ABSTRACT
Cancer vaccines can be utilized in combination with checkpoint inhibitors to optimally stimulate the anti-tumor immune response. Uptake of vaccine antigen by antigen presenting cells (APCs) is a prerequisite for T cell priming, but often relies on non-specific mechanisms. Here, we have developed a novel vaccination strategy consisting of cancer antigen-containing liposomes conjugated with CD169- or DC-SIGN-specific nanobodies (single domain antibodies) to achieve specific uptake by APCs. Our studies demonstrate efficient nanobody liposome uptake by human and murine CD169+ and DC-SIGN+ APCs in vitro and in vivo when compared to control liposomes or liposomes with natural ligands for CD169 and DC-SIGN. Uptake of CD169 nanobody liposomes resulted in increased T cell activation by human APCs and stimulated naive T cell priming in mouse models. In conclusion, while nanobody liposomes have previously been utilized to direct drugs to tumors, here we show that nanobody liposomes can be applied as vaccination strategy that can be extended to other receptors on APCs in order to elicit a potent immune response against tumor antigens.
ABSTRACT
The priest as physician of the soul and the doctor as physician of the body, this ancient model of christian mentality was adapted by Johannes Scheffler-better known under his pseudonym Angelus Silesius-both in his biography and his literary works. Born 1624 in Breslau, he graduated to a Doctor philosophiae et medicinae and became physician in ordinary to an orthodox-Lutheran earl. Contacts to the esoteric Christianity, which was based on theosophy, mysticism and the physics of Johann Böhme, let Scheffler quit his profession. He converted to Catholicism in 1653 and was ordained as a catholic priest in 1661. His two main manuscripts, the Cherubinische Wandersmann and the Heilige Seelenlust, a poetical dyptichon, show the two possibilities of reaching the mystical recognition of god, either the capability of reason or the ability of emotion. The centre of all is the unio mystica, the union with god. Its a mysticism of the spontaneity of salvation, which occurs in a variety of prospects, metaphors and paradoxical language.
Subject(s)
Mysticism/history , Catholicism/history , History, 17th CenturyABSTRACT
For a long time the question arose in research on Paracelsus what reasons might have initiated his writings about religious or even particularly theological subjects. Because the physician Paracelsus always saw his scientific interests in the context of the ethical idea of loving care for the next, it may be concluded that his interest for questions about lived christianity may also root in ethical motivations. And indeed: During the social troubles of 1524/25 (Bauernkrieg, peasants' war), Paracelsus found himself compelled to discuss religious questions by a similar engagement for the next. The text traces the historic circumstances as well as the visualized contents of the religious problems, by which Paracelsus was concerned during his study in Salzburg, and tries to show Hohenheim's religious role in this time burdened with conflicts.
Subject(s)
Christianity/history , Austria , History, 16th Century , SwitzerlandABSTRACT
The introductory address to the final ceremony of the anniversary of Einsiedeln attempts to show how a peregrine physician of the beginning New Age assesses the relation between the native place and the foreign country. A view on the life and work of Theophrastus von Hohenheim shows this relation to be full of tension and to be included in the relation of earthly pilgrimage to the heavenly home land. Paracelsus' spiritual greatness and the wideness of his points of view are thus evident from a vital factuality.
Subject(s)
Alchemy , History, 15th Century , History, 16th Century , SwitzerlandABSTRACT
The views of Paracelsus about dying and death found on medical, philosophic and christian religious argumentation. Two visualizations using different solutions can be shown: a natural way as teleologic principle, a supernatural one in the horizon of eschatology.
