drug effects , Stem Cells/metabolism
9.
J Hist Neurosci ; 11(1): 70-9, 2002 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12012581

ABSTRACT

Women in Neuroscience (WIN) is an international organization whose major goal is to promote the professional advancement of women neuroscientists. To this end, WIN facilitates contacts and communication among women working in neuroscience, and organizes appropriate activities at the annual Society for Neuroscience (SfN) meeting. WIN was created in 1980, when despite major changes and advances in 'equal opportunities', women were still not achieving a proportionate level of success in the subdiscipline of neurosciences. In 1980, women made up 40 to 50% of entering classes in medical schools or graduate programs, but often comprised only 5 to 15% of leadership in respective organizations. Although there had been women elected to serve as SfN presidents, council, and committee members, women were under-represented in other positions of the Society, such as symposium and session chairs. There was an even lesser degree of representation in leadership positions at universities and medical schools in terms of full professorships, chairs, and program directors, as well as on editorial boards, advisory boards, and councils. Over the years, WIN has worked with success toward increasing the participation of women in neuroscience.


Subject(s)
Neurosciences/history , Societies, Scientific/history , Women/history , Female , History, 20th Century , Humans , Leadership , Mentors/history
10.
J Neurochem ; 80(3): 405-15, 2002 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11905989

ABSTRACT

Mitochondria in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPs) take up and release cytosolic Ca2+ during agonist-evoked Ca2+ waves, but it is not clear whether or how they regulate Ca2+ signaling in OPs. We asked whether mitochondria play an active role during agonist-evoked Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. Ca2+ puffs, wave initiation, and wave propagation were measured in fluo-4 loaded OP processes using linescan confocal microscopy. Mitochondrial depolarization, measured by tetramethyl rhodamine ethyl ester (TMRE) fluorescence, accompanied Ca2+ puffs and waves. In addition, waves initiated only where mitochondria were localized. To determine whether energized mitochondria were necessary for wave generation, we blocked mitochondrial function with the electron transport chain inhibitor antimycin A (AA) in combination with oligomycin. AA decreased wave speed and puff probability. These effects were not due to global changes in ATP. We found that AA increased cytosolic Ca2+, markedly reduced agonist-evoked inositol trisphosphate (IP3) production, and also enhanced phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) binding to the Ca2+ dependent protein gelsolin. Thus, the reduction in puff probability and wave speed after AA treatment may be explained by competition for PIP2 between phospholipase C and gelsolin. Energized mitochondria and low cytosolic Ca2+ concentration may be required to maintain PIP2, a substrate for IP3 signal transduction.


Subject(s)
Calcium Signaling/physiology , Clonazepam/analogs & derivatives , Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate/metabolism , Mitochondria/metabolism , Oligodendroglia/metabolism , Stem Cells/metabolism , Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Antimycin A/pharmacology , Calcium/metabolism , Calcium Signaling/drug effects , Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone/pharmacology , Clonazepam/pharmacology , Gelsolin/metabolism , Membrane Potentials/drug effects , Membrane Potentials/physiology , Methacholine Chloride/pharmacology , Muscarinic Antagonists/pharmacology , Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Diphosphate/metabolism , Rats , Thiazepines/pharmacology , Uncoupling Agents/pharmacology
SELECTION OF CITATIONS
SEARCH DETAIL
...