ABSTRACT
Development of novel functional foods is trending as one of the hot topics in food science and food/beverage industries. In the present study, the anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic and histo-protective effects of the extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) enriched with the organosulfur diallyl sulfide (DAS) (DAS-rich EVOO) were evaluated in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The ingestion of EVOO (500µL daily for two weeks) attenuated alloxan-induced elevated glucose, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), urea and creatinine. It also normalized the levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterols (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) and their consequent atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) in diabetic animals. Additionally, EVOO prevented lipid peroxidation (MDA) and reduced the level of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in diabetic animals. Concomitantly, it enhanced the activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), reducing thereby tissue oxidative stress injury. The overall histologic (pancreas, liver, and kidney) alterations were also improved after EVOO ingestion. The manifest anti-diabetic, lipid-lowering and histo-protective properties of EVOO were markedly potentiated with DAS-rich EVOO suggesting possible synergistic interactions between DAS and EVOO lipophilic bioactive ingredients. Overall, EVOO and DAS-rich EVOO show promise as functional foods and/or adjuvants for the treatment of diabetes and its complications.
Subject(s)
Allyl Compounds , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental , Hypoglycemic Agents , Hypolipidemic Agents , Olive Oil , Sulfides , Animals , Olive Oil/chemistry , Olive Oil/pharmacology , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism , Allyl Compounds/pharmacology , Allyl Compounds/therapeutic use , Sulfides/pharmacology , Sulfides/therapeutic use , Sulfides/chemistry , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Mice , Hypolipidemic Agents/pharmacology , Male , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Blood Glucose/drug effects , Liver/drug effects , Liver/metabolism , Liver/pathology , Pancreas/drug effects , Pancreas/pathology , Pancreas/metabolism , Glutathione Peroxidase/metabolism , Catalase/metabolism , Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism , Kidney/drug effects , Kidney/metabolism , Kidney/pathology , Alanine Transaminase/blood , Alanine Transaminase/metabolism , Aspartate Aminotransferases/metabolism , Aspartate Aminotransferases/blood , Triglycerides/blood , Triglycerides/metabolismABSTRACT
The present study delineates the effects of incorporation of 1% diallyl sulfide (DAS) into extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) on the physico-chemical characteristics, in vitro antioxidant, and in vivo hepatoprotective properties in CCl4-induced acute liver injury in mice. Results showed that the DAS-rich EVOO exhibited good oxidative stability over one-month storage and preserved its original quality-related parameters including major components (oleic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitic acid), and minor components (tocopherols, chlorophylls and carotenoids, tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, elenolic acid, oleuropein and its aglycone, pinoresinol, vanilic acid, cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, luteolin, apigenin, and sterols). Compared with EVOO or DAS, the DAS-rich EVOO displayed the highest DPPH and ABTS-radical scavenging activities and showed the strongest cellular antioxidant activity (CAA). In connection with its free radical scavenging activity and CAA, DAS-rich EVOO significantly normalized the serum ALT and AST levels and prevented the increase in interleukin-6 in CCl4-intoxicated mice. The manifest anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects of DAS-rich EVOO were further supported by liver histopathological examinations. Overall, the EVOO enrichment with DAS could open up opportunities for the development of novel functional food with improved antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties.
